Fesoterodine Fumarate (Toviaz)
Fesoterodine Fumarate (Toviaz)
Fesoterodine Fumarate (Toviaz)
Toviaz® 4 mg
Toviaz® 8 mg
TOVIAZ 4 mg tablets
Each sustained release tablet contains fesoterodine fumarate 4 mg corresponding to 3.1 mg of fesoterodine.
TOVIAZ 8 mg tablets
Each sustained release tablet contains fesoterodine fumarate 8 mg corresponding to 6.2 mg of fesoterodine.
TOVIAZ 4 mg tablets
Each 4 mg sustained release tablet contains 0.525 mg of soya lecithin and 91.125 mg of lactosemonohydrate.
TOVIAZ 8 mg tablets
Each 8 mg sustained release tablet contains 0.525 mg of soya lecithin and 58.125 mg of lactosemonohydrate.
3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
TOVIAZ 4 mg tablets
The 4 mg tablets are light blue, oval, biconvex, film-coated, and engraved on one side with the letters ‘FS’.
TOVIAZ 8 mg tablets
The 8 mg tablets are blue, oval, biconvex, film-coated, and engraved on one side with the letters ‘FT’.
4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS
Treatment of the symptoms (increased urinary frequency and/or urgency and/or urgency incontinence) that
may occur in patients with overactive bladder syndrome.
Posology
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Full treatment effect was observed between 2 and 8 weeks. Hence, it is recommended to re-evaluate the
efficacy for the individual patient after 8 weeks of treatment.
In subjects with normal renal and hepatic function receiving concomitant administration of potent CYP3A4
inhibitors, the maximum daily dose of TOVIAZ should be 4 mg once daily (see section 4.5).
Special population
TOVIAZ is contraindicated in subjects with severe hepatic impairment (see section 4.3).
Paediatric population
The safety and efficacy of TOVIAZ in children below 18 years of age have not yet been established. No data
are available.
Method of administration
Tablets are to be taken once daily with liquid and swallowed whole. TOVIAZ can be administered with or
without food.
4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to peanut or soya or to any of the excipients listed in
section 6.1
Urinary retention
Gastric retention
Uncontrolled narrow angle glaucoma
Myasthenia gravis
Severe hepatic impairment (Child Pugh C)
Concomitant use of potent CYP3A4 inhibitors in subjects with moderate to severe hepatic or renal
impairment
Severe ulcerative colitis
Toxic megacolon.
- Clinically significant bladder outflow obstruction at risk of urinary retention (e.g. clinically significant
prostate enlargement due to benign prostatic hyperplasia, see section 4.3)
- Gastrointestinal obstructive disorders (e.g. pyloric stenosis)
Caution should be exercised when prescribing or uptitrating fesoterodine to patients in whom an increased
exposure to the active metabolite (see section 5.1) is expected:
Dose increases
In patients with a combination of these factors, additional exposure increases are expected. Dose dependent
antimuscarinic adverse reactions are likely to occur. In populations where the dose may be increased to 8 mg
once daily, the dose increase should be preceded by an evaluation of the individual response and tolerability.
Organic causes must be excluded before any treatment with antimuscarinics is considered. Safety and
efficacy have not yet been established in patients with a neurogenic cause for detrusor overactivity.
Other causes of frequent urination (treatment of heart failure or renal disease) should be assessed before
treatment with fesoterodine. If urinary tract infection is present, an appropriate medical approach should be
taken/antibacterial therapy should be started.
Angioedema
Angioedema has been reported with fesoterodine and has occurred after the first dose in some cases. If
angioedema occurs, fesoterodine should be discontinued and appropriate therapy should be promptly
provided.
QT prolongation
TOVIAZ should be used with caution in patients with risk for QT prolongation (e.g. hypokalaemia,
bradycardia and concomitant administration of medicines known to prolong QT interval) and relevant pre-
existing cardiac diseases (e.g. myocardial ischaemia, arrhythmia, congestive heart failure), (see section 4.8).
This especially holds true when taking potent CYP3A4 inhibitors (see sections 4.2, 4.5 and 5.1).
Lactose
TOVIAZ prolonged-release tablets contain lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose
intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Pharmacological interactions
Caution should be exercised in coadministration of fesoterodine with other antimuscarinics and medicinal
products with anticholinergic properties (e.g. amantadine, tri-cyclic antidepressants, certain neuroleptics ) as
this may lead to more pronounced therapeutic- and side-effects (e.g. constipation, dry mouth, drowsiness,
urinary retention).
Fesoterodine may reduce the effect of medicinal products that stimulate the motility of the gastro-intestinal
tract, such as metoclopramide.
CYP3A4 inhibitors
CYP3A4 inducers
Following induction of CYP3A4 by coadministration of rifampicin 600 mg once a day, Cmax and AUC of the
active metabolite of fesoterodine decreased by approximately 70% and 75%, respectively, after oral
administration of fesoterodine 8 mg.
Induction of CYP3A4 may lead to subtherapeutic plasma levels. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers
(e.g. carbamazepine, rifampicin, phenobarbital, phenytoin, St John’s Wort) is not recommended (see section
4.4).
CYP2D6 inhibitors
The interaction with CYP2D6 inhibitors was not tested clinically. Mean Cmax and AUC of the active
metabolite are 1.7 and 2-fold higher, respectively, in CYP2D6 poor metabolisers as compared to extensive
metabolisers. Co-administration of a potent CYP2D6 inhibitor may result in increased exposure and adverse
events. A dose reduction to 4 mg may be needed (see section 4.4).
Oral contraceptives
Fesoterodine does not impair the suppression of ovulation by oral hormonal contraception. In the presence of
fesoterodine there are no changes in the plasma concentrations of combined oral contraceptives containing
ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel.
Warfarin
A clinical study in healthy volunteers has shown that fesoterodine 8 mg once daily has no significant effect
on the pharmacokinetics or the anticoagulant activity of a single dose of warfarin.
Paediatric population
Interaction studies have only been performed in adults.
Pregnancy
There are no adequate data from the use of fesoterodine in pregnant women. Reproductive toxicity studies
with fesoterodine in animals show minor embryotoxicity. In animal reproduction studies, oral administration
of fesoterodine to pregnant mice and rabbits during organogenesis resulted in fetotoxicity at maternal
exposures that were 6 and 3 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD), respectively, based on
AUC (see section 5.3). The potential risk for humans is unknown. TOVIAZ is not recommended during
pregnancy.
Breast-feeding
It is unknown whether fesoterodine/metabolites are excreted into human milk; therefore, breast-feeding is
not recommended during treatment with TOVIAZ.
Fertility
No clinical trials have been conducted to assess the effect of fesoterodine on human fertility. Findings in
mice at exposures approximately 5 to 19 times those at the MRHD show an effect on female fertility,
however, the clinical implications of these animal findings are not known (see section 5.3). Women of child
bearing potential should be made aware of the lack of human fertility data, and TOVIAZ should only be
given after consideration of individual risks and benefits.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
TOVIAZ has minor influence on the ability to drive and use machines.
Caution should be exercised when driving or using machines due to possible occurrence of side effects such
as blurred vision, dizziness, and somnolence (see section 4.8).
Due to the pharmacological properties of fesoterodine, treatment may cause mild to moderate antimuscarinic
effects like dry mouth, dry eye, dyspepsia and constipation. Urinary retention may occur uncommonly.
Dry mouth, the only very common adverse reactions, occurred with a frequency of 28.8% in the fesoterodine
group compared to 8.5% in the placebo group. The majority of adverse reactions occurred during the first
month of treatment with the exception of cases classified as urinary retention or post void residual urine
greater than 200 ml, which could occur after long term treatment and was more common in male than female
subjects.
Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.
Electrocardiograms were obtained from 782 patients treated with 4 mg, 785 treated with 8 mg, 222 treated
with 12 mg fesoterodine and 780 with placebo. The heart rate corrected QT interval in fesoterodine treated
patients did not differ from that seen in placebo treated patients. The incidence rates of QTc 500 ms post
baseline or QTc increase of 60 ms is 1.9%, 1.3%, 1.4% and 1.5%, for fesoterodine 4 mg, 8 mg, 12 mg and
placebo, respectively. The clinical relevance of these findings will depend on individual patient risk factors
and susceptibilities present (see section 4.4).
Post-marketing cases of urinary retention requiring catheterisation have been described, generally within the
first week of treatment with fesoterodine. They have mainly involved elderly (≥ 65 years) male patients with
a history consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia (see section 4.4).
4.9 Overdose
Overdose with antimuscarinics, including fesoterodine can result in severe anticholinergic effects. Treatment
should be symptomatic and supportive. In the event of overdose, ECG monitoring is recommended; standard
supportive measures for managing QT prolongation should be adopted. Fesoterodine has been safely
administered in clinical studies at doses up to 28 mg/day.
In the event of fesoterodine overdose, treat with gastric lavage and give activated charcoal. Treat symptoms
as follows:
- Severe central anticholinergic effects (e.g. hallucinations, severe excitation): treat with physostigmine
- Convulsions or pronounced excitation: treat with benzodiazepines
- Respiratory insufficiency: treat with artificial respiration
- Tachycardia: treat with beta-blockers
- Urinary retention: treat with catheterisation
- Mydriasis: treat with pilocarpine eye drops and/or place patient in dark room.
5. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Mechanism of action
Fesoterodine is a competitive, specific muscarinic receptor antagonist. It is rapidly and extensively
hydrolysed by non-specific plasma esterases to the 5-hydroxymethyl derivative, its primary active
metabolite, which is the main active pharmacological principle of fesoterodine.
Fesoterodine treated patients had statistically significant mean reductions in the number of micturitions per
24 hours and in the number of urge incontinence episodes per 24 hours at the end of treatment compared to
placebo. Likewise, the response rate (% of patients reporting that their condition has been “greatly
improved” or “improved” using a 4-point Treatment Benefit Scale) was significantly greater with
fesoterodine compared to placebo. Furthermore, fesoterodine improved the mean change in the voided
volume per micturition, and the mean change in the number of continent days per week (see Table 1 below).
Table 1: Mean changes from Baseline to end of treatment for primary and selected secondary
endpoints
Study 1 Study 2
Parameter Placebo Fesoterodine Fesoterodine Active Placebo Fesoterodine Fesoterodine
4 mg 8 mg comparator 4 mg 8 mg
Number of micturitions per 24 hours#
N=279 N=265 N=276 N=283 N=266 N=267 N=267
Baseline 12.0 11.6 11.9 11.5 12.2 12.9 12.0
Change from -1.02 -1.74 -1.94 -1.69 -1.02 -1.86 -1.94
baseline
p-value <0.001 <0.001 0.032 <0.001
Cardiac electrophysiology
The effect of fesoterodine 4 mg and 28 mg on the QT interval was thoroughly evaluated in a double-blind,
randomised, placebo- and positive-controlled (moxifloxacin 400 mg) parallel group study with once-daily
treatment over a period of 3 days in 261 male and female subjects aged 45 to 65 years. Change from baseline
in QTc based on the Fridericia correction method did not show any differences between the active treatment
and placebo group.
Absorption
After oral administration, due to rapid and extensive hydrolysis by non-specific plasma esterases,
fesoterodine was not detected in plasma.
Bioavailability of the active metabolite is 52%. After single or multiple-dose oral administration of
fesoterodine in doses from 4 mg to 28 mg, plasma concentrations of the active metabolite are proportional to
the dose. Maximum plasma levels are reached after approximately 5 hours. Therapeutic plasma levels are
achieved after the first administration of fesoterodine. No accumulation occurs after multiple-dose
administration.
Distribution
Biotransformation
After oral administration, fesoterodine is rapidly and extensively hydrolysed to its active metabolite. The
active metabolite is further metabolised in the liver to its carboxy, carboxy-N-desisopropyl, and N-
desisopropyl metabolite with involvement of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. None of these metabolites contribute
significantly to the antimuscarinic activity of fesoterodine. Mean Cmax and AUC of the active metabolite are
1.7 and 2-fold higher, respectively, in CYP2D6 poor metabolisers as compared to extensive metabolisers.
Elimination
Hepatic metabolism and renal excretion contribute significantly to the elimination of the active metabolite.
After oral administration of fesoterodine, approximately 70% of the administered dose was recovered in
urine as the active metabolite (16%), carboxy metabolite (34%), carboxy-N-desisopropyl metabolite (18%),
or N-desisopropyl metabolite (1%), and a smaller amount (7%) was recovered in faeces. The terminal half-
life of the active metabolite following oral administration is approximately 7 hours and is absorption rate-
limited.
Paediatric population
The pharmacokinetics of fesoterodine have not been evaluated in paediatric patients.
Renal impairment
In patients with mild or moderate renal impairment (GFR 30 – 80 ml/min), Cmax and AUC of the active
metabolite increased up to 1.5 and 1.8-fold, respectively, as compared to healthy subjects. In patients with
severe renal impairment (GFR < 30 ml/min), Cmax and AUC are increased 2.0 and 2.3-fold, respectively.
Hepatic impairment
In patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child Pugh B), Cmax and AUC of the active metabolite
increased 1.4 and 2.1-fold, respectively, as compared to healthy subjects. Pharmacokinetics of fesoterodine
in patients with severe hepatic impairment have not been studied.
In non-clinical safety pharmacology, general toxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity studies no clinically
relevant effects have been observed, except those related to the pharmacological effect of the active
substance.
Reproduction studies have shown minor embryotoxicity at doses close to maternally toxic ones (increased
number of resorptions, pre-implantation and post-implantation losses).
Supratherapeutic concentrations of the active metabolite of fesoterodine, have been shown to inhibit K +
current in cloned human ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG) channels and prolong action potential duration
(70% and 90% repolarisation) in canine isolated Purkinje fibres. However in conscious dogs, the active
metabolite had no effect on the QT interval and QTc interval at plasma exposures at least 33-fold higher than
mean peak free plasma concentration in human subjects who are extensive metabolisers and 21-fold higher
than measured in subjects who are poor CYP2D6 metabolisers after fesoterodine 8 mg once daily.
In a study of fertility and early embryonic development in mice, fesoterodine had no effect on male
reproductive function or fertility at doses up to 45 mg/kg/day. At 45 mg/kg/day, a lower number of corpora
lutea, implantation sites and viable foetuses was observed in female mice administered fesoterodine for 2
weeks prior to mating and continuing through day 7 of gestation. The maternal No-Observed-Effect Level
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(NOEL) and the NOEL for effects on reproduction and early embryonic development were both
15 mg/kg/day. Based on AUC, the systemic exposure was 0.6 to 1.5 times higher in mice than in humans at
the MRHD, whereas based on peak plasma concentrations, the exposure in mice was 5 to 9 times higher.
6. PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
Tablet core
Xylitol
Lactose monohydrate
Microcrystalline cellulose
Hypromellose
Glycerol dibehenate
Talc
Film-coating
Opadry light blue (4mg) or Opadry blue (8mg) contains:
Polyvinyl alcohol
Titanium dioxide
Polyethylene glycol
Talc
Lecithin
Indigo carmine aluminium lake
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.
TOVIAZ 4 mg and 8 mg tablets are packed in aluminium-aluminium blisters in cartons containing 7, 14, 28
or 56 tablets.
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local
requirements.
7. MANUFACTURER
8. LICENSE HOLDER
Pfizer Pharmaceuticals Israel Ltd., 9 Shenkar st., Herzeliya 46725.