|Programming with Arduino|

Hans-Petter Halvorsen

https://www.halvorsen.blog
|Programming with Arduino|
Hans-Petter Halvorsen
Copyright © 2018

ISBN: 978-82-691106-3-0

Publisher: 978-82-691106

With this textbook you will learn the basics about computers,
basic electronics, sensor and measurement technology and
programming.

We will also learn how to combine software and hardware and

how we can communicate with the outside world using
computer programs and create simple prototypes.

In this textbook we will use Arduino to learn these things.

https://www.halvorsen.blog
| Programmering with Arduino | 2018.10.16

https://www.halvorsen.blog

|Programming with Arduino|

|Hans-Petter Halvorsen |

Table of Contents
1. Introduction to Arduino
2. Basic Electronics
3. Arduino Development Environment
4. Arduino Programming
5. Arduino Examples
#1. Electrical Circuit , #2. Blinking LED, #3. Switch,
#4. Potentiometer, #5. Temperature, #6. Light Sensor, #7. Thermistor

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What do you need?

To get started you need the following:
• PC (Windows, Mac, Linux)
• Arduino UNO (~200 NOK)
or a Starter Kit (~800 NOK)
• Software (free)
• Electrical components
(wires, resistors, etc.)

Equipment Resistors

Temperature sensor
Switch Arduino
Potentiometer Light sensor USB cable
LEDs

Breadboard wires
Multimeter
Thermistor

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Introduction to Arduino

|Hans-Petter Halvorsen |

Arduino UNO Overview Digital ports (2-13)

6
Reset button
3

USB for PC
2
connection

External Power Analog In ports (0-5)

Supply 1

5V, GND 4 5

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Connect your Arduino to your PC

PC
Arduino

USB cable Type A-B

Play and Explore

|Programming with Arduino|

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Electronics Foundation

|Hans-Petter Halvorsen |

Electrical Circuit
Here you see a basic Electrical Circuit:

Light
Light

+
Power Supply Current
Battery
- +
-
Power Supply Battery

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Electrical Circuit with a Switch

Here you see a basic Electrical Circuit with a Switch:

Switch
Light
Light

+ On/Off
Bryter
Battery

- +
-
Battery

[http://www.fritzing.org]

Fritzing is an Open Source software

for drawing your electrical circuits

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Short Circuit
• We must never connect positive and negative side to a
power source without having an electrical component
in between.
• If you do, it is called a short circuit.
• For example, if you short circuit a battery, the battery
will get very hot and the battery will run out very
quickly. Short Circuit!!
• Some batteries may also start to burn.
• When it starts to smoke from electrical components, it
happens because it has become too hot.
• In most cases, it means that the component is broken. - +

Power Supply

Ohms Law
Electrical Circuit
This is Ohms Law:
- +

! = #$
! !
! – Voltage [&] #= $=
# – Resistance [Ω]
$ – Current [A]
$ #

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Ohms Law

! = #$

Multimeter

You can use a Multimeter to

measure current, voltage,
resistance, etc. in an electric
circuit.

https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/how-to-use-a-multimeter

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Light-Emitting Diode - LED

[Wikipedia]

Resistors
Resistance is measured in Ohm (Ω)

Resistors comes in many sizes, e.g., 220Ω ,

270Ω, 330Ω, 1kΩm 10kΩ, ...

The resistance can be found using Ohms Law

" = $%

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor Electrical symbol:

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Resistor Color Codes

Resistor Color Codes TRY IT OUT!

• What is the values for your

resistors?
• Use the Color Codes to figure
it out
• Use also a Multimeter to see
if you get the same results.

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Resistor Color Codes TRY IT OUT!

What is the values for your resistors?

Use a «Resistor Color Code

Calculator», which you can find on
Internet

http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/tools/resistor-color-code-calculator/

Resistors in Series and Parallel

Resistors in Series:
!" ! ! = !" + !# + !$ + ⋯
!# !$ ...

The total resistance of resistors connected in series is the sum of their individual resistance values.

When we have resistors in series, the sum of the sub-voltages is equal to the voltage of the voltage source

Resistors in Parallel :
... 1 1 1 1
= + + +⋯
!" !# !$ ! ! !" !# !$

When we have resistors in parallel, the total

resistance is always less than the smallest
resistors

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Kirchhoff’s Current Law:

Kirchhoff’s Laws
!" !" = !# + !$
(
!$ !" − !# − !$ = 0
% !) = 0
&'"
!#

0" 0# 0$
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:
(
." .# .$
% .) = 0
&'" .
. = ." + .# + .$ + ⋯

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchhoff%27s_circuit_laws

Switch
A switch breaks the flow of current through a
circuit when open. When closed, the current will
flow unobstructed through the circuit.
Light

Switch

- +

A switch comes in many flavors Battery

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Breadboard
A breadboard is used to wire
electric components together

Breadboard – Correct Wiring

Make sure not to short-circuit the components that
you wire on the breadboard

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Play and Explore

|Programming with Arduino|

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Arduino Development
Environment
|Hans-Petter Halvorsen |

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Arduino Software Open existing Code

Upload Code to Arduino Board
Save

Compile and Check Open Serial Monitor

if Code is OK

Creates a New Code Window

In this window
you create your
Program
An be downloaded for free:

www.arduino.cc Error Messages

can be seen here

Editor Preferences

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TRY IT OUT!
Blinking LED Example
Arduino UNO has a
built-in LED that is
connected to Port 13

void setup()
{
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
}
Make a Program that makes
the built-in LED blinking void loop()
{
Turn ON LED digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
Wait 1 Second delay(1000);
Turn OFF LED digitalWrite(13, LOW);
delay(1000);
Wait 1 Second
}

Blinking LED Example

void setup()
{ This Program makes the
pinMode(13, OUTPUT); built-in LED blinking
}

void loop()
{
digitalWrite(13, HIGH); Try to change from
delay(1000); 1000 to 100
digitalWrite(13, LOW); – What happens then?
delay(1000);
}

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Do you get an Error Message?

Choose correct Board (Arduino UNO) and the correct Port for Communication
between PC and Arduino Board

Serial Monitor TRY IT OUT!

You use the Serial Monitor when Debugging Arduino programs or when you
want to show data or values from your program.
You need to have Arduino connected to your PC in order to use the Serial
Monitor. void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
HelloWorldHelloWorldHelloWorld }

void loop()
{
Serial.print(”Hello World");
delay(1000);
}

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Serial Monitor TRY IT OUT!

int myValue = 0;
The Value is: 73
The Value is: 63 void setup()
The Value is: 36 {
The Value is: 77 Serial.begin(9600);
The Value is: 54 }

void loop()
{
myValue = random(100);
Serial.print(”The Value is: ");
Here you see how we can write a value to Serial.println(myValue);
the Serial Monitor. This can be a value delay(1000);
from a sensor, e.g., a temperature sensor. }

Play and Explore

|Programming with Arduino|

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Arduino Programmering

Hans-Petter Halvorsen

Arduino Programs
All Arduino programs must follow the following main structure:
// Initialization, define variables, etc.

void setup()
{
// Initialization
...
}

void loop()
{
//Main Program
...
}

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Arduino Program - Example

void setup()
{
pinMode(11, OUTPUT); //Set the Pin as an Output
}

void loop()
{
digitalWrite(11, HIGH); // Turn on the LED
delay(1000); // Wait for one second
digitalWrite(11, LOW); // Turn off the LED
delay(1000); // Wait for one second
}

Arduino Program – Using Comments

void setup()
{
pinMode(11, OUTPUT); //Set the Pin as an Output
}

void loop()
{
digitalWrite(11, HIGH); // Turn on the LED

/*
... This will not be executed by the program because
it is a comment...
*/
}

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Creating and Using Functions

int z;

void setup()
{
}

void loop()
{
z = calculate(2,3); Using the Function
}

float calculate(int x, int y)

{ Creating the Function
return (x + y);
}

TRY IT OUT!

Here are some Arduno Examples

you should try.

Make sure your Arduino is

connected to the PC and start the
Code Editor

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”Hello World” Example TRY IT OUT!

void setup()
{
Create the following Serial.begin(9600);
program:
Serial.println("Hello, world!");
Open the ”Serial }
Monitor” in order to se void loop()
the output {

”Hello World” Example TRY IT OUT!

void setup()
{
Create the following
Serial.begin(9600);
program: }

Open the ”Serial void loop()

Monitor” in order to se {
Serial.println("Hello, world!");
the output
delay(1000);
}

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int z;int a;int b;

Example void setup()

{
Serial.begin(9600);
TRY IT OUT!
}
void loop()
{
a = random(100);
b = random(100);
Create the following z = calculate(a,b); //Adding 2 Numbers

program: //Write Values to Serial Monitor

Serial.print(a);
Serial.print(" + ");
Open the ”Serial Serial.print(b);
Serial.print(" = ");
Monitor” in order to se Serial.println(z);

the output delay(1000);

}
float calculate(int x, int y)
{
return (x + y);
}

TRY IT OUT!
Creating Functions
Create a function that calculates the area of a
circle with a given radius.
Area

Write the result to the

Serial Monitor. !

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void setup()
{
float area; TRY IT OUT!
Serial.begin(9600);
// calculate the area of a circle with radius of 9.2
float r=9,2;
area = CircleArea(r);
Serial.print("Area of circle is: ");
// print area to 4 decimal places
Solution

Serial.println(area, 4);
}

void loop()
{

// calculate the area of a circle

float CircleArea(float radius)
{
float result;
const float pi = 3.14;

result = pi * radius * radius;

return result;
}

int x; int sum = 0; float gjennomsnitt = 0;

For Loop void setup()

{
Serial.begin(9600); TRY IT OUT!
}

In this program we use a For void loop()

{
Loop to find the Sum of 100 sum = 0;

Random Numbers. for (int i = 0; i<100; i++)

{
x = random(100);
sum = sum + x;
Then we find the Average. }

average = sum / 100;

The Sum and Average should Serial.print(" Sum = ");
Serial.print(sum);
be written to the Serial Serial.print(" ,
Average = ");
Monitor. Serial.println(average);
delay(1000);
}

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Arrays
const int arraysize = 100;

TRY IT OUT!
int x;
int sum = 0;
float average = 0;
int myarray[arraysize];

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop()
Here we shall use arrays in the {
sum = 0;

Arduino program
for (int i = 0; i < arraysize; i++)
{
x = random(200);
myarray[i] = x;
}
sum = calculateSum(myarray);
Create this program from average = sum / 100;
Serial.print(" Sum = ");

scratch and open the Serial

Serial.print(sum);
Serial.print(" , Average = ");
Serial.println(average);

Monitor to see the result. }

delay(1000);

int calculateSum (int sumarray[])

{
for (int i = 0; i < arraysize; i++)
{
sum = sum + sumarray[i];
}
return sum;
}

Arduino Programming

Here you will find complete overview of the

Arduino programming language:

https://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/HomePage

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Play and Explore

|Programming with Arduino|

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Arduino Examples

|Hans-Petter Halvorsen |

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Arduino Examples
On the next pages you will find some Examples/Tasks
that you should do step by step as stated in the text.

When you have finished a specific Example/Task, it is

recommended that you “Play and Explore”, i.e., make
small changes in the program, etc.

We need the following

Arduino UNO Breadboard

+ LEDs, Resistors, Wires, etc.

The Breadboard is used to connect components and electrical circuits

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Breadboard Example

Electrical
Components

Breadboard

Wires used to connect the electrical components together to a closed circuit

Breadboard Wiring

Make sure not to short-circuit

the components that you
wire on the breadboard

The Breadboard is used to connect components and electrical circuits

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Resistors TRY IT OUT!

What is the values for your

resistors?
• Use the Color Codes to figure it
out
• Or use also a Multimeter to see
if you get the same results.
• Or use a Resistor Calculator
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/tools/resistor-color-code-calculator/

Inputs and Outputs (Analog and Digital)

Digital Inputs and Digital Outputs
You can choose from the
code if they are to be
inputs or outputs

Those marked with ~ can

also be used as "Analog
Outputs", so-called PWM
outputs

Analog Inputs
PWM - Pulse Width Modulation

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Sensors and Actuators

LED

Push Button
Temperature Sensor Motor
Light Sensor
Buzzer
Potentiometer

Analog/Digital Inputs Analog/Digital Outputs

Sensors Actuators

Signals from the surroundings Signals to the surroundings

Sensors and Actuators Theory

• A Sensor is a converter that measures a physical size and

converts it to a signal that can be read by an instrument, data
acquisition device, or an Arduino.
Examples: temperature sensor, pressure sensor, etc.
• An Actuator is a kind of motor that moves or controls a
mechanism or system. It is powered by an energy source, typical
electric current, hydraulic fluid pressure, or air pressure, and
converts this energy into motion.
Examples: Engine, Pump, Valve, etc.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuator

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Sensors and Actuators

Actuators
• The sensors and actuators can be either
digital or analog.
• Some sensors and actuators have been
made for Arduino, while others need to be
connected in some circuit to work properly
with Arduino.
• Many of these come with ready-made
libraries for Arduino, so they are easy to Sensors

use.

Examples
1. Electrical Circuit Example
2. Blinking LED Example
3. Switch Example
4. Potentiometer Example
5. Temperature Example
6. Light Sensor Example
7. Thermistor Example

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Play and Explore

|Programming with Arduino|

Example 1 TRY IT OUT!

Electrical Circuits

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Electrical Cuicits
Lets create the following cuircit:
Light

+
Instead of using a Battery we
will use the Arduino board as a Power Supply
Power Supply (5V)

-
Example 1

Light-Emitting Diode - LED

[Wikipedia]

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Introduction

We will use the

POWER ports ”5V” and
”GND” on the Arduino
board

GND = Ground
Example 1

Electrical Cuircuit TRY IT OUT!

Make the following circuit using the Arduino board

and a Breadboard: Equipment:
• Breadboard
LED • LED
% = 270Ω • Resistor
+ - • Wires
• Multi-meter
! = 5$
Note! No Arduino Program is needed in this example
Example 1

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Why do you need a Resistor?

If the current becomes to large, the LED will be destroyed. To prevent
this to happen, we will use a Resistor to limit the amount of current in
the cuircuit.

What should be the size of the Resistor?

A LED typically need a current like 20mA (can be found in the LED Datasheet).
We use Ohm’s Law:
! = #$
Arduino gives U=5V and I=20mA. We then get:
!
#=
$
%&
The Resistor needed will be # = = 250Ω. Resistors with R=250Ω is not so common,
'.')*
so we can use the closest Resistors we have, e.g., 270Ω
Example 1

Find the Resistor Size

Find the correct Resistor by using the

Color Codes or a Mult-meter:

You may also use a ”Resistor

Calculator” which you find online:
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/tools/resistor-color-code-calculator/

Example 1

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Wiring

Make sure to connect the LED

correctly.
+ -
The legs have different lengths

Example 1 Use a Breadboard – see next page

TRY IT OUT!

Make sure to connect

the LED correctly.
Wiring

The legs have different

lengths

Note! Use a Resistor ! =

270Ω to protect the LED

Example 1

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Play and Explore

|Programming with Arduino|

|Programming with Arduino|

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Example 2 TRY IT OUT!

Blinking LED

Light-emitting diode - LED

[Wikipedia]

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Introduction
We will make a program that makes the LED start
blinking.
How-To Do it:
1. Wire the cuircuit and components
2. Make the Arduino program

Example 2

Equipment
• Arduino UNO
• Breadboard
• LED
• Resistor, ! = 270Ω
• Wires (Jumper Wires)

Example 2

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Wiring TRY IT OUT!

Example 2

Programming
Program Structure You need to use the following:
A Digital Pin can either
//Globale variable Which Pin (0, 1, 3, ...) are you using? be an INPUT or an
... OUTPUT. Since we shall
use it to turn-on a LED,
void setup() pinMode(pin, mode); ww set it to OUTPUT.
{
//Initialization
Turn-on Turn-off
} digitalWrite(pin, value); LED LED
void loop() A Digital PIn can have 2 values, either HIGH or LOW
{
//Main Program The delay() fuction make a small pause
delay(ms); in milliseconds (ms), e.g,. delay(1000)
}
pause the program for 1 second
Example 2 Arduino Language Reference: https://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference

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void setup() TRY IT OUT!

Arduino Program

{
pinMode(8, OUTPUT);
}

void loop()
{

digitalWrite(8, HIGH); // Turn on the LED

delay(1000); // Wait for one second
digitalWrite(8, LOW); // Turn off the LED
delay(1000); // Wait for one second
}

Example 2

TRY IT OUT!
int ledPin = 8;
Arduino Program

En ørliten forbedring. Vi
bruker en variabel til å
void setup()
definere pinne-nummeret
{
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}

void loop()
{

digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // Turn on the LED

delay(1000); // Wait for one second
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // Turn off the LED
delay(1000); // Wait for one second

}
Example 2

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Play and Explore

|Programming with Arduino|

|Programming with Arduino|

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Example 3 TRY IT OUT!

Switch

Wiring

Use your Breadboard

to make the following
circuit

Example 3

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Equipment
• Arduino
• Breadboard
• LED
• Switch
• Resistor, ! = 270 Ω
• Some Wires
Example 3

Breadboard
Make sure to place the Switch
correctly on the Breadboard!

Avoid short circuit!

Example 3
Avoid short circuit

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TRY IT OUT!
Wiring

! = 270Ω

Note! In this configuration, we use an internal "pull-up" resistor to prevent "short-

circuiting".
Example 3 Set pinMode like this: pinMode(pin, INPUT_PULLUP);

const int buttonPin = 7;

const int ledPin = 8; TRY IT OUT!
Arduino Program

int buttonState = 0;

void setup()
{
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT_PULLUP);
}

void loop()
{
buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin);

if (buttonState == HIGH)
{
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
}

}
Example 3

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Play and Explore

|Programming with Arduino|

|Programming with Arduino|

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Example 4 TRY IT OUT!

Potentiometer

Potentiometer
A potentiometer is a simple knob that provides a variable
resistance, which we can read into the Arduino board as an
analog value.

Electrical symbol:

GND Analog 5V
Pin
(0-5V)
Example 4

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Equipment
• Arduino
• Breadboard
• Potentiometer
• LED
• Resistor, ! = 330Ω
• Wires (Jumper Wires)
Example 4

Breadboard

Make sure to place the

Potentiometer correctly on the
Breadboard short-circuiting!

Example 4

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Dimmer
In this example we will make a simple dimmer using a
potentiometer that control the intensity of the light.

This is a typical example where a potentiometer is used.

Everybody have a dimmer at home.

When the voltage in the circuit increases, the intensity of the LED
will increase.

Note! No Arduino Program is needed in this example

Example 4

TRY IT OUT!

Adjust the the dimmer

(potentiometer) in order to
increase or decrease the
Wiring

intensity of the light (LED)

Note! No Arduino Program

is needed in this example
Example 4

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Play and Explore

|Programming with Arduino|

|Programming with Arduino|

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Example 5 TRY IT OUT!

Temperature

Introduction
In this example we will use a small temperature
sensor to read the temperature in the room.

In this example we will use one of the "Analog

In" ports on the Arduino board

Example 5

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TMP36 Temperature Sensor

A Temperature sensor like TM36 use a

solid-state technique to determine the
temperature.

They use the fact as temperature

increases, the voltage across a diode
increases at a known rate.

Example 5 https://learn.adafruit.com/tmp36-temperature-sensor

Temperature Sensor Datasheet

Example 5 [http://no.rs-online.com/webdocs/14cd/0900766b814cd0a1.pdf]

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Necessary Equipment

• Arduino
• Breadboard
• TMP36
• Wires (Jumper Wires)

Example 5

TRY IT OUT!
Wiring

Example 5

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analogRead
Example:
analogRead reads the value from a int sensorPin = 0;
specific analog pin. int sensorValue;

The Arduino UNO board has 6 analog void setup()

pins (channels), and uses a 10-bit analog {
to digital converter.
}
Syntax: void loop()
{
value = analogRead(analogPin); sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin);
}
value will then be between 0 and 1023

Example 5 https://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/AnalogRead

Temperature coversion
We want to present the value from the sensor in
degrees Celsius:
1. analogRead() gives a value between 0 and
1023
2. Then we convert this value to 0-5V
3. Finally, we convert to degrees Celsius using
information from the Datasheet presented on
the previous page
Example 5

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const int temperaturePin = 0;

float adcValue; TRY IT OUT!

Arduino Program
float voltage;
float degreesC;

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop()
{

adcValue = analogRead(temperaturePin);
Convert from ADC-value (0-
voltage = (adcValue*5)/1023; 1023) to Voltage (0-5V)
degreesC = 100*voltage - 50;

Serial.print("ADC Value: "); Convert from Volate to degrees Celsius

Serial.print(adcValue);

Serial.print(" voltage: ");

Serial.print(voltage);

Serial.print(" deg C: ");

Serial.println(degreesC);

delay(1000);
}
Example 5

Play and Explore

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Example 6 TRY IT OUT!

Light Sensor

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Introduction
In this example we will use a light sensor to
measure the light intensity of the room.

If it's dark, we will turn on the light (LED)

If it's bright, we'll turn off the light (LED)

Example 6

Light Sensor
or

Light sensor, Photocell (Photo resistor), LDR

(light-dependent resistor)
A light sensor / photocell is a sensor used to
detect light.
The resistance decreases with increasing light
intensity (stronger light).
Example 6

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Necessary Equipment
Light Sensor
• Arduino or
• Breadboard
• Light Sensor
LED
• LED
• Resistors, ! = 330Ω, ! = 10 'Ω
• Wires (Jumper Wires)
Example 6

TRY IT OUT!
Wiring

! = 10kΩ
or

Example 6

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int photocellPin = 2;
TRY IT OUT!
Arduino Program
int photocellReading;

void setup(void)
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop(void)
{
photocellReading = analogRead(photocellPin);

Serial.print("Analog reading = ");

Serial.println(photocellReading);

delay(1000);
}
Example 6

! = 330Ω
Wiring

! = 10kΩ

or
Example 6

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int photocellPin = 0;
int ledPin = 2;

TRY IT OUT!
Arduino Program
int photocellReading;
const float limit = 100;

void setup(void)
{
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}

void loop(void)
{
photocellReading = analogRead(photocellPin);
Serial.print("Analog reading = ");
Serial.println(photocellReading);

if (photocellReading < limit)

{
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
}

delay(1000);

}
Example 6

Play and Explore

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Example 7 TRY IT OUT!

Thermistor

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Introduction
In this example we will use a small thermistor to
read the temperature in the room.

In this example we will use one of the "Analogue

Inn" ports at Arduino.

Example 7

Thermistor
A thermistor is an electronic component that changes
resistance to temperature - so-called Resistance
Temperature Detectors (RTD). It is often used as a
temperature sensor.
Our Thermistor is a so-called NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient).
In a NTC Thermistor, resistance decreases as the temperature rises.
There is an non-linear relationship between resistance and excitement. To find the
temperature we can use the following equation (Steinhart-Hart equation):
1 [Wikipedia]
= $ + & ln(*) + , ln(*) - where $, &, , are constants given below
"
$ = 0.001129148, & = 0.000234125 789 , = 8.76741< − 08
Example 7

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NTC Thermistor - Datasheet

Datasheet: https://www.elfadistrelec.no/no/ntc-motstand-kablet-10-kohm-vishay-
ntcle100e3103jb0/p/16026041?q=160-26-041&page=1&origPos=1&origPageSize=50&simi=98.0
Example 7

Equipment
• Arduino
• Breadboard
• Thermistor
• LED
• Resistor 10 kΩ
• Wires (Jumper Wires)
Example 7

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TRY IT OUT!
Wiring

Example 7

The wiring is called a Voltage divider:

Wiring

Example 7 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_divider]

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const int temperaturePin = 0;

void setup()
{
TRY IT OUT!
Arduino Program
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop()
{
int temperature = getTemp();
Serial.print("Temperature Value: ");
Serial.print(temperature);
Serial.println("*C");
delay(1000);
}

double getTemp()
{
// Inputs ADC Value from Thermistor and outputs Temperature in Celsius

int RawADC = analogRead(temperaturePin);

long Resistance;
double Temp;

// Assuming a 10k Thermistor. Calculation is actually: Resistance = (1024/ADC)

Resistance=((10240000/RawADC) - 10000);

// Utilizes the Steinhart-Hart Thermistor Equation:

// Temperature in Kelvin = 1 / {A + B[ln(R)] + C[ln(R)]^3}
// where A = 0.001129148, B = 0.000234125 and C = 8.76741E-08

Temp = log(Resistance);
Temp = 1 / (0.001129148 + (0.000234125 * Temp) + (0.0000000876741 * Temp * Temp * Temp));
Temp = Temp - 273.15; // Convert Kelvin to Celsius
return Temp; // Return the Temperature
}
Example 7

Additional Exercises TRY IT OUT!

Try out the following:

• Use both the TMP36 Temperature Sensor we
used earlier and the Thermistor.
• Compare the values from the Thermistor with the
TMP36 Temperature Sensor we used earlier.
Display both values in the Serial Monitor.
• Draw circuit and wiring using the Fritzing
software
Example 7

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Play and Explore

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|Slutt på eksemplet|

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Play and Explore

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Hans-Petter Halvorsen
University of South-Eastern Norway
www.usn.no

E-mail: hans.p.halvorsen@usn.no
Web: https://www.halvorsen.blog

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Hans-Petter Halvorsen

https://www.halvorsen.blog