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    Classification and Properties

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    sandyengineer13
    This document discusses phase change materials (PCMs) that can be used for energy storage. It provides the following key points: 1. An ideal PCM should have a high latent heat of fusion, high specific heat, high thermal conductivity, high density, chemical stability, and melt within a narrow temperature range. 2. PCMs can undergo different phase transitions including solid-solid, solid-liquid, solid-gas, and liquid-gas. Solid-solid PCMs remain solid but change properties, while liquid-gas PCMs are not practical for storage. 3. The document compares properties of different PCM types including organic compounds, paraffins, salt hydrates and

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    Classification and Properties

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    sandyengineer13
    38 views3 pages
    This document discusses phase change materials (PCMs) that can be used for energy storage. It provides the following key points: 1. An ideal PCM should have a high latent heat of fusion, high specific heat, high thermal conductivity, high density, chemical stability, and melt within a narrow temperature range. 2. PCMs can undergo different phase transitions including solid-solid, solid-liquid, solid-gas, and liquid-gas. Solid-solid PCMs remain solid but change properties, while liquid-gas PCMs are not practical for storage. 3. The document compares properties of different PCM types including organic compounds, paraffins, salt hydrates and

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    This document discusses phase change materials (PCMs) that can be used for energy storage. It provides the following key points: 1. An ideal PCM should have a high latent heat of fusion, high specific heat, high thermal conductivity, high density, chemical stability, and melt within a narrow temperature range. 2. PCMs can undergo different phase transitions including solid-solid, solid-liquid, solid-gas, and liquid-gas. Solid-solid PCMs remain solid but change properties, while liquid-gas PCMs are not practical for storage. 3. The document compares properties of different PCM types including organic compounds, paraffins, salt hydrates and

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    38 views3 pages

    Classification and Properties

    Uploaded by

    sandyengineer13
    This document discusses phase change materials (PCMs) that can be used for energy storage. It provides the following key points: 1. An ideal PCM should have a high latent heat of fusion, high specific heat, high thermal conductivity, high density, chemical stability, and melt within a narrow temperature range. 2. PCMs can undergo different phase transitions including solid-solid, solid-liquid, solid-gas, and liquid-gas. Solid-solid PCMs remain solid but change properties, while liquid-gas PCMs are not practical for storage. 3. The document compares properties of different PCM types including organic compounds, paraffins, salt hydrates and

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    1.

    Classification and properties


    Hale et al. [3] reported more than 500 potential PCM candidates and their density and latent
    heat of fusion, which can be used as energy storage materials. However, only a few materials
    have actually been well characterized and suitable for the use in storage applications. A phase
    change material should be selected primarily based on melting temperature and its latent heat
    of fusion. The selected material must have high latent heat of fusion, so a large amount of
    energy can be stored in a small amount of PCM; high specific heat, which provides additional
    sensible heat storage capacity; high thermal conductivity in both solid and liquid phases
    increases heat transfer in PCM that reduces thermal stratification in PCM and makes the PCM
    melting and solidification homogenous; high density which reduces the storage size; low
    vapour pressure; chemically stable, so that the PCM will not be changed periodically; minimum
    or little subcooling which ensures PCM melts in a small temperature range or at a particular
    temperature; the PCM must be nonpoisonous; non-flammable; and non-explosive [4]. The
    PCM should be available widely and inexpensive from economics point of view.
    PCMs can undergo solid-solid, solid-liquid, solid-gas and liquid-gas phase transitions
    isothermally or in a range of temperature. Solid-solid PCM stores and releases heat in the same
    manner as solid-liquid PCM, however always remains in the solid state under normal
    conditions, only softens or hardens. Comparatively few solid-solid PCMs are available that are
    suitable as storage materials. The use of liquid-gas PCMs is not practical yet as storage
    materials due to volume expansion during phase change from liquid to gas, although they
    possess high latent heat of transformation. Table 1 gives a comparison of various type of PCMs
    that experiences solid (S) –solid (S), solid (S)-liquid (L) phase transformation. Examples of
    PCMs having solid-solid phase change are polyurethanes, polybutadiene and Modified ploy
    (ethylene glycol) [2, 5].

    Table 1: Comparison of some dry PCMs with typical paraffin-based, salt hydrates and
    metallic-alloy PCMs [6]
    Transition Temperature Latent Density
    Material Type range Heat (g/cc)
    (C) (Joule/cc)
    Solid-solid Organic Compounds (TCC) S-S (dry) 21-100 144-212 1.1
    Micro-encapsulated Paraffin (thermosorb) S-L (dry) 6-101 95-186 0.9
    Paraffin (Eicosane, Docosane, etc.) S-L (wet) -12-71 128-197 0.75-0.88
    Non-Paraffin Organics (Beewax) S-L (wet) -13-187 131-438 0.85-1.54
    Salt Hydrates (MgSO4-7H2O) S-L (wet) 28-137 270-650 1.5-2.2
    Metallics (Eutectic Bi-Cd-In) S-L (wet) 30-125 200-800 6-10

    Depending on the chemical composition, PCMs are grouped into the families of either
    organic or inorganic material. Sub-families of the organic materials include paraffin and non-
    paraffin organics. The basic classification of PCM reported in various literatures is shown in
    Figure 2 [7, 8]. A comparison of organic and inorganic PCMs with their advantages and
    disadvantages is shown in Table 2 [7].

    Table 2: Comparison of organic and inorganic phase change materials with advantages and
    disadvantages [7]

    Organics Inorganic Eutectics

    Merits

    Availability in a large High volumetric latent Eutectics have sharp melting


    temperature range heat storage capacity point similar to pure substance

    Freeze without much super- Low cost and easy Volumetric storage density is
    cooling availability slightly above organic
    compounds

    Ability to melt congruently Sharp melting point

    Self-nucleating properties High thermal


    conductivity

    Compatibility with High heat of fusion


    conventional material of
    construction

    No segregation Low volume change

    Chemically stable Non-flammable

    High heat of fusion


    Safe and non-reactive

    Recyclable

    Demerits

    Low thermal conductivity in Change of volume is Limited data is available on


    their solid state. High heat very high thermophysical properties as the
    transfer rates are required use of these materials are very
    during the freezing cycle new to thermal storage
    application

    Volumetric latent heat Super-cooling is major


    storage capacity is low problem in solid-liquid
    transition

    Flammable. This can be Nucleating agents are


    easily alleviated by a proper needed and they often
    container become imperative after
    repeated cycling

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