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University of Al−Mustansiriyah − College of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Phase Change and Applications I

First Semester − Fall 2020
Lecture (3):
Phase Change Materials (PCM) Storage
Instructor:
Dr. Aouf A. Al−Tabbakh
aoufaltabbakh72@gmail.com
Phase Change Material (PCM)
It is defined as any material that can be used to store or release thermal
energy while its phase changes. The processes that are commonly used in
engineering are melting associated with absorption of heat and solidification
accompanied by the release of heat.
Properties of a feasible PCM
1) Large latent heat (hfg).
2) High thermal conductivity (k).
3) Melting temperature should be within practical range.
4) Has a congruent (homogeneous) melting with minimum subcooling.
5) Chemically stable (does not react with other materials or decomposes).
6) Non toxic and non corrosive.
7) Low in cost.
Water Storage Tank Solar Radiation
PCM units
Solar Radiation
Conditioned
Space
Solar Collector
PCM units
Solar Water Heater Residential Building

Applications of PCM storage
The use of any PCM depends on its melting temperature (Tm). Accordingly, the
common uses of PCMs can be categorized as follows:−
 When (Tm) is below 15 oC the PCM is used in cold storage in air
conditioning applications.
 When (Tm) is between 15 oC and 90 oC the PCM is used to store the
surplus collected solar energy and in heat load leveling applications.
 When (Tm) is above 90 oC the PCM is used in absorption refrigeration.
Types of phase change materials (PCMs)
The common types of PCMs used in practice are:−
 Paraffin Waxes (organic)
 Hydrated salts (inorganic)
 Fatty acids (organic)
 Eutectics of organic and non−organic compounds
Paraffin Waxes
They are heavy organic hydrocarbons resulted as byproducts after refining
crude oil.
Advantages of Paraffin Waxes
Commercial paraffin waxes are excellent PCMs because they:−
 Have moderate storage density (~200 kJ/kg or 150 MJ/m3).
 Have a wide range of melting temperature depending on chemical formula.
 Undergo negligible subcooling.
 Are chemically inert.
 Are stable with no phase segregation.
 Are cheap in price.
Disadvantages of Paraffin Waxes
The main disadvantage of paraffin waxes is the low thermal conductivity (~0.2 W/m oC).
Therefore heat transfer enhancement methods should be used.
Hydrated Salts
They are inorganic chemical salts dissolved in water at various rates. The
addition of heat make them separate from water and form a liquid mixture,
while the rejection of heat re−unite them with water in a solid state.
Advantages of Hydrated Salts

 Have a high storage density (~250 kJ/kg or 350 MJ/m3).
 Have a relatively high thermal conductivity (~0.5 W/m oC).
Disadvantages of Hydrated Salts
 Undergo subcooling (cool down below melting point without solidification).
 Are sometimes chemically unstable.
 Show phase segregation.
 Higher in price than paraffin waxes.
Phase Change Problems and Solutions
The main problems in phase change storage are:−
1− Low Thermal Conductivity (in all PCMs)
This problem is treated by using heat transfer enhancement to facilitate the penetration of
heat inside the PCM. This includes:− metallic fillers, meta matrix structures, finned tubes,
aluminum shavings and nano−materials.
2- Subcooling (in salt hydrates)
Nucleating agents (like Borax) can be used to minimize subcooling and a thickening agent
to prevent the settling of the high density Borax.
3− Phase Segregation (in salt hydrates)
It can be treated by two ways:− a) Through the use of extra water principle to prevent the
formation of the heavy anhydrous salt, but this reduces storage density. b) By using some
thickening agent (like Bentonite clay with Glauber salt, but this will reduce the rate of
crystallization and thermal conductivity.
Encapsulation of PCMs
The PCM should be kept in a suitable container so that it is not affected by the
working fluid around it. This is called (encapsulation).
Purposes of Encapsulation
 Holding the liquid and solid phase and keeping it isolated from surrounding.
 Keeping the composition of the PCM unchanged.
 Reducing the reaction of the PCM with the surrounding.
 Making the PCM easy to handle.
 Enhancing the heat transfer between the PCM and the working fluid.
 Keeping hazardous PCMs isolated from environment.
Types of Encapsulation
It can be classified into three major types:−
Macro−encapsulation
In this type the PCM is kept in metallic or plastic containers (capsules) of sizes (> 1 mm).
The capsules or modules can be of spherical, tubular, cylindrical or rectangular shape.
Micro−encapsulation
In this type the capsule size is microscopic (1−1000 mm). Higher heat transfer rates are
achieved because the surface area to volume ratio is substantially increased. The
temperature span between the surface and core of the micro−capsule becomes
negligible resulting in efficient and homogeneous phase change. The micro−shell better
withstand volume change effects during phase change and also less chemically reactive
with the PCM.
Nano−encapsulation
It is a new type in which the capsules sizes are less than (1 mm) or (1000 nm). The
phase change processes are greatly enhanced at such extremely small sizes.

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University of Al−Mustansiriyah − College of Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Phase Change and Applications I

Solar Water Heater Residential Building

Advantages of Hydrated Salts

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