The document discusses questions related to telecommunication networks and circuit switching. It explains the major components of a telephone network including local loops, trunks, and switching offices. It describes types of Local Access and Transport Areas (LATAs) and services within and between LATAs. It also explains why circuit switching was chosen for telephone networks and matches the communication phases in circuit switching to the phases in a telephone call.
The document discusses questions related to telecommunication networks and circuit switching. It explains the major components of a telephone network including local loops, trunks, and switching offices. It describes types of Local Access and Transport Areas (LATAs) and services within and between LATAs. It also explains why circuit switching was chosen for telephone networks and matches the communication phases in circuit switching to the phases in a telephone call.
The document discusses questions related to telecommunication networks and circuit switching. It explains the major components of a telephone network including local loops, trunks, and switching offices. It describes types of Local Access and Transport Areas (LATAs) and services within and between LATAs. It also explains why circuit switching was chosen for telephone networks and matches the communication phases in circuit switching to the phases in a telephone call.
The document discusses questions related to telecommunication networks and circuit switching. It explains the major components of a telephone network including local loops, trunks, and switching offices. It describes types of Local Access and Transport Areas (LATAs) and services within and between LATAs. It also explains why circuit switching was chosen for telephone networks and matches the communication phases in circuit switching to the phases in a telephone call.
Q-1 Given the data word 1010011110 and the divisor 10111. a. Show the generation of the codeword at the sender site and receiver site assume no error (using binary division). b. repeat checking of the codeword at the sender and receiver site assume no error(using polynomials).
a-
B-
Q2- 32. A sender needs to send the four data items Ox3456, OxABCC, Ox02BC, and OxEEEE. Answer the following: a. Find the checksum at the sender site. b. Find the checksum at the receiver site if there is no error. c. Find the checksum at the receiver site if the second data item is changed to OxABCE. d. Find the checksum at the receiver site if the second data item is changed to OxABCE and the third data item is changed to Ox02BA.
a- In part a, we calculate the checksum to be sent (0x2E32)
b- In part b, there is no error in transition. The receiver recalculates the checksum to be all 0x0000. The Receiver correctly assumes that there is no error. c- In part c, there is one single error in transition. The receiver calculates the checksum to be 0FFFD. The receiver correctly assumes that there is some error and discards the packet. d- In part d, there are two errors that cancel the effect of each other. The receiver calculates the checksum to be 0x0000. The receiver erroneously assumes that there is no error and accepts the packet. This is an example that shows that the checksum may slip in finding some types of errors.
CHAPTER 9 Q1-Explain major components of a telephone network with figure. The telephone network, is made of three major components: Local Loops:- a twisted-pair cable that connects the subscriber telephone to the nearest end office or local central office. It is interesting to examine the telephone number associated with each local loop (first three digits define office, and the next four digits define the local loop number). Trunks:- are transmission media that handle the communication between offices (optical fibers or satellite links) . Switching Offices:- the telephone company has switches located in a switching office. A switch connects several local loops or trunks and allows a connection between different subscribers. Local loop
Trunk Trunk
••• End Tandem offices offices Regional offices
Q2:- explain types of (LATAs) with figure.
A LATA (Local-Access Transport Areas) can be a small or large metropolitan area. A
small state may have one single LATA; a large state may have several LATAs. 1. Intra-LATA Services The services offered by the common carriers (telephone companies) inside a LATA. If LATA granted to one single carrier (monopoly) called the incumbent local exchange carrier (ILEC), if more than one carrier could provide services inside a LATA called competitive local exchange carriers (CLECs). 2. Inter-LATA Services The services between LATAs are handled by interexchange carriers (IXCs). These carriers, sometimes called long-distance companies, provide communication services between two customers in different LATAs.
Q3:- Explain why circuit-switching was chosen for telephone networks, then match communication phases involved in a circuit switched network with the phases in a telephone call between two parties.
Packet-switched networks are well suited for carrying data in packets. The end-to end addressing or local addressing (VCI) occupies a field in each packet. Telephone networks were designed to carry voice, which was not packetized. A circuit-switched network, which dedicates resources for the whole duration of the conversation, is more suitable for this type of communication. The setup phase can be matched to the dialing process. After the call responds, the data transfer phase (here voice transfer phase) starts. When any of the parties hangs up, the data transfer is terminated and the teardown phase starts. It takes a while before all resources are released.
