Flight Instructor Practical Test Standards For Rotorcraft (Helicopter & Gyroplane)

FAA-S-8081-7B
U.S. Department (with Changes 1, 2, & 3)

of Transportation
Federal Aviation
Administration
Flight Instructor
Practical Test Standards
for
Rotorcraft (Helicopter & Gyroplane)
December 2006
Flight Standards Service

Washington, DC 20591
(this page intentionally left blank)
FAA-S-8081-7B
Flight Instructor
Rotorcraft
2006

Washington, DC 20591
FAA-S-8081-7B
Note
FAA-S-8081-7B, Flight Instructor - Rotorcraft (Helicopter and
Gyroplane) Practical Test Standards, will be effective December 1,
2006. All previous editions of this book will be obsolete as of this date.
FAA-S-8081-7B
FAA-S-8081-7B
Record of Changes
Change 1 (3/22/2016)
• Removed Note from the “Aircraft and Equipment Required for
the Practical Test” section of the Introduction which stated "A
touchdown autorotation is a required Task for the flight
instructor - helicopter practical test." (page 8).
• Added “Performance of Autorotations” section to Introduction
(pages 10 and 11).
• Added Note to Area of Operation X: Performance Maneuvers in
Section 1 (page 1-32).
Change 2 (5/23/2016)
• Revised “Performance of Autorotations” section in Introduction
(pages 10 and 11).
Change 3 (7/26/2016)
• Added a Note to Section 1, Area of Operation XI, Task B, Power
Failure at Altitude (page1-35).
FAA-S-8081-7B
FAA-S-8081-7B
Foreword
The Flight Instructor - Rotorcraft (Helicopter and Gyroplane) Practical
Test Standards (PTS) book has been published by the Federal
Aviation Administration (FAA) to establish the standards for flight
instructor certification practical tests for the rotorcraft category,
helicopter and gyroplane classes. FAA inspectors and designated
pilot examiners shall conduct practical tests in compliance with these
standards. Flight instructors and applicants should find these
standards helpful during training and when preparing for the practical
test.
Joseph K Tintera, Manager

Regulatory Support Division
FAA-S-8081-7B
FAA-S-8081-7B
Contents
Introduction ....................................................................................... 1
Practical Test Standard Concept ................................................. 2
Flight Instructor Practical Test Book Description ......................... 2
Initial Flight Instructor Certification ............................................... 2
Addition of Aircraft Category and/or Class Ratings to a Flight
Instructor Certificate .............................................................. 2
Flight Instructor Practical Test Standard Description ................... 3
Abbreviations ............................................................................... 5
Special Emphasis Areas .............................................................. 5
Use of the Practical Test Standards Book ................................... 6
Flight Instructor Practical Test Prerequisites ............................... 7
Aircraft and Equipment Required for the Practical Test ............... 8
Use of Simulators and Flight Training Devices ............................ 8
Flight Instructor Responsibility ..................................................... 9
Positive Exchange of Flight Controls ........................................... 9
Examiner Responsibility ............................................................. 10
Performance of Autorotations .................................................... 10
Satisfactory Performance ........................................................... 11
Unsatisfactory Performance ....................................................... 11
Letter of Discontinuance ............................................................ 12
Aeronautical Decision Making and Risk Management .............. 12
Single-Pilot Resource Management .......................................... 12
Section 1 Flight Instructor Rotorcraft – Helicopter
Contents ..................................................................................... 1-i
Additional Rating Task Table .................................................... 1-v
Renewal or Reinstatement of a Flight Instructor ...................... 1-vi
Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist (Helicopter)..................... 1-vii
Examiner’s Practical Test Checklist (Helicopter) .................... 1-ix
Areas of Operation:
I. Fundamentals of Instructing ............................................... 1-1
II. Technical Subjects.............................................................. 1-4
III. Preflight Preparation ........................................................... 1-9
IV. Preflight Lesson on a Maneuver to be Performed in
Flight ................................................................................. 1-11
V. Preflight Procedures ......................................................... 1-12
VI. Airport and Heliport Operations ........................................ 1-16
VII. Hovering Maneuvers ........................................................ 1-18
VIII. Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds ............................... 1-22
IX. Fundamentals of Flight ..................................................... 1-29
X. Performance Maneuvers .................................................. 1-32
XI. Emergency Operations ..................................................... 1-35
i FAA-S-8081-7B
XII. Special Operations ........................................................... 1-41
XIII.Postflight Procedures........................................................ 1-44
Section 2 Flight Instructor Rotorcraft – Gyroplane
Contents ..................................................................................... 2-i
Additional Rating Task Table .................................................... 2-v
Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist (Gyroplane) .................... 2-vii
Examiner’s Practical Test Checklist (Gyroplane) ................... 2-viii
Areas of Operation:
III. Preflight Preparation ......................................................... 2-10
Flight ................................................................................. 2-12
VI. Airport Operations............................................................. 2-17
VII. Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds ............................... 2-19
VIII. Fundamentals of Flight ..................................................... 2-24
IX. Performance Maneuvers .................................................. 2-27
X. Flight at Slow Airspeeds ................................................... 2-28
XI. Ground Reference Maneuvers ......................................... 2-30
XII. Emergency Operations ..................................................... 2-33
FAA-S-8081-7B ii
Introduction
The Flight Standards Service of the Federal Aviation Administration

(FAA) has developed this practical test book as a standard to be used by
FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners when conducting flight
instructor—rotorcraft (helicopter) and flight instructor—rotorcraft
(gyroplane) practical tests. Flight instructors are expected to use this
book when preparing flight instructor applicants for practical tests.
Applicants should be familiar with this book and refer to these standards
during their training.
The FAA gratefully acknowledges the valuable assistance provided by

many industry participants who contributed their time and talent in
assisting with the revision of these practical test standards.
This practical test standard (PTS) book may be purchased from the
Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO),
Washington, DC 20402-9325, or from GPO’s web site.
http://bookstore.gpo.gov
This PTS is also available for download, in pdf format, from the Flight
Standards Service web site.
www.faa.gov
This PTS is published by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal

Aviation Administration, Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630,
P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125. Comments regarding this
book should be sent, in email form, to the following address.
AFS630comments@faa.gov
1 FAA-S-8081-7B
Practical Test Standard Concept
Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) specifies the areas
in which knowledge and skill shall be demonstrated by an applicant
before the issuance of a flight instructor certificate with the associated
category and class ratings. The CFRs provide the flexibility that permits
the FAA to publish practical test standards containing specific Tasks in
which competency shall be demonstrated. The FAA shall revise this book
whenever it is determined that changes are needed in the interest of
safety. Adherence to provisions of regulations and the practical test
standards is mandatory for evaluation of flight instructor applicants.
Flight Instructor Practical Test Book Description

This test book contains the practical test standards for Flight Instructor -
Rotorcraft (Helicopter and Gyroplane). Other flight instructor practical test
books include:
FAA-S-8081-6, Flight Instructor—Airplane (Single-Engine and

Multiengine)
FAA-S-8081-8, Flight Instructor—Glider
FAA-S-8081-9, Flight Instructor—Instrument (Airplane and Helicopter)
FAA-S-8081-11, Flight Instructor—Lighter-Than-Air (Balloon and

Airship)
The Flight Instructor Practical Test Standards include the Areas of

Operation and Tasks for the issuance of an initial flight instructor certificate
and for the addition of category and/or class ratings to that certificate.
Initial Flight Instructor Certification

An applicant who seeks initial flight instructor certification shall be evaluated
in all Areas of Operation of the standard appropriate to the rating(s) sought.
The evaluation shall include at least one Task in each Area of Operation
and shall always include the required Tasks.
Addition of Aircraft Category and/or Class Ratings to a Flight

Instructor Certificate
An applicant who holds a flight instructor certificate and seeks an additional
aircraft category and/or class rating shall be evaluated in at least the Areas
of Operation and Tasks that are unique and appropriate to the rating(s)
sought (see table at the beginning of each standard). At the discretion of the
examiner, an applicant's competence in all Areas of Operation may be
evaluated.
FAA-S-8081-7B 2
Flight Instructor Practical Test Standard Description
Areas of Operation are phases of the practical test arranged in a logical
sequence within each standard. Tasks are knowledge areas, flight
procedures, or maneuvers appropriate to an Area of Operation. In this
practical test book, the first Area of Operation is Fundamentals of
Instructing; the last is Postflight Procedures. The examiner may conduct the
practical test in any sequence that results in a complete and efficient test;
however, the ground portion of the practical test must be completed
prior to the flight portion.
Tasks are titles of knowledge areas, flight procedures, or maneuvers

appropriate to an area of operation.
Note is used to emphasis special considerations required in the Area of

Operation or Task.
Reference identifies the publication(s) that describes the Task. Descriptions

of Tasks and maneuver tolerances are not included in the flight instructor
standards because this information can be found in the References listed for
each Task. Publications other than those listed may be used as references
if their content conveys substantially the same meaning as the referenced
publication. References listed in this book include current revisions of the
following publications:
CFR part 1 Definitions and Abbreviations

CFR part 43 Maintenance, Preventative Maintenance,
Rebuilding, and Alteration
CFR part 61 Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors
CFR part 67 Medical Standards and Certification
CFR part 91 General Operating and Flight Rules
NTSB part 830 Notification and Reporting of Aircraft
Accidents and Incidents
FAA-H-8083-1 Aircraft Weight and Balance Handbook
FAA-H-8083-3 Airplane Flying Handbook
FAA-H-8083-9 Aviation Instructor’s Handbook
FAA-H-8083-21 Rotorcraft Flying Handbook
FAA-H-8083-25 Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical
Knowledge
AC 00-2 Advisory Circular Checklist
AC 00-6 Aviation Weather
AC 00-45 Aviation Weather Services
AC 60-22 Aeronautical Decision-Making
AC 60-28 English Language Requirements Required
by 14 CFR parts 61, 63, and 65
AC 61-65 Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors
AC 61-67 Stall and Spin Awareness Training
AC 61-84 Role of Preflight Preparation
AC 61-98 Currency and Additional Qualification
Requirements for Certificated Pilots
3 FAA-S-8081-7B
AC 61-115 Positive Exchange of Flight Controls
Program
AC 61-134 General Aviation Controlled Flight Into
Terrain
AC 90-42 Traffic Advisory Practices at Airports
Without Operating Control Towers
AC 90-48 Pilots’ Role in Collision Avoidance
AC 90-87 Helicopter Dynamic Rollover
AC 91-13 Cold Weather Operation of Aircraft
AC 91-32 Safety In and Around Helicopters
AC 91-42 Hazards of Rotating Propeller and
Helicopter Rotor Blades
AC 91-55 Reduction of Electrical System Failure
Following Aircraft Engine Starting
FAA-S-8081-15 Private Pilot Practical Test Standards for
Rotorcraft
FAA-S-8081-16 Commercial Pilot Practical Test Standards
for Rotorcraft
FAA/ASY-20
95/001 Airport Markings, Signs, and Selected
Surface Lighting
AIM Aeronautical Information Manual
POH/AFM Pilot Operating Handbook and FAA
Approved Airplane/Rotorcraft Flight Manual
Each Task has an Objective. The examiner determines that the applicant
meets the Task Objective through the demonstration of competency in
various elements of knowledge and/or skill. The Objectives of Tasks in
certain Areas of Operation, such as Fundamentals of Instructing and
Technical Subject Areas, include only knowledge elements. The Objectives
of Tasks in the Areas of Operation that include elements of skill as well as
knowledge also include common errors which the applicant shall be able to
describe, recognize, analyze, and correct.
The Objective of a Task that involves pilot skill consists of four parts. Those
four parts include determination that the applicant exhibits:
1. instructional knowledge of the elements of a Task. This is

accomplished through descriptions, explanations, and simulated
instruction;
2. instructional knowledge of common errors related to a Task,
including their recognition, analysis, and correction;
3. the ability to demonstrate and simultaneously explain the key
elements of a Task. The Task demonstration must be to the
Commercial Pilot skill level; the teaching techniques and
procedures should conform to those set forth in FAA-H-8083-9,
Aviation Instructor's Handbook, FAA-H-8083-3, Airplane Flying
Handbook, and FAA-H-8083-21, Rotorcraft Flying Handbook;
and
4. the ability to analyze and correct common errors related to a
Task.
FAA-S-8081-7B 4
Abbreviations
14 CFR Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations
ADM Aeronautical Decision-Making
AIM Airman’s Information Manual
AIRMETS Airman’s Meteorological Information
ATC Air Traffic Control
CFIT Controlled Flight into Terrain
CRM Crew Resource Management
FAA Federal Aviation Administration
FDC Flight Data Center
FSDO Flight Standards District Office
GPO Government Printing Office
GPS Global Positioning System
LAHSO Land and Hold Short Operations
MEL Minimum Equipment List
NOTAM Notice to Airmen
NWS National Weather Service
PIREPS Pilot Weather Reports
PTS Practical Test Standard
SIGMETS Significant Meteorological Information
SRM Single Pilot Resource Management
SUA Special Use Airspace
TFR(s) Temporary Flight Restriction(s)
VFR Visual Flight Rules`
Special Emphasis Areas

Examiners shall place special emphasis upon areas of aircraft operation
considered critical to flight safety. Among these are:
1. positive aircraft control;

2. positive exchange of the flight controls procedure (who is flying
the aircraft);
3. airport operations/runway incursions;
4. collision avoidance;
5. wake turbulence avoidance;
6. land and hold short operations (LAHSO);
7. controlled flight into terrain (CFIT);
8. aeronautical decision making (ADM) and risk management;
9. wire strike avoidance;
10. checklist usage;
11. temporary flight restrictions (TFR);
12. special use airspace (SUA);
13. aviation security; and
14. other areas deemed appropriate to any phase of the practical
test.
5 FAA-S-8081-7B
Although these areas may not be specifically addressed under each
Task, they are essential to flight safety and will be evaluated during
the practical test. In all instances, the applicant’s actions will relate to
the complete situation.
Use of the Practical Test Standards Book

The FAA requires that all practical tests be conducted in accordance with
the appropriate Flight Instructor Practical Test Standard and the policies set
forth in the Introduction.
All of the procedures and maneuvers in the Private Pilot and Commercial
Pilot Practical Test Standards have been included in the Flight Instructor
Practical Test Standards. However, to permit completion of the practical test
for initial certification within a reasonable timeframe, the examiner shall
select one or more Tasks in each Area of Operation. In certain Areas of
Operation, there are required Tasks which the examiner must select. These
required Tasks are identified by a Note immediately following each Area of
Operation title.
In preparation for the practical test, the examiner shall develop a written
“plan of action.” The examiner will vary each “plan of action” to ensure that
all Tasks in the appropriate practical test standard are evaluated during a
given number of practical tests. Except for required Tasks, the examiner
should avoid using the same optional Tasks in order to avoid becoming
stereotyped. The “plan of action” for a practical test for initial
certification shall include one or more Tasks in each Area of Operation and
shall always include the required Tasks. The “plan of action” for a practical
test for the addition of an aircraft category and/or class rating to a flight
instructor certificate shall include the required Areas of Operation as
indicated in the table at the beginning of each standard. The required Tasks
appropriate to the additional rating(s) sought shall be included. Any Task
selected for evaluation during the practical test shall be evaluated in its
entirety.
The flight instructor applicant shall be prepared in all knowledge and skill
areas and demonstrate the ability to instruct effectively in all Tasks included
in the Areas of Operation of the appropriate practical test standard.
Throughout the flight portion of the practical test, the examiner shall
evaluate the applicant's ability to demonstrate and simultaneously explain
the selected procedures and maneuvers, and to give flight instruction to
students at various stages of flight training and levels of experience.
The term “instructional knowledge” means the “what,” "why,” and “how” of a
subject matter topic, procedure, or maneuver. It also means that the flight
instructor applicant's discussions, explanations, and descriptions should
follow the recommended teaching procedures and techniques explained in
FAA-H-8083-9, Aviation Instructor's Handbook.
The purpose for including common errors in certain Tasks is to assist the
examiner in determining that the flight instructor applicant has the ability to
FAA-S-8081-7B 6
recognize, analyze, and correct such errors. The examiner shall not
simulate any condition that may jeopardize safe flight or result in
possible damage to the aircraft. The common errors listed in the Task
Objectives may or may not be found in the Task References. However, the
FAA considers their frequency of occurrence justification for their inclusion in
the Task Objectives.
The examiner shall place special emphasis on the applicant's demonstrated

ability to teach precise aircraft control and sound judgment in decision
making. Evaluation of the applicant's ability to teach judgment shall be
accomplished by asking the applicant to describe the oral discussions and
the presentation of practical problems that would be used in instructing
students in the exercise of sound judgment. The examiner shall also
emphasize the evaluation of the applicant's demonstrated ability to teach
spatial disorientation, wake turbulence, and low level wind shear avoidance,
checklist usage, positive exchange of flight controls, and any other directed
special emphasis areas.
Flight Instructor Practical Test Prerequisites

An applicant for a flight instructor initial certification practical test is required
by the CFRs to:
1. have reached the age of 18 years;

2. read, speak, write, and understand the English language;
3. hold a commercial pilot or airline transport pilot certificate with an
aircraft rating appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought;
4. hold an instrument rating in the category and class in which the
instrument instructor privileges are being sought;
5. have passed the appropriate flight instructor knowledge test(s)
since the beginning of the 24th month before the month in which
he or she takes the practical test;
6. have the prescribed aeronautical experience and instruction for a
flight instructor certificate with the rating sought; and
7. obtain a written statement from an appropriately certificated and
qualified flight instructor certifying that the applicant has been
given flight instruction in the Areas of Operation listed in 14 CFR
part 61, section 61.187 for the flight instructor rating sought in
preparation for the practical test within 60 days preceding the
date of application. The statement shall also state that the
instructor finds the applicant competent to pass the practical test,
and that the applicant has satisfactory knowledge of the subject
area(s) in which a deficiency was indicated on the knowledge
test report 1.0F
1
AC 61-65, Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors, states that the instructor may sign the
recommendation on the reverse side of FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application,
in lieu of this statement, provided all appropriate 14 CFR part 61 requirements are substantiated by
reliable records.
7 FAA-S-8081-7B
Change 1 (3/22/2016)
An applicant holding a flight instructor certificate who applies for an

additional rating on that certificate is required by the CFRs to:
1. hold an effective pilot certificate with ratings appropriate to the

flight instructor rating sought;
2. have at least 15 hours as pilot in command in the category and
class aircraft appropriate to the rating sought;
3. have passed the appropriate knowledge test prescribed for the
issuance of a flight instructor certificate with the rating sought
since the beginning of the 24th month before the month in which
he or she takes the practical test; and
4. obtain a written statement from an appropriately certificated and
qualified flight instructor certifying that the applicant has been
given flight instruction in the applicable Areas of Operation listed
in 14 CFR part 61, section 61.187 for the flight instructor rating
sought in preparation for the practical test within 60 days
preceding the date of application. The statement shall also state
that the instructor finds the applicant competent to pass the
practical test, and that the applicant has satisfactory knowledge
of the subject area(s) in which a deficiency was indicated on the
knowledge test report.1 Although 14 CFR part 61, section 61.191
refers to additional flight instructor ratings, the basis for the
knowledge and practical tests required for any additional flight
instructor rating can be found in 14 CFR part 61, section
61.187(a).
Aircraft and Equipment Required for the Practical Test
The flight instructor applicant is required by 14 CFR part 61, section 61.45 to
provide an airworthy, certificated aircraft for use during the practical test.
This section further requires that the aircraft:
1. have fully functioning dual controls except as provided in 14 CFR

part 61, section 61.45; and
2. be capable of performing all appropriate Tasks for the flight
instructor rating sought and have no operating limitations that
would prohibit the performance of any Task.
Use of Simulators and Flight Training Devices
All flight instructor practical tests shall be conducted in accordance with
14 CFR part 61, section 61.45 and in an actual aircraft. Use of an
approved simulator or flight training device (FTD) is not authorized for
any in-flight Task of a flight instructor practical test unless approved in the
practical test standards or under conditions and limitations of a regulatory
exemption. However, such devices may be used to assist in evaluating
the instructional ability of an applicant during any Task not involving a
flight maneuver.
FAA-S-8081-7B 8
Flight Instructor Responsibility
An appropriately rated flight instructor is responsible for training the flight
instructor applicant to acceptable standards in all subject matter areas,
procedures, and maneuvers included in the Tasks within each Area of
Operation in the appropriate flight instructor practical test standard. Flight
instructors shall use a written training syllabus containing, as a minimum,
every Task in the practical test standard when training applicants. This will
not only ensure coverage of all Tasks that may be evaluated during a
practical test but also satisfy the requirement for maintaining a copy of the
training syllabus used to train each applicant.
Because of the impact of their teaching activities in developing safe,

proficient pilots, flight instructors should exhibit a high level of knowledge,
skill, and the ability to impart that knowledge and skill to students. The flight
instructor shall certify that the applicant is:
1. able to make a practical application of the fundamentals of

instructing;
2. competent to teach the subject matter, procedures, and
maneuvers included in the standards to students with varying
backgrounds and levels of experience and ability;
3. able to perform the procedures and maneuvers included in the
standards to at least the Commercial Pilot skill level 2 while giving 1F
effective flight instruction; and

4. competent to pass the required practical test for the issuance of
the flight instructor certificate with the associated category and
class ratings or the addition of a category and/or class rating to a
flight instructor certificate.
Throughout the applicant's training, the flight instructor is responsible for
emphasizing the performance of, and the ability to teach, effective visual
scanning and collision avoidance procedures.
Positive Exchange of Flight Controls

During flight training, there must always be a clear understanding
between students and flight instructors of who has control of the aircraft.
Prior to flight, a briefing should be conducted that includes the procedure
for the exchange of flight controls. A positive three-step process in the
exchange of flight controls between pilots is a proven procedure and one
that is strongly recommended.
2
Commercial Pilot skill level is defined as performing a procedure or maneuver within the tolerances
listed in the FAA Commercial Pilot Practical Test Standards. If the maneuver appears only in the Private
Pilot Practical Test Standards, the term means that the applicant’s performance is expected to be more
precise than indicated by the stated tolerances.
9 FAA-S-8081-7B
Changes 1 (3/22/2016) & 2 (5/23/2016)
When the instructor wishes the student to take control of the aircraft,
he/she will say “You have the flight controls.” The student acknowledges
immediately by saying, “I have the flight controls.” The flight instructor
again says “You have the flight controls.” When control is returned to the
instructor, follow the same procedure. A visual check is recommended to
verify that the exchange has occurred. There should never be any doubt
as to who is flying the aircraft.
3
Examiner Responsibility
2F
The examiner who conducts the practical test is responsible for determining
that the applicant meets acceptable standards of teaching ability,
knowledge, and skill in the selected Tasks. The examiner makes this
determination by accomplishing an Objective that is appropriate to each
selected Task, and includes an evaluation of the applicant's:
1. ability to apply the fundamentals of instructing;

2. knowledge of, and ability to teach, the subject matter,
procedures, and maneuvers covered in the Tasks;
3. ability to perform the procedures and maneuvers included in the
standards to at least the Commercial Pilot skill level while giving
effective flight instruction; and
4. ability to analyze and correct common errors related to the
procedures and maneuvers covered in the Tasks.
It is intended that oral questioning be used at any time during the practical
test to determine that the applicant can instruct effectively and has a
comprehensive knowledge of the Tasks and their related safety factors.
During the flight portion of the practical test, the examiner shall act as a
student during selected maneuvers. This will give the examiner an
opportunity to evaluate the flight instructor applicant’s ability to analyze and
correct simulated common errors related to these maneuvers.
Performance of Autorotations
Instructional knowledge must be demonstrated on the practical test in
autorotations, either straight-in or 180°, as per Area of Operation X for a
helicopter class rating.
An examiner may accept, at his or her discretion, a logbook endorsement

in lieu of demonstrating the touchdown portion of these tasks during the
practical test. This logbook endorsement must be given by a current flight
instructor who meets the requirements of 14 CFR part 61, section
61.195(h)(2) with a rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating on his
or her flight instructor certificate that provided the training and can attest
3
The word "examiner" is used throughout the standards to denote either the FAA inspector or FAA
designated pilot examiner or other authorized person who conducts an official practical test.
FAA-S-8081-7B 10
Changes 1 (3/22/2016) & 2 (5/23/2016)
to the applicant’s competence in these tasks. The following areas must

be
trained, and documented in the endorsement, as evidence of instructional

knowledge relating to the elements, common errors, performance, and
correction of common errors related to straight-in and 180° autorotations.
This logbook endorsement may be accepted, at the discretion of the

examiner, provided the practical test is not a retest as a result of the
applicant failing the previous practical test for deficiencies in instructional
knowledge pertaining to the elements, common errors, performance, or
correction of common errors related to straight-in or 180° autorotations. In
this scenario, the examiner is not authorized to accept the endorsement
outlined above. The applicant must provide a helicopter appropriate for
performing autorotations if demonstration of this task is required during
the retest.
Satisfactory Performance
The practical test is passed if, in the judgment of the examiner, the applicant
demonstrates satisfactory performance with regard to:
1. knowledge of the fundamentals of instructing;

2. knowledge of the technical subject areas;
3. knowledge of the flight instructor's responsibilities concerning the
pilot certification process;
4. knowledge of the flight instructor's responsibilities concerning
logbook entries and pilot certificate endorsements;
5. ability to demonstrate the procedures and maneuvers selected
by the examiner to at least the Commercial Pilot skill level while
giving effective instruction;
6. competence in teaching the procedures and maneuvers selected
by the examiner;
7. competence in describing, recognizing, analyzing, and correcting
common errors simulated by the examiner; and
8. knowledge of the development and effective use of a course of
training, a syllabus, and a lesson plan.
Unsatisfactory Performance
If, in the judgment of the examiner, the applicant does not meet the
standards of performance of any Task performed, the associated Area of
Operation is considered unsatisfactory and, therefore, the practical test is
failed. The examiner or applicant may discontinue the test at any time when
the failure of an Area of Operation makes the applicant ineligible for the
certificate or rating sought. The test may be continued only with the consent
of the applicant. If the test is discontinued, the applicant is entitled to credit
for only those Areas of Operation satisfactorily performed. However, during
the retest and at the discretion of the examiner, any Task may be re-
11 FAA-S-8081-7B
evaluated including those previously considered satisfactory. Specific
reasons for disqualification are:
1. failure to perform a procedure or maneuver to the Commercial

Pilot skill level while giving effective flight instruction;
2. failure to provide an effective instructional explanation while
demonstrating a procedure or maneuver (explanation during the
demonstration must be clear, concise, technically accurate, and
complete with no prompting from the examiner);
3. any action or lack of action by the applicant which requires
corrective intervention by the examiner to maintain safe flight;
4. failure to use proper and effective visual scanning techniques to
clear the area before and while performing maneuvers.
When a notice of disapproval is issued, the examiner will record the
applicant’s unsatisfactory performance in terms of Areas of Operation and
Tasks.
Letter of Discontinuance
When a practical test is discontinued for reasons other than
unsatisfactory performance (i.e., equipment failure, weather, or illness)
FAA Form 8700-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, and, if
applicable, the Airman Knowledge Test Report, shall be returned to the
applicant. The examiner at that time shall prepare, sign, and issue a
Letter of Discontinuance to the applicant. The Letter of Discontinuance
should identify the Areas of Operation and their associated Tasks of the
practical test that were successfully completed. The applicant shall be
advised that the Letter of Discontinuance shall be presented to the
examiner when the practical test is resumed, and made part of the
certification file.
Aeronautical Decision Making and Risk Management

The examiner shall evaluate the applicant’s ability throughout the
practical test to use good aeronautical decision making procedures in
order to evaluate risks. The examiner shall accomplish this requirement
by developing scenarios that incorporate as many Tasks as possible to
evaluate the applicants risk management in making safe aeronautical
decisions. For example, the examiner may develop a scenario that
incorporates weather decisions and performance planning.
The applicant’s ability to utilize all the assets available in making a risk
analysis to determine the safest course of action is essential for
satisfactory performance. The scenarios should be realistic and within the
capabilities of the aircraft used for the practical test.
Single-Pilot Resource Management

Single-Pilot Resource Management refers to the effective use of all
available resources: human resources, hardware, and information. It is
similar to Crew Resource Management (CRM) procedures that are being
emphasized in multi-crewmember operations except that only one
FAA-S-8081-7B 12
crewmember (the pilot) is involved. Human resources “...includes all other
groups routinely working with the pilot who are involved in decisions that
are required to operate a flight safely. These groups include, but are not
limited to: dispatchers, weather briefers, maintenance personnel, and air
traffic controllers.” Single-pilot Resource Management; is a set of skill
competencies that must be evident in all Tasks in this practical test
standard as applied to single-pilot operation.
13 FAA-S-8081-7B
FAA-S-8081-7B 14
Section 1
Flight Instructor Rotorcraft – Helicopter

Contents: Section 1
Additional Rating Task Table ....................................................... 1-v
Checklists:
Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist (Helicopter)..................... 1-vii
Examiner’s Practical Test Checklist (Helicopter) .................... 1-ix
Areas of Operation:
Task A: The Learning Process .......................................... 1-1
Task B: Human Behavior .................................................. 1-1
Task C: The Teaching Process ......................................... 1-1
Task D: Teaching Methods ............................................... 1-2
Task E: Critique and Evaluation ........................................ 1-2
Task F: Flight Instructor Characteristics and
Responsibilities .................................................... 1-2
Task G: Planning Instructional Activity .............................. 1-3
Task A: Aeromedical Factors ............................................ 1-4
Task B: Visual Scanning and Collision Avoidance ............ 1-4
Task C: Use of Distractions During Flight Training ........... 1-5
Task D: Principles of Flight ................................................ 1-5
Task E: Helicopter Flight Controls ..................................... 1-5
Task F: Helicopter Weight and Balance............................ 1-6
Task G: Navigation and Flight Planning ............................ 1-6
Task H: Night Operations .................................................. 1-6
Task I: Regulations and Publications............................... 1-7
Task J: Airworthiness Requirements ................................ 1-7
Task K: National Airspace System .................................... 1-8
Task L: Logbook Entries and Certificate Endorsements .. 1-8
III. Preflight Preparation ........................................................... 1-9
Task A: Certificates and Documents ................................. 1-9
Task B: Weather Information ............................................ 1-9
Task C: Operation of Systems .......................................... 1-9
Task D: Performance and Limitations ............................. 1-10
Flight ................................................................................. 1-11
Task A: Maneuver Lesson............................................... 1-11
1-i FAA-S-8081-7B
Task A: Preflight Inspection............................................. 1-12
Task B: Single-Pilot Resource Management .................. 1-12
Task C: Engine Starting and Rotor Engagement ............ 1-13
Task D: Before Takeoff Check ........................................ 1-14
VI. Airport and Heliport Operations ........................................ 1-16
Task A: Radio Communications and ATC Light Signals 1-16
Task B: Traffic Patterns ................................................... 1-16
Task C: Airport and Heliport Markings and Lighting ........ 1-17
VII. Hovering Maneuvers......................................................... 1-18
Task A: Vertical Takeoff and Landing ............................. 1-18
Task B: Surface Taxi ....................................................... 1-18
Task C: Hover Taxi .......................................................... 1-19
Task D: Air Taxi ............................................................... 1-20
Task E: Slope Operation ................................................. 1-20
VIII. Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds ............................... 1-22
Task A: Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb ........ 1-22
Task B: Maximum Performance Takeoff and Climb........ 1-23
Task C: Rolling Takeoff ................................................... 1-23
Task D: Normal and Crosswind Approach ...................... 1-24
Task E: Steep Approach ................................................. 1-25
Task F: Shallow Approach and Running/Roll-On
Landing .............................................................. 1-26
Task G: Go-Around .......................................................... 1-27
Task H: Approach and Landing with Simulated
Powerplant Failure - Multiengine Helicopter ...... 1-28
IX. Fundamentals of Flight ..................................................... 1-29
Task A: Straight-and-Level Flight .................................... 1-29
Task B: Level Turns ........................................................ 1-29
Task C: Straight Climbs and Climbing Turns .................. 1-30
Task D: Straight Descents and Descending Turns ......... 1-30
X. Performance Maneuvers .................................................. 1-32
Task A: Rapid Deceleration............................................. 1-32
Task B: Straight-In Autorotation ...................................... 1-32
Task C: 180° Autorotation ............................................... 1-33
XI. Emergency Operations ..................................................... 1-35
Task A: Power Failure at A Hover ................................... 1-35
Task B: Power Failure at Altitude .................................... 1-35
Task C: Settling-with-Power ............................................ 1-37
Task D: Low Rotor RPM Recovery ................................. 1-37
Task E: Anti-Torque System Failure ............................... 1-38
FAA-S-8081-7B 1-ii
Task F: Dynamic Rollover ............................................... 1-38
Task G: Ground Resonance ............................................ 1-38
Task H: Low “G” Conditions ............................................ 1-39
Task I: Systems and Equipment Malfunctions ............... 1-39
Task J: Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear ......... 1-39
XII. Special Operations ........................................................... 1-41
Task A: Confined Area Operation ................................... 1-41
Task B: Pinnacle/Platform Operation .............................. 1-42
XIII.Postflight Procedures ....................................................... 1-44
Task A: After-Landing and Securing ............................... 1-44
1-iii FAA-S-8081-7B
FAA-S-8081-7B 1-iv
Additional Rating Task Table
Addition of a Helicopter Class Rating (and a Rotorcraft
Category Rating, if appropriate) to a Flight Instructor Certificate
Flight Instructor Certificate and Rating Held

Required
Areas of ASE AME RG G IA IH
Operation
I N N N N N N
II Y Y Y Y Y Y
III Y Y Y Y Y Y
IV N N N N N N
V Y Y Y Y Y Y
VI N N N N N N
VII Y Y Y Y Y Y
VIII Y Y Y Y Y Y
IX Y Y Y Y Y Y
X Y Y Y Y Y Y
XI Y Y Y Y Y Y
XII Y Y Y Y Y Y
XIII Y Y Y Y Y Y
Legend:
ASE Airplane Single-Engine
AME Airplane Multiengine
RG Rotorcraft Gyroplane
G Glider Powered
IA Instrument Airplane/Helicopter
IH Instrument Helicopter
Note: If an applicant holds more than one rating on a flight instructor

certificate and the table indicates both a Y (Yes) and an N (No)
for a particular Area of Operation, the N entry applies. This is
logical since the applicant has satisfactorily accomplished the
Area of Operation on a previous flight instructor practical test.
At the discretion of the examiner, the applicant’s competence
in all Areas of Operation may be evaluated.
1-v FAA-S-8081-7B
Renewal or Reinstatement of a Flight Instructor
Required Areas of
Number of Tasks
Operation
II Task L and 1 other Task
III 1
IV 1
V 1
VI 1
VII 1
VIII 2 Takeoffs and 2 Landings
IX 1
The renewal or reinstatement of one rating on a Flight Instructor

Certificate renews or reinstates all privileges existing on the
certificate. (14 CFR part 61, sections 61.197 and 61.199)
FAA-S-8081-7B 1-vi
Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist
(Helicopter)
Appointment with Examiner
Examiner’s Name: ____________________________________

Location: ____________________________________________
Date/Time: __________________________________________
Acceptable Aircraft
 Aircraft Documents:
 Airworthiness Certificate
 Registration Certificate
 Operating Limitations
 Aircraft Maintenance Records:
 Logbook Record of Airworthiness Inspections and AD
Compliance
Personal Equipment
 Practical Test Standard
 Lesson Plan Library
 Current Aeronautical Charts
 Computer and Plotter
 Flight Plan and Flight Log Forms
 Current AIM, Airport Facility Directory, and Appropriate
Publications
Personal Records
 Identification – Photo/Signature ID
 Pilot Certificate
 Current and Appropriate Medical Certificate
 Completed FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or
Rating Application
 AC Form 8080-2, Airman Written Test Report or Computer
Test Report
 Pilot Logbook with Appropriate Instructor Endorsements
 FAA Form 8060-5, Notice of Disapproval (if applicable)
 Approved School Graduation Certificate (if applicable)
 Examiner's Fee (if applicable)
1-vii FAA-S-8081-7B
FAA-S-8081-7B 1-viii
Examiner’s Practical Test Checklist
(Helicopter)
Flight Instructor – Rotorcraft
Applicant’s Name: ____________________________________

Location: ____________________________________________
Date/Time: __________________________________________
I. Fundamentals of Instructing
 A. The Learning Process
 B. Human Behavior
 C. The Teaching Process
 D. Teaching Methods
 E. Critique and Evaluation
 F. Flight Instructor Characteristics and Responsibilities
 G. Planning Instructional Activity
II. Technical Subjects
 A. Aeromedical Factors
 B. Visual Scanning and Collision Avoidance
 C. Use of Distractions during Flight Training
 D. Principles of Flight
 E. Helicopter Flight Controls
 F. Helicopter Weight and Balance
 G. Navigation and Flight Planning
 H. Night Operations
 I. Regulations and Publications
 J. Airworthiness Requirements
 K. National Airspace System
 L. Logbook Entries and Certificate Endorsements
III. Preflight Preparation
 A. Certificates and Documents
 B. Weather Information
 C. Operation of Systems
 D. Performance and Limitations
IV. Preflight Lesson on a Maneuver to be Performed in Flight
 A. Maneuver Lesson
V. Preflight Procedures
 A. Preflight Inspection
 B. Single-Pilot Resource Management
1-ix FAA-S-8081-7B
 C. Engine Starting and Rotor Engagement
 D. Before Takeoff Check
VI. Airport and Heliport Operations
 A. Radio Communications and ATC Light Signals
 B. Traffic Patterns
 C. Airport and Heliport Markings and Lighting
VII. Hovering Maneuvers
 A. Vertical Takeoff and Landing
 B. Surface Taxi
 C. Hover Taxi
 D. Air Taxi
 E. Slope Operation
VIII. Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds
 A. Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb
 B. Maximum Performance Takeoff and Climb
 C. Rolling Takeoff
 D. Normal and Crosswind Approach
 E. Steep Approach
 F. Shallow Approach and Running/Roll-On Landing
 G. Go-Around
 H. Approach and Landing with Simulated Powerplant
Failure – Multiengine Helicopter
IX. Fundamentals of Flight
 A. Straight-and-Level Flight
 B. Level Turns
 C. Straight Climbs and Climbing Turns
 D. Straight Descents and Descending Turns
X. Performance Maneuvers
 A. Rapid Deceleration
 B. Straight-In Autorotation
 C. 180° Autorotation
XI. Emergency Operations
 A. Power Failure at a Hover
 B. Power Failure at Altitude
 C. Setting-With-Power
 D. Low Rotor RPM Recovery
 E. Anti-torque System Failure
 F. Dynamic Rollover
 G. Ground Resonance
 H. Low “G” Conditions
 I. Systems and Equipment Malfunctions
FAA-S-8081-7B 1-x
 J. Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear
XII. Special Operations
 A. Confined Area Operation
 B. Pinnacle/Platform Operation
XIII. Postflight Procedures
 A. After-Landing and Securing
1-xi FAA-S-8081-7B
Areas of Operation:
Note: The examiner shall select at least tasks E and F.
Task A: The Learning Process

Reference: FAA-H-8083-9.
Objective: To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional

knowledge of the elements of the learning process by
describing:
1. The definition and characteristics of learning.

2. Practical application of the laws of learning.
3. Factors involved in how people learn.
4. Recognition and proper use of the various levels of
learning.
5. Principles that are applied in learning a skill.
6. Factors related to forgetting and retention.
7. How the transfer of learning affects the learning process.
8. How the formation of habit patterns affects the learning
process.
Task B: Human Behavior
knowledge of the elements related to human behavior
by describing:
1. Control of human behavior.

2. Development of student potential.
3. Relationship of human needs to behavior and learning.
4. Relationship of defense mechanisms to student learning
and pilot decision making.
5. General rules which a flight instructor should follow during
student training to ensure good human relations.
Task C: The Teaching Process

knowledge of the elements of the teaching process by
describing:
1-1 FAA-S-8081-7B
1. Preparation of a lesson for a ground or flight instructional
period.
2. Presentation of knowledge and skills, including the
methods, which are suitable in particular situations.
3. Application, by the student, of the knowledge and skills
presented by the instructor.
4. Review of the material presented and the evaluation of
student performance and accomplishment.
Task D: Teaching Methods

knowledge of the elements of teaching methods by
describing:
1. The organization of a lesson, i.e., introduction,

development, and conclusion.
2. The lecture method.
3. The guided discussion method.
4. The demonstration-performance method.
5. Computer/video assisted instruction.
Task E: Critique and Evaluation

knowledge of the elements of critique and evaluation
by describing:
1. Purpose and characteristics of an effective critique.

2. Difference between critique and evaluation.
3. Characteristics of effective oral questions and what type to
avoid.
4. Responses to student questions.
5. Characteristics and development of effective written tests.
6. Characteristics and uses of performance tests, specifically,
the FAA practical test standards.
Responsibilities

knowledge of the elements of flight instructor
characteristics and responsibilities by describing:
FAA-S-8081-7B 1-2
1. Major characteristics and qualifications of a professional
flight instructor.
2. Role of the flight instructor in dealing with student stress,
anxiety, and psychological abnormalities.
3. Flight instructor's responsibility with regard to student pilot
supervision and surveillance.
4. Flight instructor's authority and responsibility for
endorsements and recommendations.
5. Flight instructor's responsibility in the conduct of the
required FAA flight review.
Task G: Planning Instructional Activity

knowledge of the elements related to the planning of
instructional activity by describing:
1. Development of a course of training.

2. Content and use of a training syllabus.
3. Purpose, characteristics, proper use, and items of a lesson
plan.
4. Flexibility features of a course of training, syllabus, and
lesson plan required to accommodate students with varying
backgrounds, levels of experience, and ability.
1-3 FAA-S-8081-7B
Note: The examiner shall select Task L and at least one other
Task.
Task A: Aeromedical Factors

References: FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.

knowledge of the elements related to aeromedical
factors by describing:
1. Hypoxia, its symptoms, effects, and corrective action.

2. Hyperventilation, its symptoms, effects, and corrective
action.
3. Middle ear and sinus problems, their causes, effects, and
corrective action.
4. Spatial disorientation, its causes, effects, and corrective
action.
5. Motion sickness, its causes, effects, and corrective action.
6. Effects of alcohol and drugs, and their relationship to safety.
7. Carbon monoxide poisoning, its symptoms, effects, and
corrective action.
8. How evolved gas from scuba diving can affect a pilot during
flight.
9. Fatigue, its effects and corrective action.
Task B: Visual Scanning and Collision Avoidance
References: FAA-H-8083-25; AC 90-48; AIM.

knowledge of the elements related to visual scanning
and collision avoidance by describing:
1. Relationship between a pilot's physical or mental condition

and vision.
2. Environmental conditions and optical illusions that affect
vision.
3. “See and avoid” concept.
4. Practice of “time sharing” of attention inside and outside the
cockpit.
5. Proper visual scanning technique.
6. Relationship between poor visual scanning habits, aircraft
speed differential, and increased collision risk.
7. Appropriate clearing procedures.
8. Situations which involve the greatest collision risk.
FAA-S-8081-7B 1-4
Task C: Use of Distractions During Flight Training

knowledge of the elements related to use of
distractions during flight training by describing:
1. Flight situations where pilot distraction can be a causal

factor related to aircraft accidents.
2. Selection of realistic distractions for specific flight situations.
3. Relationship between division of attention and flight
instructor use of distractions.
4. Difference between proper use of distractions and
harassment.
Task D: Principles of Flight

knowledge of the elements related to principles of
flight by describing:
1. Characteristics of different rotor systems.

2. Effect of lift, weight, thrust, and drag during various flight
maneuvers.
3. Retreating blade stall.
4. Torque effect.
5. Dissymmetry of lift.
6. Blade flapping and coning.
7. Coriolis effect.
8. Translating tendency.
9. Translational lift.
10. Transverse flow effect.
11. Pendular action.
Task E: Helicopter Flight Controls

knowledge of the elements related to flight controls of
the helicopter used for the practical test by describing:
1. Collective pitch control.

2. Cyclic pitch control.
3. Anti-torque control.
4. Throttle control.
1-5 FAA-S-8081-7B
Task F: Helicopter Weight and Balance
References: FAA-H-8083-1, FAA-H-8083-21.

knowledge of the elements related to weight and
balance by describing:
1. Weight and balance terms.

2. Effect of weight and balance on performance.
3. Determination of total weight, center of gravity (longitudinal
and lateral), and changes that occur when adding,
removing, or shifting weight.
Task G: Navigation and Flight Planning
References: FAA-H-8083-25.

knowledge of the elements related to navigation and
flight planning by describing:
1. Terms used in navigation.

2. Features of aeronautical charts.
3. Importance of using proper and current aeronautical charts.
4. Identification of various types of airspace.
5. Method of plotting a course, selection of fuel stops and
alternates, and appropriate actions in the event of
unforeseen situations.
6. Fundamentals of pilotage and dead reckoning.
7. Fundamentals of radio navigation.
8. Diversion to an alternate.
9. Lost procedures.
10. Computation of fuel requirement.
11. Importance of preparing and properly using a flight log.
12. Importance of a weather check and the use of good
judgment in making a “go/no-go” decision.
13. Purpose of, and procedure used in, filing a flight plan.
14. Global positioning system (GPS).
Task H: Night Operations
References: FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; AIM; FAA-S-8081-
15.

knowledge of the elements related to night operations
by describing:
FAA-S-8081-7B 1-6
1. Factors related to night vision, disorientation, and optical
illusions.
2. Weather considerations specific to night operations.
3. Preflight inspection, including windshield and window
cleanliness.
4. Proper adjustment of interior lights, including availability of
flashlight.
5. Use of position and anticollision lights prior to, during, and
after engine start.
6. Hover taxiing and orientation on an airport or heliport.
7. Takeoff and climb-out.
8. Inflight orientation.
9. Importance of verifying the helicopter's attitude by visual
references and flight instruments.
10. Recovery from critical flight attitudes by visual references
and flight instruments.
11. Emergencies such as electrical failure, engine malfunction,
and emergency landings.
12. Traffic patterns.
13. Approaches and landings with and without landing lights.
Task I: Regulations and Publications
References: 14 CFR parts 1, 61, 91; NTSB Part 830; AC 00-2;
AIM, Rotorcraft Flight Manual.

knowledge of the elements related to pertinent
regulations and publications, their purpose, general
content, availability, and method of revision, by
describing:
1. 14 CFR parts 1, 61, and 91.

2. NTSB Part 830.
3. Flight information publications.
4. Practical Test Standards.
5. Helicopter Flight Manual (as applicable).
Task J: Airworthiness Requirements
References: 14 CFR parts 1, 27, 29, 39, 43, and 91; FAA-H-8083-
21.
Objective: To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of

the elements related to airworthiness requirements by:
1. Explaining—
a. required instruments and equipment for day/night VFR.
1-7 FAA-S-8081-7B
b. procedures and limitations for determining
airworthiness of the helicopter with inoperative
instruments and equipment with and without an MEL.
c. requirements and procedures for obtaining a special
flight permit.
2. Locating and explaining—
a. airworthiness directives.
b. compliance records.
c. maintenance/inspection requirements.
d. appropriate record keeping.
Task K: National Airspace System
References: 14 CFR part 91; FAA-S-8081-12, FAA-S-8081-14;
AIM.

knowledge of the elements of the national airspace
system by describing:
1. Basic VFR Weather Minimums—for all classes of airspace.

2. Airspace classes—the operating rules, pilot certification,
and aircraft equipment requirements for the following—
a. Class A.
b. Class B.
c. Class C.
d. Class D.
e. Class E.
f. Class G.
3. Special use airspace and other airspace areas.
4. Temporary flight restrictions (TFRs).
Task L: Logbook Entries and Certificate Endorsements
References: 14 CFR part 61; AC 61-65, AC 61-98.

knowledge of the elements related to logbook entries
and certificate endorsements by describing:
1. Required logbook entries for instruction given.

2. Required student pilot certificate endorsements, including
appropriate logbook entries.
3. Preparation of a recommendation for a pilot practical test,
including appropriate logbook entry.
4. Required endorsement of a pilot logbook for the satisfactory
completion of an FAA flight review.
5. Required flight instructor records.
FAA-S-8081-7B 1-8
Note: The examiner shall select at least one Task.
Task A: Certificates and Documents

References: 14 CFR parts 43, 61, 67, 91; FAA-H-8083-21,
FAA-H-8083-25; Rotorcraft Flight Manual.

knowledge of the elements related to certificates and
documents by describing:
1. Requirements for the issuance of pilot and flight instructor

certificates and ratings, and the privileges and limitations of
those certificates and ratings.
2. Medical certificates, class, duration, and how to obtain
them.
3. Airworthiness and registration certificates.
4. Helicopter handbooks and manuals.
5. Helicopter maintenance requirements and records.
Task B: Weather Information
References: AC 00-6, AC 00-45, AC 61-84; FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.

knowledge of the elements related to weather
information by describing:
1. Importance of a thorough weather check.

2. Various sources for obtaining weather information.
3. Use of weather reports, forecasts, and charts.
4. Use of PIREPs, SIGMETs, and AIRMETs.
5. Recognition of aviation weather hazards to include wind
shear.
6. Factors to be considered in making a “go/no-go” decision.
Task C: Operation of Systems
References: FAA-H-8083-21; Rotorcraft Flight Manual.

knowledge of the elements related to operation of
systems, as applicable to the helicopter used for the
practical test, by describing:
1. Powerplant, including controls, indicators, cooling, and fire

detection.
2. Main rotor system.
1-9 FAA-S-8081-7B
3. Anti-torque system.
4. Landing gear, brakes, and steering system.
5. Fuel, oil, and hydraulic systems.
6. Electrical system.
7. Environmental system.
8. Pitot static/vacuum system and associated instruments.
9. Anti-icing systems.
10. Avionics equipment.
Task D: Performance and Limitations
References: AC 61-84, FAA-H-8083-1, FAA-H-8083-21; Rotorcraft
Flight Manual.

knowledge of the elements related to performance
and limitations by describing:
1. Determination of weight and balance condition.

2. Use of performance charts and other data for determining
performance in various phases of flight.
3. Effects of density altitude and other atmospheric conditions
on performance.
4. Factors to be considered when operating within “avoid”
areas of the height/velocity diagram.
5. Conditions that may cause loss of tail rotor effectiveness/
unanticipated loss of directional control.
6. Other factors to be considered in determining that required
performance is within the helicopter's capabilities.
FAA-S-8081-7B 1-10
Flight
Note: Examiner shall select at least one maneuver from Areas of

Operation VII through XII, and ask the applicant to present a
preflight lesson on the selected maneuver as the lesson
would be taught to a student. Previously developed lesson
plans from the applicant’s library may be used.
Task A: Maneuver Lesson

References: FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21; FAA-S-8081-15,
FAA-S-8081-16; Rotorcraft Flight Manual.

knowledge of the selected maneuver by:
1. Using a lesson plan that includes all essential items to

make an effective and organized presentation.
2. Stating the objective.
3. Giving an accurate, comprehensive oral description of the
maneuver, including the elements and associated common
errors.
4. Using instructional aids, as appropriate.
5. Describing the recognition, analysis, and correction of
common errors.
1-11 FAA-S-8081-7B
Task A: Preflight Inspection

Objective: To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a

preflight inspection, as applicable to the helicopter used for
the practical test, by describing—
a. reasons for the preflight inspection, items that
should be inspected, and how defects are detected.
b. importance of using the appropriate checklist.
c. removal of control locks, rotor blade tie-down, and
wheel chocks, if applicable.
d. determination of fuel, oil, and hydraulic fluid quantity,
possible contamination and/or leaks.
e. inspection of flight controls.
f. detection of visible structural damage.
g. importance of proper loading and securing of
baggage and equipment.
h. use of sound judgment in determining whether the
helicopter is in condition for safe flight.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related
to a preflight inspection by describing—
a. failure to use or improper use of checklist.
b. hazards which may result from allowing distractions to
interrupt a preflight inspection.
c. inability to recognize discrepancies.
d. failure to ensure servicing with the proper fuel and oil.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a preflight
inspection from an instructional standpoint.
Task B: Single-Pilot Resource Management
References: FAA-H-8083-9, AC 91-32; CFR part 91; FAA-S-8081-
15, FAA-S-8081-16; Rotorcraft Flight Manual.
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of crew

resource management by describing—
FAA-S-8081-7B 1-12
a. proper arranging and securing of essential materials
and equipment in the cockpit.
b. proper use and/or adjustment of such cockpit items
as safety belts, shoulder harnesses, anti-torque
pedals, and seats.
c. occupant briefing on emergency procedures, rotor
blade avoidance, and use of safety belts and shoulder
harnesses.
d. utilization of all available human resources,
maintenance personnel, weather briefers, and air traffic
control, and other groups routinely working with the
pilot who are involved in decisions that are required to
operate a flight safely.
to crew resource management by describing—
a. failure to place and secure essential materials and
equipment for easy access during flight.
b. improper adjustment of equipment and controls.
c. failure to brief occupants on emergency
procedures, rotor blade avoidance, and use of safety
belts and shoulder harnesses.
d. failure to utilize all available human resources,
maintenance personnel, weather briefers, air traffic
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains crew resource
management from an instructional standpoint.
Task C: Engine Starting and Rotor Engagement
References: FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, AC 91-13, AC 91-42;
FAA-S-8081-15, FAA-S-8081-16; Rotorcraft Flight
Manual.
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of engine

starting and rotor engagement, as appropriate to the
helicopter used for the practical test, by describing—
a. safety precautions related to engine starting and
rotor engagement.
b. proper positioning of helicopter to avoid hazards.
c. use of external power.
d. effect of atmospheric conditions on engine starting
and rotor engagement.
e. importance of proper friction adjustment.
1-13 FAA-S-8081-7B
f. importance of following the appropriate checklist.
g. adjustment of engine and flight controls during engine
start and rotor engagement.
h. prevention of undesirable helicopter movement
during and after engine start and rotor engagement.
to engine starting and rotor engagement by describing—
b. exceeding starter time limitations.
c. excessive engine RPM and/or temperatures during
start.
d. failure to ensure adequate main rotor or tail rotor
clearance.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains engine starting
and rotor engagement from an instructional standpoint.
Task D: Before Takeoff Check

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the

before takeoff check by describing—
a. division of attention inside and outside the cockpit.
b. importance of following the checklist and responding to
each item.
c. reasons for ensuring suitable engine temperatures
and pressures for run-up and takeoff.
d. method used to determine that the helicopter is in
safe operating condition.
e. importance of reviewing emergency procedures.
f. method used for ensuring that takeoff area or path is
free of hazards.
g. method used for ensuring adequate clearance from
other traffic.
to the before takeoff check by describing—
a. failure to use or the improper use of the checklist.
b. acceptance of marginal helicopter performance.
c. an improper check of controls.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a before takeoff
check from an instructional standpoint.
FAA-S-8081-7B 1-14
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to
a before takeoff check.
1-15 FAA-S-8081-7B
VI. Airport and Heliport Operations
Task A: Radio Communications and ATC Light

Signals
References: AIM; FAA-S-8081-15, FAA-S-8081-16; 14 CFR part
91.
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of radio

communications and ATC light signals by describing—
a. selection and use of appropriate radio frequencies.
b. recommended procedure and phraseology for radio
voice communications.
c. receipt, acknowledgment of, and compliance with,
ATC clearances and other instructions.
d. prescribed procedure for radio communications
failure.
e. interpretation of, and compliance with, ATC light
signals.
to radio communications and ATC light signals by
describing—
a. use of improper frequencies.
b. improper techniques and phraseologies when using
radio voice communications.
c. failure to acknowledge, or properly comply with, ATC
clearances and other instructions.
d. use of improper procedures for radio
communications failure.
e. failure to understand, or to properly comply with,
ATC light signals.
Task B: Traffic Patterns
References: FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21; 14 CFR part 91; AIM;
FAA-S-8081-15, FAA-S-8081-16, AC 90-42, AC 90-
48, AC 90-66
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of traffic

pattern operations by describing—
FAA-S-8081-7B 1-16
a. operations at controlled and uncontrolled airports
and heliports.
b. adherence to traffic pattern procedures,
instructions, and appropriate regulations.
c. how to maintain appropriate spacing from other
traffic.
d. how to maintain desired ground track.
e. wind shear and wake turbulence.
f. orientation with landing area or heliport in use.
g. how to establish an approach to the landing area or
heliport.
h. use of checklist.
to traffic patterns by describing—
a. failure to comply with traffic pattern instructions,
procedures, and rules.
b. improper correction for wind drift.
c. inadequate spacing from other traffic.
d. improper altitude or airspeed control.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains traffic patterns
from an instructional standpoint.
traffic patterns.
Task C: Airport and Heliport Markings and Lighting
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-S-8081-15, FAA-S-8081-
16. AC 150/5340-1, AC 150/ 5340-18, AC-150/5340-
30

knowledge of the elements of airport and heliport
markings and lighting by describing:
1. Identification and proper interpretation of airport and

heliport markings.
2. Identification and proper interpretation of airport and
heliport lighting.
1-17 FAA-S-8081-7B
VII. Hovering Maneuvers
Task A: Vertical Takeoff and Landing

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

vertical takeoff and landing by describing—
a. how to establish and maintain proper RPM.
b. proper position of collective pitch, cyclic, and anti-
torque pedals prior to initiating takeoff.
c. ascending vertically, at a suitable rate, to the
recommended hovering altitude, in headwind,
crosswind, and tailwind conditions.
d. descending vertically, at a suitable rate, to a
selected touchdown point.
e. touching down vertically in headwind, crosswind,
and tailwind conditions.
f. how to maintain desired heading during the
maneuver.
to a vertical takeoff and landing by describing—
a. improper RPM control.
b. failure to ascend and descend vertically at a
suitable rate.
c. failure to recognize and correct undesirable drift.
d. improper heading control.
e. terminating takeoff at an improper altitude.
f. overcontrol of collective pitch, cyclic, or anti-torque
pedals.
g. failure to reduce collective pitch to the full-down
position, smoothly and positively, upon surface contact.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a vertical
takeoff and landing from an instructional standpoint.
a vertical takeoff and landing.
Task B: Surface Taxi
Note: This Task applies only to helicopters equipped with wheel-
type landing gear.
FAA-S-8081-7B 1-18
References: FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21; AIM; FAA-S-8081-15,
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of surface

taxi by describing—
a. positioning of cyclic and collective to begin forward
movement.
b. proper use of cyclic, collective, and brakes to
control speed while taxiing.
c. use of anti-torque pedals to maintain directional
control.
d. use of brakes during minimum radius turns.
e. proper position of tailwheel (if applicable) locked or
unlocked.
f. positioning of controls to slow and stop helicopter.
to surface taxi by describing—
a. improper positioning of cyclic and collective to start
and stop movement.
b. improper use of brakes.
c. hazards of taxiing too fast.
d. improper use of anti-torque pedals.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains surface taxi
surface taxi.
Task C: Hover Taxi
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of hover

taxi by describing—
a. how to maintain proper Revolutions Per Minute
(RPM).
b. maintaining desired ground track and heading.
c. how to make precise turns to headings.
d. holding recommended hovering altitude.
e. appropriate groundspeed.
to hover taxi by describing—
1-19 FAA-S-8081-7B
b. improper control of heading and track.
c. erratic altitude control.
d. misuse of flight controls.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains hover taxi from
an instructional standpoint.
hover taxi.
Task D: Air Taxi
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of air taxi

by describing—
a. how to maintain proper RPM.
b. selection of an altitude and airspeed appropriate for the
operation.
c. proper use of collective pitch, cyclic, and anti-
torque pedals to maintain desired track and
groundspeed in headwind and crosswind conditions.
d. compensation for wind effect.
to air taxi by describing—
b. erratic altitude and airspeed control.
c. improper use of collective pitch, cyclic, and anti-torque
pedals during operation.
d. improper use of controls to compensate for wind
effect.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains air taxi from an
instructional standpoint.
air taxi.
Task E: Slope Operation
References: FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21; FAA-S-8081-16;
Rotorcraft Flight Manual.
FAA-S-8081-7B 1-20
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a slope
operation by describing—
a. factors to consider in selection of slope.
b. planning and performance of a slope operation,
considering wind effect, obstacles, and discharging of
passengers.
c. effect of slope surface texture.
d. how to maintain proper RPM.
e. control technique during descent to touchdown on a
slope.
f. use of brakes (if applicable).
g. factors that should be considered to avoid dynamic
rollover.
h. technique during a slope takeoff and departure.
to a slope operation by describing—
a. improper planning selection of, approach to, or
departure from the slope.
b. failure to consider wind effects.
c. improper RPM control.
d. turning tail of the helicopter upslope.
e. lowering downslope skid or wheels too rapidly.
f. sliding downslope.
g. improper use of brakes (if applicable).
h. conditions that, if allowed to develop, may result in
dynamic rollover.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a slope
operation from an instructional standpoint.
a slope operation.
1-21 FAA-S-8081-7B
VIII. Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds
Note: The examiner shall select at least one takeoff Task and one
approach Task.
Task A: Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb


normal and crosswind takeoff and climb by describing—
a. consideration of wind conditions.
b. factors affecting takeoff and climb performance.
c. how to maintain proper RPM.
d. how to establish a stationary position on the surface or
a stabilized hover, prior to takeoff in headwind and
crosswind conditions.
e. presence of effective translational lift.
f. acceleration to a normal climb.
g. climb airspeed and power setting.
h. crosswind correction and ground track during climb.
to a normal and crosswind takeoff and climb by
describing—
b. improper use of cyclic, collective pitch, or anti-torque
pedals.
c. failure to use sufficient power to avoid settling prior
to entering effective translational lift.
d. improper coordination of attitude and power during
initial phase of climb-out.
e. failure to establish and maintain climb power and
airspeed.
f. drift during climb.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a normal or a
crosswind takeoff and climb from an instructional
standpoint.
a normal or a crosswind takeoff and climb.
FAA-S-8081-7B 1-22
Task B: Maximum Performance Takeoff and Climb

maximum performance takeoff and climb by describing—
a. importance of considering performance data, to
include height/velocity diagram.
b. factors related to takeoff and climb performance of
the aircraft.
c. how to establish and maintain proper RPM.
d. preparatory technique prior to increasing collective
pitch to initiate takeoff.
e. technique to initiate takeoff and establish a forward
climb attitude to clear obstacles
f. transition to normal climb power and airspeed.
g. crosswind correction and track during climb.
to a maximum performance takeoff and climb by
describing—
a. failure to consider performance data, including
height/velocity diagram.
b. improper RPM control.
c. improper use of cyclic, collective pitch, or anti-
torque pedals.
d. failure to use the predetermined power setting for
establishing attitude and airspeed appropriate to the
obstacles to be cleared.
e. failure to resume normal climb power and airspeed
after obstacle clearance.
f. drift during climb.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a maximum
performance takeoff and climb from an instructional
standpoint.
a maximum performance takeoff and climb.
Task C: Rolling Takeoff
Note: This Task applies only to helicopters equipped with wheel-
type landing gear.

1-23 FAA-S-8081-7B
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a rolling

takeoff by describing—
a. situations where this maneuver is recommended.
b. factors related to takeoff and climb performance of the
aircraft.
c. how to establish and maintain proper RPM.
d. preparatory technique prior to initiating takeoff.
e. how to initiate forward accelerating movement on the
surface.
f. indication of reaching effective translational lift.
g. transition to a normal climb airspeed and power
setting.
h. crosswind correction and track during climb.
to a rolling takeoff by describing—
b. improper use of cyclic, collective pitch, or anti-torque
pedals.
c. failure to maintain heading and ground track.
d. failure to attain effective translational lift prior to
attempting transition to flight.
e. use of excessive forward cyclic during the surface run.
f. settling back to the takeoff surface after becoming
airborne.
g. excessive altitude prior to attaining climb airspeed.
h. failure to establish and maintain climb power and
airspeed.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a rolling takeoff
a rolling takeoff.
Task D: Normal and Crosswind Approach

normal and crosswind approach by describing—
a. factors affecting performance.
b. b. how to maintain proper RPM.
FAA-S-8081-7B 1-24
c. establishment and maintenance of the recommended
approach angle and rate of closure.
d. coordination of flight controls.
e. crosswind correction and ground track.
f. loss of effective translational lift.
g. how to terminate the approach.
to a normal and crosswind approach by describing—
b. improper approach angle.
c. improper use of cyclic to control rate of closure and
collective pitch to control approach angle.
d. failure to coordinate pedal corrections with power
changes.
e. failure to arrive at the termination point at zero
groundspeed.
crosswind approach from an instructional standpoint.
a normal or a crosswind approach.
Task E: Steep Approach
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a steep

approach by describing—
a. purpose of the maneuver.
b. importance of considering performance data, to
include height/velocity diagram.
c. selection of proper approach angle for obstacle
clearance.
e. establishment and maintenance of the appropriate
f. coordination of flight controls.
g. crosswind correction and ground track.
h. location where effective translational lift is lost.
i. how to terminate the approach.
to a steep approach by describing—
a. improper approach angle.
b. improper RPM control.
1-25 FAA-S-8081-7B
changes.
e. failure to arrive at the termination point at zero
groundspeed.
f. inability to determine location where effective
translational lift is lost.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a steep
approach from an instructional standpoint.
a steep approach.
Task F: Shallow Approach and Running/Roll-On
Landing

shallow approach and running/roll-on landing by
describing—
b. effect of landing surface texture.
c. factors affecting performance.
e. obstacles and other hazards, which should be
considered.
f. establishment and maintenance of the
recommended approach angle and rate of closure.
g. coordination of flight controls.
h. crosswind correction and ground track.
i. loss of effective translational lift.
j. transition from descent to surface contact.
k. flight control technique after surface contact.
to a shallow approach and running/roll-on landing by
describing—
b. improper approach angle.
changes.
FAA-S-8081-7B 1-26
e. failure to maintain a speed that will take advantage
of effective translational lift during the final phase of
approach.
f. touching down at an excessive groundspeed.
g. failure to touch down in appropriate attitude.
h. failure to maintain directional control after touchdown.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a shallow
approach and running/roll-on landing from an instructional
standpoint.
a shallow approach and running/roll-on landing.
Task G: Go-Around
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a go-

around by describing—
a. situations where a go-around is necessary.
b. importance of making a timely decision, considering
obstacles, loss of translational lift, and engine
response time.
c. proper use of power throughout maneuver.
d. timely and coordinated application of flight controls
during transition to climb attitude.
e. proper track and obstacle clearance during climb.
to a go-around by describing—
a. failure to recognize a situation where a go-around
is necessary.
b. hazards of delaying the decision to go around.
c. improper application of flight controls during
transition to climb attitude.
d. failure to control drift and clear obstacles safely.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a go-around
a go-around.
1-27 FAA-S-8081-7B
Task H: Approach and Landing with Simulated
Powerplant Failure - Multiengine Helicopter
Note: In a multiengine helicopter maneuvering to a landing, the
applicant should follow a procedure that simulates the loss
of one powerplant.
References: FAA-H-8083-21; Rotorcraft Flight Manual
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements an

approach and landing with simulated powerplant failure.
2. Exhibits adequate knowledge of maneuvering to a landing
with a powerplant inoperative, including the controllability
factors associated with maneuvering, and the applicable
emergency procedures.
3. Selects a suitable touchdown point.
4. Maintains, prior to beginning the final approach segment,
the desired altitude ± 100 feet, the desired airspeed ± 10
knots, the desired heading ± 5° , and maintains desired
track.
5. Establishes the approach and landing configuration
appropriate for the runway or landing area, and adjusts the
powerplant controls as required.
6. Maintains a normal approach angle and recommended
airspeed to the point of transition to touchdown.
7. Terminates the approach in a smooth transition to
touchdown.
8. Completes the after-landing checklist items in a timely
manner, after clearing the landing area, and as
recommended by the manufacturer.
to approach and landing with simulated powerplant failure
by describing—
a. hazards resulting from not following manufacturer’s
recommended procedures in the event of a powerplant
failure.
b. failure of the pilot to follow the appropriate checklist.
10. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains approaching
and landing procedures with a simulated powerplant failure.
an approach and landing with simulated powerplant failure.
FAA-S-8081-7B 1-28
IX. Fundamentals of Flight
Task A: Straight-and-Level Flight

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight-

and-level flight by describing—
a. effect and use of flight controls.
b. the Integrated Flight Instruction method.
c. trim technique.
d. methods that can be used to overcome tenseness and
over controlling.
to straight-and-level flight by describing—
a. improper coordination of flight controls.
b. failure to cross-check and correctly interpret outside
and instrument references.
c. faulty trim technique.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains straight-and-
level flight from an instructional standpoint.
straight-and-level flight.
Task B: Level Turns
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of level

turns by describing—
c. trim technique.
over controlling.
to level turns by describing—
1-29 FAA-S-8081-7B
b. failure to cross-check and correctly interpret
outside and instrument references.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains level turns from
level turns.
Task C: Straight Climbs and Climbing Turns
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight

climbs and climbing turns by describing—
c. trim technique.
over controlling.
to straight climbs and climbing turns by describing—
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains straight climbs
and climbing turns from an instructional standpoint.
straight climbs and climbing turns.
Task D: Straight Descents and Descending Turns

descents and descending turns by describing—
c. trim technique.
d. methods that can be used to overcome tenseness
and over controlling.
FAA-S-8081-7B 1-30
to straight descents and descending turns by describing—
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains straight
descents and descending turns from an instructional
standpoint.
straight descents and descending turns.
1-31 FAA-S-8081-7B
Change 1 (3/22/2016)
X. Performance Maneuvers
Note: The examiner shall select at least Task B or C. In addition,

applicant shall provide a helicopter appropriate for
demonstrating touchdown autorotations.
Note: See paragraph titled Performance of Autorotations in the

Introduction section for detailed information.
Task A: Rapid Deceleration

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a rapid

deceleration by describing—
b. how to maintain proper RPM throughout maneuver.
c. evaluation of wind direction and speed, terrain, and
obstructions.
d. proper use of anti-torque pedals.
e. selection of an altitude that will permit safe clearance
between tail boom and terrain.
f. coordinated use of cyclic and collective controls
throughout maneuver.
to a rapid deceleration by describing—
b. improper use of anti-torque pedals.
c. improper coordination of cyclic and collective controls.
d. failure to properly control the rate of deceleration.
e. stopping of forward motion in a tail-low attitude.
f. failure to maintain safe clearance over terrain.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a rapid
deceleration from an instructional standpoint.
a rapid deceleration.
Task B: Straight-In Autorotation
FAA-S-8081-7B 1-32

straight-in autorotation by describing—
a. purpose of maneuver.
b. selection of a suitable touchdown area.
c. how to maintain proper engine and rotor RPM.
d. evaluation of wind direction and speed.
e. effect of density altitude, gross weight, rotor RPM,
airspeed, and wind to determine a touchdown point.
f. how and at what point maneuver is initiated.
g. flight control coordination, aircraft attitude, and
autorotational speed.
h. deceleration, collective pitch application, and
touchdown technique, or
i. technique for performing a power recovery to a
hover.
to a straight-in autorotation by describing—
a. improper engine and rotor RPM control.
b. uncoordinated use of flight controls, particularly anti-
torque pedals.
c. improper attitude and airspeed during descent.
d. improper judgment and technique during termination.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a straight-in
autorotation to touchdown from an instructional standpoint.
a straight-in autorotation.
Task C: 180° Autorotation
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a 180°

autorotation by describing—
a. purpose of maneuver.
b. selection of a suitable touchdown area.
c. how to maintain proper engine and rotor RPM.
d. evaluation of wind direction and speed.
e. effect of density altitude, gross weight, rotor RPM,
airspeed, and wind to determine a touchdown point.
f. how and at what point the maneuver is initiated.
1-33 FAA-S-8081-7B
g. flight control coordination, aircraft attitude, and
autorotation airspeed.
h. proper planning and performance of the
autorotative turn.
i. deceleration, collective pitch application, and
touchdown technique, or
j. technique for performing a power recovery to a hover.
to a 180° autorotation by describing—
a. improper engine and rotor RPM control.
b. uncoordinated use of flight controls, particularly anti-
torque pedals.
c. improper attitude and airspeed during descent.
d. improper judgment and technique during the
termination.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a 180°
autorotation to touchdown from an instructional standpoint.
a 180° autorotation.
FAA-S-8081-7B 1-34
Change 3 (7/26/2016)
XI. Emergency Operations
Note: The examiner shall select at least one Task from A, B, C, or

D to be accomplished in flight and at least one Task from E,
F, G, H, I, or J to be accomplished orally on the ground.
Task A: Power Failure at A Hover

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to

power failure at a hover by describing—
a. recognition of power failure.
b. how to maintain a constant heading.
c. correction for drift.
d. effect of density altitude, height above the surface,
gross weight, wind, and rotor RPM on performance.
e. autorotation and touchdown technique from a
stationary or forward hover.
to power failure at a hover by describing—
a. failure to apply correct and adequate pedal when
power is reduced.
b. failure to correct drift prior to touchdown.
c. improper application of collective pitch.
d. failure to touch down in a level attitude.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a simulated
power failure at a hover from an instructional standpoint.
a simulated power failure at a hover.
Task B: Power Failure at Altitude
Note: Simulated power failure at altitude must be given over

areas where actual touchdowns can safely be completed
in the event of an actual powerplant failure.
Note: Examiner shall direct the applicant to terminate this Task

with a power recovery at an altitude high enough to ensure
1-35 FAA-S-8081-7B
a safe touchdown could be accomplished in the event of an
actual power failure.

power failure at altitude by describing—
a. importance of being continuously aware of suitable
landing areas.
b. technique for establishing and maintaining proper
rotor RPM, airspeed, and pedal trim during
autorotation.
c. method used to evaluate wind direction and speed.
d. effect of density altitude, gross weight, rotor RPM,
airspeed, and wind to determine landing area.
e. selection of a suitable landing area.
f. planning and performance of approach to the selected
landing area.
g. importance of dividing attention between flying the
approach and accomplishing the emergency
procedure, as time permits.
h. techniques that can be used to compensate for
undershooting or overshooting selected landing area.
i. when and how to terminate approach.
2. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors
related to power failure at altitude by describing—
a. failure to promptly recognize the emergency,
establish and maintain proper rotor RPM, and confirm
engine condition.
b. improper judgment in selection of a landing area.
c. failure to estimate approximate wind direction and
speed.
d. uncoordinated use of flight controls during
autorotation entry and descent.
e. improper attitude and airspeed during autorotation
entry and descent.
f. failure to fly the most suitable pattern for existing
situation.
g. failure to accomplish the emergency procedure, as
time permits.
h. undershooting or overshooting selected landing
area.
i. uncoordinated use of flight controls during power
recovery.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a simulated
power failure at altitude from an instructional standpoint.
FAA-S-8081-7B 1-36
power failure at altitude.
Task C: Settling-with-Power

settling-with-power by describing—
a. conditions that are likely to result in settling-with-
power.
b. timely recognition of settling-with-power.
c. techniques for recovery.
to settling-with-power by describing—
a. failure to recognize conditions that are conducive
to development of settling-with-power.
b. failure to detect first indications of settling-with-
power.
c. improper use of controls during recovery.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains settling-with-
power from an instructional standpoint.
Task D: Low Rotor RPM Recovery
Note: The examiner may accomplish this Task orally if the
helicopter used for the practical test has a governor that
cannot be disabled.


low rotor RPM recovery by describing—
a. conditions that are likely to result in low rotor RPM.
b. potential problems from low rotor RPM if not
corrected timely.
c. techniques for recovery.
to low rotor RPM recovery by describing—
1-37 FAA-S-8081-7B
a. failure to recognize conditions that are conducive
to the development of low rotor RPM.
b. failure to detect the development of low rotor RPM
and to initiate prompt corrective action.
c. improper use of controls.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains low rotor RPM
recovery from an instructional standpoint.
Task E: Anti-Torque System Failure
FAA-S-8081-16; Helicopter Flight Manual.

knowledge of the elements related to anti-torque
system failure by describing:
1. Helicopter aerodynamics related to failure.

2. Indications of failure.
3. Recommended pilot technique to maintain controlled flight.
4. How to select a landing area.
5. Recommended technique to accomplish a safe landing,
when failure occurs.
Task F: Dynamic Rollover
References: FAA-H-8083-21; AC 90-87; FAA-S-8081-15,

knowledge of the elements related to dynamic rollover
by describing:
1. Helicopter aerodynamics involved.

2. How interaction between anti-torque thrust, crosswind,
slope, cyclic and collective pitch control contribute to
dynamic rollover.
3. Preventive actions used for takeoffs and landings on
different surfaces.
Task G: Ground Resonance
References: FAA-H-8083-21; FAA-S-8081-15, FAA-S-8081-16;

knowledge of the elements related to ground
resonance by describing:
FAA-S-8081-7B 1-38
1. Aerodynamics involved and association with a fully
articulated rotor system.
2. Conditions that are conducive to the development of ground
resonance.
3. Preventive actions used for takeoffs and landings on
different surfaces.
Task H: Low “G” Conditions
Reference: Rotorcraft Flight Manual.

knowledge of the elements of low “G” conditions by
describing:
1. Situations that will cause a low “G” condition.

2. Recognition of low “G” conditions.
3. Proper recovery procedures to prevent mast bumping.
4. Effects of this condition on different types of rotor systems.
Task I: Systems and Equipment Malfunctions

knowledge of the elements related to systems and
equipment malfunctions by describing recommended
pilot action, appropriate to the helicopter used for the
practical test, in the following areas:
1. Smoke or fire during ground or flight operations.

2. Engine/oil and fuel system.
3. Carburetor or induction icing.
4. Hydraulic system.
5. Electrical system.
6. Flight controls.
7. Rotor/drive system.
8. Pitot/static system.
9. Any other system or equipment.
Task J: Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear
References: FAA-H-8083-21; Rotorcraft Flight Manual.

knowledge of the elements related to emergency
equipment and survival gear appropriate to the
helicopter used for the practical test by describing:
1. Location in the helicopter.
1-39 FAA-S-8081-7B
2. Method of operation or use.
3. Servicing.
4. Storage.
5. Equipment and gear appropriate for operation in various
climates, over various types of terrain, and over water.
FAA-S-8081-7B 1-40
XII. Special Operations
Task A: Confined Area Operation


confined area operation by describing—
a. conduct of high and low reconnaissance.
b. method used to evaluate wind direction and speed,
turbulence, terrain, obstacles, and emergency landing
areas.
c. selection of a suitable approach path, termination
point, and departure path.
e. how to track the selected approach path to the
termination point, establishing an acceptable approach
angle and rate of closure.
f. factors that should be considered in determining
whether to terminate at a hover or on the surface.
g. conduct of ground reconnaissance and selection of
a suitable takeoff point, considering wind and
obstructions.
h. factors affecting takeoff and climb performance.
i. factors to consider in performing a takeoff and climb
under various conditions.
to a confined area operation by describing—
a. failure to perform, or improper performance of high
and low reconnaissance.
b. failure to track the selected approach path or to fly
an acceptable approach angle and rate of closure.
d. inadequate planning to ensure obstacle clearance
during the approach or the departure.
e. failure to consider emergency landing areas.
f. failure to select a definite termination point during the
high reconnaissance.
g. failure to change the termination point, if conditions
so dictate.
1-41 FAA-S-8081-7B
h. failure to consider effect of wind direction or speed,
turbulence, or loss of effective translational lift during
the approach.
i. improper takeoff and climb technique for existing
conditions.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a confined area
operation from an instructional standpoint.
a confined area operation.
Task B: Pinnacle/Platform Operation

pinnacle/platform operation by describing—
a. conduct of high and low reconnaissance.
b. methods used to evaluate wind direction and speed,
turbulence, terrain, obstacles, and emergency landing
areas.
c. selection of a suitable approach path, termination
point, and departure path.
e. how to track the selected approach path to the
termination point, and establish an acceptable
f. factors that should be considered in determining
whether to terminate in a hover or on the surface.
g. selection of a suitable takeoff point, considering
wind and obstructions.
h. factors affecting takeoff and climb performance.
i. factors to consider in performing a takeoff and climb
under various conditions.
to a pinnacle/platform operation by describing—
a. failure to perform, or improper performance of, high
and low reconnaissance.
b. failure to track selected approach path or to fly an
acceptable approach angle and rate of closure.
d. inadequate planning to assure obstacle clearance
during approach or departure.
e. failure to consider emergency landing areas.
FAA-S-8081-7B 1-42
f. failure to select a definite termination point during
the high reconnaissance.
g. failure to change the termination point, if conditions
so dictate.
h. failure to consider effect of wind direction or speed,
turbulence, or loss of effective translational lift during
the approach.
i. improper takeoff and climb technique for existing
conditions.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a
pinnacle/platform operation from an instructional standpoint.
a pinnacle/platform operation.
1-43 FAA-S-8081-7B
Task A: After-Landing and Securing

References: FAA-H-8083-9; FAA-S-8081-15,
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of after-

landing and securing by describing—
a. methods to minimize hazardous effects of rotor
downwash during hovering to parking area.
b. engine temperature stabilization and shutdown.
c. method to secure rotor blades and cockpit.
d. safety concerns for passenger(s) when exiting.
e. postflight inspection to include use of checklist.
f. refueling procedures, including safety concerns.
to after-landing and securing by describing—
a. hazards resulting from failure to follow
recommended procedures.
b. failure to conduct a postflight inspection and use a
checklist.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains after-landing
and securing from an instructional standpoint.
after-landing and securing.
FAA-S-8081-7B 1-44
1-45 FAA-S-8081-7B
Section 2
Flight Instructor Rotorcraft – Gyroplane

Contents: Section 2
Additional Rating Task Table ....................................................... 2-v

Checklists:
Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist (Gyroplane) .................... 2-vii
Examiner’s Practical Test Checklist (Gyroplane) ....................2-viii
Areas of Operation:
Task A: The Learning Process .......................................... 2-1
Task B: Human Behavior .................................................. 2-1
Task C: The Teaching Process ......................................... 2-1
Task D: Teaching Methods ............................................... 2-2
Task E: Critique and Evaluation ........................................ 2-2
Responsibilities .................................................... 2-2
Task G: Planning Instructional Activity .............................. 2-3
Task A: Aeromedical Factors ............................................ 2-4
Task B: Visual Scanning and Collision Avoidance ............ 2-4
Task C: Use of Distractions during Flight Training ............ 2-5
Task D: Principles of Flight ................................................ 2-5
Task E: Gyroplane Flight Controls .................................... 2-5
Task F: Gyroplane Weight and Balance ........................... 2-6
Task G: Navigation and Flight Planning ............................ 2-6
Task H: Night Operations .................................................. 2-7
Task I: Regulations and Publications............................... 2-7
Task J: Airworthiness Requirements ................................ 2-8
Task K: National Airspace System .................................... 2-8
Task L: Logbook Entries and Certificate Endorsements .-2-9
III. Preflight Preparation ......................................................... 2-10
Task A: Certificates and Documents ............................... 2-10
Task B: Weather Information .......................................... 2-10
Task C: Operation of Systems ........................................ 2-10
Task D: Performance and Limitations ............................. 2-11
Flight ................................................................................. 2-12
Task A: Maneuver Lesson............................................... 2-12
2-i FAA-S-8081-7B
Task A: Preflight Inspection............................................. 2-13
Task B: Single-Pilot Resource Management .................. 2-13
Task C: Engine Starting................................................... 2-14
Task D: Taxiing ................................................................ 2-15
Task E: Before Takeoff Check ........................................ 2-15
VI. Airport Operations............................................................. 2-17
Task A: Radio Communications and ATC Light Signals . 2-17
Task B: Traffic Patterns ................................................... 2-17
Task C: Airport Markings, Signs, and Lighting ................ 2-18
VII. Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds ............................... 2-19
Task A: Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb ........ 2-19
Task B: Soft-field Takeoff and Climb ............................... 2-20
Task C: Normal and Crosswind Approach and Landing . 2-21
Task D: Soft-Field Approach and Landing ...................... 2-22
Task E: Go-Around .......................................................... 2-23
VIII. Fundamentals of Flight ..................................................... 2-24
Task A: Straight-and-Level Flight .................................... 2-24
Task B: Level Turns ........................................................ 2-24
Task C: Straight Climbs and Climbing Turns .................. 2-25
Task D: Straight Descents and Descending Turns ......... 2-25
IX. Performance Maneuvers .................................................. 2-27
Task A: Steep Turns ........................................................ 2-27
X. Flight at Slow Airspeeds ................................................... 2-28
Task A: Straight-and-Level Flight, Turns, Climbs, and
Descents ............................................................ 2-28
Task B: High Rate of Descent and Recovery.................. 2-29
XI. Ground Reference Maneuvers ......................................... 2-30
Task A: Rectangular Course ........................................... 2-30
Task B: S-Turns Across a Road ...................................... 2-30
Task C: Turns Around a Point ......................................... 2-31
XII. Emergency Operations ..................................................... 2-33
Task A: Lift-Off at Low Airspeed and High Angle of
Attack ................................................................. 2-33
Task B: Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated) 2-34
Task C: Systems and Equipment Malfunctions ............... 2-35
Task D: Ground Resonance ............................................ 2-35
Task E: Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear ......... 2-35
FAA-S-8081-7B 2-ii
Task A: After-Landing and Securing ............................... 2-37
2-iii FAA-S-8081-7B
FAA-S-8081-7B 2-iv
Additional Rating Task Table
Addition of a Gyroplane Class Rating (and a Rotorcraft
Category Rating, if appropriate) to a Flight Instructor Certificate
Flight Instructor Certificate and Rating Held

Required
Areas of ASE AME RH G IAH
Operation
I N N N N N
II Y Y Y Y Y
III Y Y Y Y Y
IV N N N N N
V Y Y Y Y Y
VI N N N N N
VII Y Y Y Y Y
VIII Y Y Y Y Y
IX Y Y Y Y Y
X Y Y Y Y Y
XI Y Y Y Y Y
XII Y Y Y Y Y
XIII Y Y Y Y Y
Legend:
ASE Airplane Single-Engine
AME Airplane Multiengine
RH Rotorcraft Helicopter
G Glider Powered
IAH Instrument Airplane/Helicopter
Note: If an applicant holds more than one rating on a flight instructor

certificate and the table indicates both a Y (Yes) and an N (No)
for a particular Area of Operation, the N entry applies. This is
logical since the applicant has satisfactorily accomplished the
Area of Operation on a previous flight instructor practical test.
At the discretion of the examiner, the applicant’s competence
in all Areas of Operation may be evaluated.
2-v FAA-S-8081-7B
Renewal or Reinstatement of a Flight Instructor
Required Areas of
Number of Tasks
Operation
II Task L and 1 other Task
III 1
IV 1
V 1
VI 1
VII 1
VIII 2 Takeoffs and 2 Landings
IX 1
The renewal or reinstatement of one rating on a Flight Instructor

Certificate renews or reinstates all privileges existing on the
certificate. (14 CFR part 61, sections 61.197 and 61.199)
FAA-S-8081-7B 2-vi
Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist
(Gyroplane)
Appointment with Examiner
Examiner’s Name: ____________________________________

Location: ____________________________________________
Date/Time: __________________________________________
Acceptable Aircraft
 Aircraft Documents:
 Airworthiness Certificate
 Registration Certificate
 Operating Limitations
 Aircraft Maintenance Records:
 Logbook Record of Airworthiness Inspections and AD
Compliance
 Pilot’s Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Flight Manual
Personal Equipment
 Practical Test Standard
 Lesson Plan Library
 Current Aeronautical Charts
 Computer and Plotter
 Flight Plan and Flight Log Forms
 Current AIM, Airport Facility Directory, and Appropriate
Publications
Personal Records
 Identification – Photo/Signature ID
 Pilot Certificate
 Current and Appropriate Medical Certificate
 Completed FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or
Rating Application
 AC Form 8080-2, Airman Written Test Report or Computer
Test Report
 Pilot Logbook with Appropriate Instructor Endorsements
 FAA Form 8060-5, Notice of Disapproval (if applicable)
 Approved School Graduation Certificate (if applicable)
 Examiner's Fee (if applicable)
2-vii FAA-S-8081-7B
Examiner’s Practical Test Checklist
(Gyroplane)
Flight Instructor – Rotorcraft
Applicant’s Name: ____________________________________

Location: ___________________________________________
Date/Time: __________________________________________
 A. The Learning Process
 B. Human Behavior
 C. The Teaching Process
 D. Teaching Methods
 E. Critique and Evaluation
 F. Flight Instructor Characteristics and Responsibilities
 G. Planning Instructional Activity
 A. Aeromedical Factors
 B. Visual Scanning and Collision Avoidance
 C. Use of Distractions during Flight Training
 D. Principles of Flight
 E. Helicopter Flight Controls
 F. Helicopter Weight and Balance
 G. Navigation and Flight Planning
 H. Night Operations
 I. Regulations and Publications
 J. Airworthiness Requirements
 K. National Airspace System
 L. Logbook Entries and Certificate Endorsements
 A. Certificates and Documents
 B. Weather Information
 C. Operation of Systems
 D. Performance and Limitations
IV. Preflight Lesson on a Maneuver to be Performed in Flight
 A. Maneuver Lesson
 A. Preflight Inspection
 B. Single-Pilot Resource Management
FAA-S-8081-7B 2-viii
 C. Engine Starting
 D. Taxiing
 E. Before Takeoff Check
VI. Airport Operations
 A. Radio Communications and ATC Light Signals
 B. Traffic Patterns
 C. Airport Markings, Signs, and Lighting
VII. Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds
 A. Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb
 B. Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb
 C. Normal and Crosswind Approach and Landing
 D. Soft-Field Approach and Landing
 E. Go-Around
VIII. Fundamentals of Flight
 A. Straight-and-Level Flight
 B. Level Turns
 C. Straight Climbs and Climbing Turns
 D. Straight Descents and Descending Turns
IX. Performance Maneuvers
 A. Steep Turns
X. Flight at Slow Airspeed
 A. Straight-and-Level Flight, Turns, Climbs, and
Descents
 B. High Rates of Descent and Recovery
XI. Ground Reference Maneuvers
 A. Rectangular Course
 B. S-Turns Across a Road
 C. Turns Around a Point
XII. Emergency Operations
 A. Lift-off at Low Airspeed and High Angle of Attack
 B. Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated)
 C. Systems and Equipment Malfunctions
 D. Ground Resonance
 E. Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear
 A. After-Landing and Securing
2-ix FAA-S-8081-7B
(this page intentionally left blank
FAA-S-8081-7B 2-x
Areas of Operation:
Note: The examiner shall select at least Tasks E and F.
Task A: The Learning Process


knowledge of the elements of the learning process by
describing:
1. The definition and characteristics of learning.

2. Practical application of the laws of learning.
3. Factors involved in how people learn.
4. Recognition and proper use of the various levels of
learning.
5. Principles that are applied in learning a skill.
6. Factors related to forgetting and retention.
7. How the transfer of learning affects the learning process.
8. How the formation of habit patterns affects the learning
process.
Task B: Human Behavior

knowledge of the elements related to human behavior
by describing:
1. Control of human behavior.

2. Development of student potential.
3. Relationship of human needs to behavior and learning.
4. Relationship of defense mechanisms to student learning
and pilot decision-making.
5. General rules which a flight instructor should follow during
student training to ensure good human relations.
Task C: The Teaching Process

knowledge of the elements of the teaching process by
describing:
2-1 FAA-S-8081-7B
1. Preparation of a lesson for a ground or flight instructional
period.
2. Presentation of knowledge and skills, including the
methods, which are suitable in particular situations.
3. Application, by the student, of the knowledge and skills
presented by the instructor.
4. Review of the material presented and the evaluation of
student performance and accomplishment.
Task D: Teaching Methods

knowledge of the elements of teaching methods by
describing:
1. The organization of a lesson, i.e., introduction,

development, and conclusion.
2. The lecture method.
3. The guided discussion method.
4. The demonstration-performance method.
5. Computer/video assisted instruction.
Task E: Critique and Evaluation

knowledge of the elements of critique and evaluation
by describing:
1. Purpose and characteristics of an effective critique.

2. Difference between critique and evaluation.
3. Characteristics of effective oral questions and what type to
avoid.
4. Responses to student questions.
5. Characteristics and development of effective written tests.
6. Characteristics and uses of performance tests, specifically,
the FAA practical test standards.
Responsibilities

knowledge of the elements of flight instructor
characteristics and responsibilities by describing:
FAA-S-8081-7B 2-2
1. Major characteristics and qualifications of a professional
flight instructor.
2. Role of the flight instructor in dealing with student stress,
anxiety, and psychological abnormalities.
3. Flight instructor's responsibility with regard to student pilot
supervision and surveillance.
4. Flight instructor's authority and responsibility for
endorsements and recommendations.
5. Flight instructor's responsibility in the conduct of the
required FAA flight review.
Task G: Planning Instructional Activity

knowledge of the elements related to the planning of
instructional activity by describing:
1. Development of a course of training.

2. Content and use of a training syllabus.
3. Purpose, characteristics, proper use, and items of a lesson
plan.
4. Flexibility features of a course of training, syllabus, and
lesson plan required to accommodate students with varying
backgrounds, levels of experience, and ability.
2-3 FAA-S-8081-7B
Note: The examiner shall select Task L and at least one other
Task.
Task A: Aeromedical Factors

References: FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.

knowledge of the elements related to aeromedical
factors by describing:
1. Hypoxia, its symptoms, effects, and corrective action.

2. Hyperventilation, its symptoms, effects, and corrective
action.
3. Middle ear and sinus problems, their causes, effects, and
corrective action.
4. Spatial disorientation, its causes, effects, and corrective
action.
5. Motion sickness, its causes, effects, and corrective action.
6. Effects of alcohol and drugs, and their relationship to safety.
7. Carbon monoxide poisoning, its symptoms, effects, and
corrective action.
8. How evolved gas from scuba diving can affect a pilot during
flight.
9. Fatigue, its effects and corrective action.
Task B: Visual Scanning and Collision Avoidance
References: FAA-H-8083-9; AC 90-48; AIM.

knowledge of the elements of visual scanning and
collision avoidance by describing:
1. Relationship between a pilot's physical or mental condition

and vision.
2. Environmental conditions and optical illusions that affect
vision.
3. “See and avoid” concept.
4. Practice of “time sharing” of attention inside and outside the
cockpit.
5. Proper visual scanning technique.
6. Relationship between poor visual scanning habits, aircraft
speed differential, and increased collision risk.
7. Appropriate clearing procedures.
8. Situations which involve the greatest collision risk.
FAA-S-8081-7B 2-4
Task C: Use of Distractions during Flight Training

knowledge of the elements of the use of distractions
during flight training by describing:
1. Flight situations where pilot distraction can be a causal

factor related to aircraft accidents.
2. Selection of realistic distractions for specific flight situations.
3. Relationship between division of attention and flight
instructor use of distractions.
4. Difference between proper use of distractions and
harassment.
Task D: Principles of Flight

knowledge of the elements of principles of flight by
describing:
1. Rotor system characteristics.

2. Effect of lift, weight, thrust, and drag during various flight
maneuvers.
3. Stability and controllability, to include pilot induced
oscillation and power pushover.
4. Autorotation and inverted airflow.
5. Dissymmetry of lift.
6. Retreating blade stall.
7. Blade flapping and coning.
8. Coriolis effect.
9. Negative roll with yaw.
10. Lateral stick force/position change with airspeed.
Task E: Gyroplane Flight Controls
References: FAA-H-8083-21, Gyroplane Flight Manual.

knowledge of the flight controls of the gyroplane used
for the practical test by describing:
1. Cyclic control.
2. Rudder control.
3. Prerotator/rotor spin-up control.
4. Collective pitch control (if applicable).
5. Throttle control.
2-5 FAA-S-8081-7B
Task F: Gyroplane Weight and Balance
References: FAA-H-8083-1, FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight
Manual.

knowledge of the elements of gyroplane weight and
balance by describing:
1. Weight and balance terms.

2. Effect of weight and balance on performance.
3. Determination of total weight, center of gravity, and the
changes that occur when adding, removing, or shifting
weight.
Task G: Navigation and Flight Planning

knowledge of the elements of navigation and flight
planning by describing:
1. Terms used in navigation.

2. Features of aeronautical charts.
3. Importance of using the proper and current aeronautical
charts.
4. Identification of various types of airspace.
5. Method of plotting a course, selection of fuel stops and
alternates, and appropriate actions in the event of
unforeseen situations.
6. Fundamentals of pilotage and dead reckoning.
7. Fundamentals of radio navigation.
8. Diversion to an alternate.
9. Lost procedures.
10. Computation of fuel requirement.
11. Importance of preparing and properly using a flight log.
12. Importance of a weather check and the use of good
judgment in making a “go/no-go” decision.
13. Purpose of, and procedure used in, filing a flight plan.
14. Global Positioning System (GPS).
FAA-S-8081-7B 2-6
Task H: Night Operations
References: FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; AIM; FAA-S-8081-
15.

knowledge of the elements related to night operations
by describing:
1. Factors related to night vision, disorientation, and optical

illusions.
2. Weather considerations specific to night operations.
3. Preflight inspection, including windshield and window
cleanliness.
4. Proper adjustment of interior lights, including availability of
flashlight.
5. Engine starting procedures, including proper use of exterior
lighting prior to start.
6. Taxiing and orientation on an airport.
7. Takeoff and climb-out.
8. Inflight orientation.
9. Importance of verifying the gyroplane's attitude by visual
references and flight instruments.
10. Recovery from critical flight attitudes by visual references
and flight instruments.
11. Emergencies such as electrical failure, engine malfunction,
and emergency landings.
12. Traffic patterns.
13. Approaches and landings with and without landing lights.
Task I: Regulations and Publications
References: 14 CFR parts 1, 61, 91; NTSB part 830;; AIM,
Gyroplane Flight Manual.

knowledge of the elements related to regulations and
publications, their purpose, general content,
availability, and method of revision, by describing:
1. 14 CFR parts 1, 61, and 91.

2. NTSB part 830.
3. Flight information publications.
4. Practical Test Standards.
5. FAA-Approved Flight Manual.
2-7 FAA-S-8081-7B
Task J: Airworthiness Requirements
References: 14 CFR parts 1, 27, 29, 39, 43, and 91; FAA-H-8083-
21.

knowledge of the elements related to airworthiness
requirements by:
1. Explaining—
a. required instruments and equipment for day/night
Visual Flight Rules (VFR).
b. procedures and limitations for determining
airworthiness of the gyroplane with inoperative
instruments and equipment with and without an
Minimal Equipment Level (MEL).
c. requirements and procedures for obtaining a special
flight permit.
2. Locating and explaining—
a. airworthiness directives.
b. compliance records.
c. maintenance/inspection requirements.
d. appropriate record keeping.
Task K: National Airspace System
References: 14 CFR part 91; FAA-S-8081-12, FAA-S-8081-14;
AIM.

knowledge of the elements of the national airspace
system by describing:
1. Basic VFR Weather Minimums—for all classes of airspace.

2. Airspace classes—the operating rules, pilot certification,
and aircraft equipment requirements for the following—
a. Class A.
b. Class B.
c. Class C.
d. Class D.
e. Class E.
f. Class G.
3. Special use airspace and other airspace areas.
4. Temporary flight restrictions (TFRs).
FAA-S-8081-7B 2-8
Task L: Logbook Entries and Certificate Endorsements
References: 14 CFR part 61; AC 61-65, AC 61-98.

knowledge of the elements related to logbook entries
and certificate endorsements by describing:
1. Required logbook entries for instruction given.

2. Required student pilot certificate endorsements, including
appropriate logbook entries.
3. Preparation of a recommendation for a pilot practical test,
including appropriate logbook entry.
4. Required endorsement of a pilot logbook for satisfactory
completion of an FAA flight review.
5. Required flight instructor records.
2-9 FAA-S-8081-7B
Task A: Certificates and Documents

References: 14 CFR parts 43, 61, 67, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-
8083-25; Gyroplane Flight Manual.

knowledge of the elements related to certificates and
documents by describing:
1. Requirements for the issuance of pilot and flight instructor

certificates and ratings, and the privileges and limitations of
those certificates and ratings.
2.
Medical certificates, class, duration, and how to obtain
them.
3. Airworthiness and registration certificates.
4. Gyroplane flight manuals.
5. Gyroplane maintenance requirements and records.
Task B: Weather Information
References: FAA-H-8083-21; AC 00-6, AC 00-45, AC 61-84; AIM.

knowledge of the elements related to weather
information by describing:
1. Importance of a thorough weather check.

2. Various methods of obtaining weather information.
3. Use of weather reports, forecasts, and charts.
4. Use of PIREPs, SIGMETs, and AIRMETs.
5. Recognition of aviation weather hazards to include wind
shear.
6. Factors to be considered in making a “go/no-go” decision.
Task C: Operation of Systems
References: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.

knowledge of the elements related to the operation of
systems, as applicable to the gyroplane used for the
practical test, by describing:
1. Powerplant, including controls, indicators, and cooling.

2. Rotor and pre-rotator/rotor spin-up.
3. Landing gear, brakes, and steering.
FAA-S-8081-7B 2-10
4. Fuel, oil, and hydraulic.
5. Electrical.
6. Pitot static/vacuum and associated instruments.
7. Environmental.
8. Anti-icing.
9. Avionics.
Task D: Performance and Limitations
References: FAA-H-8083-1, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; AC
61-84; Gyroplane Flight Manual.

knowledge of the elements related to performance
and limitations by describing:
1. Determination of weight and balance condition.

2. Use of performance charts, including height/velocity
diagram, and other data for determining performance in
various phases of flight.
3. Engine thrust vs. center of gravity.
4. Effects of density altitude, wind shear, and other
atmospheric conditions on performance.
5. Other factors to be considered in determining that required
performance is within the gyroplane's capabilities.
2-11 FAA-S-8081-7B
Flight
Note: The examiner shall select at least one maneuver from Areas
of Operation VI through XII and will ask the applicant to
present a preflight lesson on the selected maneuver, as the
lesson would be taught to a student. Previously developed
lesson plans from the applicant’s library may be used.
Task A: Maneuver Lesson

References: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21; FAA-
S-8081-15, FAA-S-8081-16; Gyroplane Flight Manual.

knowledge of the selected maneuver by:
1. Using a lesson plan that includes all essential items to

make an effective and organized presentation.
2. Stating the objective.
3. Giving an accurate, comprehensive oral description of the
maneuver, including the elements and associated common
errors.
4. Using instructional aids, as appropriate.
5. Describing the recognition, analysis, and correction of
common errors.
FAA-S-8081-7B 2-12
Task A: Preflight Inspection

FAA-S-8081-16; Gyroplane Flight Manual.

preflight inspection, as applicable to the gyroplane used for
the practical test, by describing—
a. reasons for the preflight inspection, items that
should be inspected, and how defects are detected.
b. importance of using the appropriate checklist.
c. determination of fuel, oil, and hydraulic fluid quantity,
possible contamination and/or leaks.
d. inspection of flight controls.
e. detection of visible structural damage.
f. removal of control locks, rotor blade tie-down, and
wheel chocks, if applicable.
g. importance of proper loading and securing of baggage,
cargo, and equipment.
h. use of sound judgment in determining whether the
gyroplane is in condition for safe flight.
to a preflight inspection by describing—
b. hazards which may result from allowing distractions to
interrupt a preflight inspection.
c. inability to recognize discrepancies.
d. failure to ensure servicing with proper fuel and oil.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a preflight
inspection from an instructional standpoint.
Task B: Single-Pilot Resource Management
References: FAA-H-8083-9, AC 91-32; CFR part 91; FAA-S-8081-
15, FAA-S-8081-16; Gyroplane Flight Manual.
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of crew

resource management by describing—
2-13 FAA-S-8081-7B
a. proper arranging and securing of essential
materials and equipment in the cockpit.
b. proper use and/or adjustment of such cockpit items
as safety belts, shoulder harnesses, rudder pedals,
and seats.
c. occupant briefing on emergency procedures, rotor
blade avoidance, and use of safety belts, and shoulder
harnesses.
d. utilization of all available human resources,
maintenance personnel, weather briefers, and air traffic
to crew resource management by describing—
a. failure to place and secure essential materials and
equipment for easy access during flight.
b. improper adjustment of equipment and controls.
c. failure to brief occupants on emergency procedures,
rotor blade avoidance, and use of safety belts, and
shoulder harnesses.
d. failure to utilize all available human resources,
maintenance personnel, weather briefers, air traffic
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains crew resource
management from an instructional standpoint.
Task C: Engine Starting
References: FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21; AC 91-13, AC 91-42;
FAA-S-8081-15, FAA-S-8081-16; Gyroplane Flight
Manual.
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of engine

starting as appropriate to the gyroplane used for the
practical test by describing—
a. safety precautions related to engine starting.
b. use of external power.
c. effect of various atmospheric conditions on starting.
d. importance of following the appropriate checklist.
e. proper position of engine and flight controls during
engine start.
FAA-S-8081-7B 2-14
f. prevention of gyroplane movement after engine
start.
to engine starting by describing—
b. failure to monitor engine instruments.
c. improper position of flight controls during and after
start.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains engine starting
Task D: Taxiing
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of taxiing

by describing—
a. proper check and correct use of brakes.
b. compliance with airport surface markings, signals, and
clearances.
c. how to control direction and speed.
d. proper rotor blade management while taxiing, based on
terrain and wind conditions.
e. techniques to avoid other aircraft and hazards.
to taxiing by describing—
a. improper use of brakes.
b. hazards of taxiing too fast.
c. failure to use proper rotor blade management while
taxiing.
d. failure to comply with markings, signals, or clearances.
e. improper positioning for run-up.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains taxiing from an
taxiing.
Task E: Before Takeoff Check
2-15 FAA-S-8081-7B
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a before
takeoff check by describing—
a. division of attention inside and outside the cockpit.
b. importance of following the checklist and responding to
each item.
c. reasons for ensuring suitable engine temperatures and
pressures for run-up and takeoff.
d. method used to determine that gyroplane is in a
safe operating condition.
e. importance of reviewing emergency procedures, to
include low speed/high speed blade flap situations.
f. method used for ensuring that takeoff area or path
is free of hazards or obstacles.
g. method used for ensuring adequate clearance from
other traffic.
h. rotor spin-up procedure.
to a before takeoff check by describing—
a. failure to use or the improper use of the checklist.
b. acceptance of marginal gyroplane performance.
c. an improper check of controls.
d. failure to check for hazards and other traffic.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a before takeoff
check from an instructional standpoint.
a before takeoff check.
FAA-S-8081-7B 2-16
VI. Airport Operations
Task A: Radio Communications and ATC Light Signals

References: AIM; FAA-S-8081-15, FAA-S-8081-16; 14 CFR part
91.
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of radio

communications and ATC light signals by describing—
a. selection and use of appropriate radio frequencies.
b. recommended procedure and phraseology for radio
voice communications.
c. receipt, acknowledgment of, and compliance with, ATC
clearances and other instructions.
d. prescribed procedure for radio communications
failure.
e. interpretation of, and compliance with, ATC light
signals.
to radio communications and ATC light signals by
describing—
a. use of improper frequencies.
b. improper techniques and phraseologies when using
radio voice communications.
c. failure to acknowledge, or properly comply with,
ATC clearances and other instructions.
d. use of improper procedures for radio
communications failure.
e. failure to understand, or to properly comply with,
ATC light signals.
Task B: Traffic Patterns
References: FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21; 14 CFR part 91; AIM;
FAA-S-8081-15, FAA-S-8081-16.
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of traffic

patterns by describing—
a. operations at controlled and uncontrolled airports.
b. adherence to traffic pattern procedures, instructions,
and appropriate regulations.
2-17 FAA-S-8081-7B
c. how to maintain proper spacing from other traffic.
d. how to maintain proper ground track.
e. wind shear and wake turbulence.
f. orientation with runway or landing area.
g. how to establish a final approach at an appropriate
distance from the approach end of the runway or
landing area.
h. use of checklist.
to traffic patterns by describing—
a. failure to comply with traffic pattern instructions,
procedures, and rules.
b. improper correction for wind drift.
c. inadequate spacing from other traffic.
d. improper altitude or airspeed control.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains traffic patterns
traffic patterns.
Task C: Airport Markings, Signs, and Lighting
References: FAA-H-8083-25; AIM; FAA-S-8081-15, FAA-S-8081-
16.

knowledge of the elements of airport signs, markings,
and lighting by describing:
1. Identification and proper interpretation of airport signs,

runway, and taxiway markings.
2. Identification and proper interpretation of airport signs,
runway, and taxiway lighting.
FAA-S-8081-7B 2-18
VII. Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds
Note: The examiner shall select at least one takeoff Task and one
landing Task.
Task A: Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb


normal and crosswind takeoff and climb by describing—
c. alignment with takeoff path.
d. initial positioning of flight controls.
e. prerotation of rotor blades to required RPM.
f. application of power for takeoff.
g. directional control and crosswind technique.
h. lift-off attitude, airspeed, and rotor RPM.
i. climb attitude, power setting, and airspeed.
j. crosswind correction and track during climb.
to a normal and crosswind takeoff and climb by
describing—
a. failure to check rotor for proper operation, track,
and RPM prior to initiating takeoff.
b. improper initial positioning of flight controls.
c. improper power application.
d. inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.
e. poor directional control.
f. failure to lift off at proper airspeed.
g. failure to establish and maintain proper climb
attitude and airspeed.
h. drift during climb.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a normal and
crosswind takeoff and climb from an instructional
standpoint.
a normal and crosswind takeoff and climb.
2-19 FAA-S-8081-7B
Task B: Soft-field Takeoff and Climb
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a soft-

field takeoff and climb by describing—
a. consideration of wind conditions and takeoff
surface.
c. how to align the gyroplane with the takeoff path without
stopping.
d. initial positioning of flight controls.
e. prerotation of rotor blades (if applicable).
f. directional control during acceleration on the surface.
g. lift-off attitude, airspeed, and rotor RPM.
h. acceleration in ground effect to climb airspeed.
i. obstacle clearance (if applicable).
j. climb attitude, power setting, and airspeed.
k. track during climb.
to a soft-field takeoff and climb by describing—
c. hazards of allowing the gyroplane to stop on the
takeoff surface prior to initiating takeoff.
d. improper power application.
e. inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.
f. poor directional control.
g. improper pitch attitude during lift-off.
h. hazards of settling back to takeoff surface after
becoming airborne.
i. failure to establish and maintain proper climb attitude
and airspeed.
j. drift during climb.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a soft-field
takeoff and climb from an instructional standpoint.
a soft-field takeoff and climb.
FAA-S-8081-7B 2-20
Task C: Normal and Crosswind Approach and Landing

normal and crosswind approach and landing by
describing—
a. how to determine landing performance and
limitations.
b. power and trim.
c. obstructions and other hazards, which should be
considered.
d. a stabilized approach at the recommended
airspeed to the selected touchdown area.
e. use of a controlled high-sink to adjust desired
approach angle.
f. coordination of flight controls.
g. a precise ground track.
h. possibility of wind shear and wake turbulence.
i. most suitable crosswind technique.
j. timing, judgment, and control touch during flare and
touchdown.
k. directional control after touchdown.
l. use of brakes.
to a normal and crosswind approach and landing by
describing—
a. improper use of landing performance data and
limitations.
b. failure to establish and maintain a stabilized
approach.
c. inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.
d. improper technique during flare and touchdown.
e. touchdown at too low an airspeed with strong
headwinds, causing rearward roll.
f. poor directional control after touchdown.
g. improper use of brakes.
crosswind approach and landing from an instructional
standpoint.
a normal and crosswind approach and landing.
2-21 FAA-S-8081-7B
Task D: Soft-Field Approach and Landing
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a soft-

field approach and landing by describing—
a. how to determine landing performance and
limitations.
b. power and trim.
c. obstacles and other hazards, which should be
considered.
d. effect of wind and landing surface.
e. selection of a touchdown area.
f. a stabilized approach at the recommended airspeed to
the selected touchdown area.
g. use of a controlled high-sink to adjust desired
approach angle.
h. coordination of flight controls.
i. a precise ground track.
j. timing, judgment, and control touch during flare and
touchdown.
k. directional control after touchdown.
to a soft-field approach and landing by describing—
a. improper use of landing performance data and
limitations.
b. failure to establish and maintain a stabilized
approach.
c. failure to consider the effect of wind and landing
surface.
d. faulty technique in use of power.
e. inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.
f. faulty technique during flare and touchdown.
g. touchdown at too low an airspeed with strong
headwinds, causing rearward roll.
h. poor directional control after touchdown.
i. improper use of brakes.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a soft-field
approach and landing from an instructional standpoint.
a soft-field approach and landing.
FAA-S-8081-7B 2-22
Task E: Go-Around
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a go-

around by describing—
a. situations where a go-around is necessary.
b. importance of making a prompt decision.
c. importance of applying takeoff power immediately after
the go-around decision is made.
d. importance of establishing proper pitch attitude.
e. use of trim.
f. proper climb speed.
g. proper track and obstacle clearance.
to a go-around by describing—
a. failure to recognize a situation where a go-around
is necessary.
b. hazards of delaying a decision to go around.
c. improper power application.
d. failure to control pitch attitude.
e. improper trim technique.
f. failure to maintain recommended airspeeds.
g. failure to maintain proper track during climb-out.
h. failure to remain well clear of obstacles and other
traffic.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a go-around
a go-around.
2-23 FAA-S-8081-7B
VIII. Fundamentals of Flight
Task A: Straight-and-Level Flight

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight-

and-level flight by describing—
c. trim technique.
overcontrolling.
to straight-and-level flight by describing—
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains straight-and-
level flight from an instructional standpoint.
straight-and-level flight.
Task B: Level Turns
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of level

c. trim technique.
overcontrolling.
to level turns by describing—
FAA-S-8081-7B 2-24
b. failure to cross-check and correctly interpret
outside and instrument references.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains level turns from
level turns.
Task C: Straight Climbs and Climbing Turns

climbs and climbing turns by describing—
c. trim technique.
overcontrolling.
to straight climbs and climbing turns by describing—
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains straight climbs
and climbing turns from an instructional standpoint.
straight climbs and climbing turns.
Task D: Straight Descents and Descending Turns

descents and descending turns by describing—
c. trim technique.
overcontrolling.
2-25 FAA-S-8081-7B
to straight descents and descending turns by describing—
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains straight
descents and descending turns from an instructional
standpoint.
straight descents and descending turns.
FAA-S-8081-7B 2-26
IX. Performance Maneuvers
Task A: Steep Turns

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of steep

a. load factor and angle of bank limitations.
b. selection of a suitable altitude.
c. appropriate power setting and airspeed prior to entry.
d. entry and rollout technique.
e. bank and power requirements.
f. effect and use of flight controls.
g. orientation, division of attention, and planning.
to steep turns by describing—
a. improper bank and power coordination during entry
and rollout.
b. uncoordinated use of flight controls.
c. exceeding manufacturer's recommended maximum
bank angle.
d. improper technique in correcting altitude
deviations.
e. loss of orientation.
f. excessive deviation from desired heading during
rollout.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains steep turns from
steep turns.
2-27 FAA-S-8081-7B
X. Flight at Slow Airspeeds
Task A: Straight-and-Level Flight, Turns, Climbs, and

Descents
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of flight at

slow airspeeds in straight-and-level flight, turns, climbs, and
descents by describing—
a. flight characteristics and controllability associated
with these maneuvers.
b. relationship of airspeed/rotor RPM to critical flight
situations.
c. establishment and maintenance of a specified
airspeed in straight-and-level flight, turns, climbs, and
descents.
d. coordination of flight controls.
e. proper trim technique.
f. re-establishment of cruising flight.
to flight at slow airspeeds in straight-and-level flight, turns,
climbs, and descents by describing—
a. improper entry technique.
b. failure to establish and maintain an appropriate
airspeed.
c. excessive variations of altitude and heading when
a constant altitude and heading are specified.
d. use of too steep a bank angle.
e. rough or uncoordinated control technique.
f. faulty trim technique.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains flight at slow
airspeeds in straight-and-level flight, turns, climbs, and
descents from an instructional standpoint.
flight at slow airspeeds in straight-and-level flight, turns,
climbs, and descents.
FAA-S-8081-7B 2-28
Task B: High Rate of Descent and Recovery
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of high

rate of descent and recovery by describing—
a. related aerodynamic factors.
b. flight situations for the intentional use of a high rate
of descent and recovery.
c. flight situations leading to an inadvertent entry into
a high rate of descent.
d. recognition of a high rate of descent.
e. proper technique for an intentional power-on and
power-off entry.
f. use of height velocity chart in determining minimum
recovery altitude.
g. proper technique for a power-on and power-off
recovery.
to high rate of descent and recovery by describing—
a. improper entry technique.
b. failure to recognize a high rate of descent.
c. improper use of controls during recovery.
d. initiation of recovery below minimum recovery altitude.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains high rate of
descent and recovery from an instructional standpoint.
high rate of descent and recovery.
2-29 FAA-S-8081-7B
XI. Ground Reference Maneuvers
Task A: Rectangular Course


rectangular course by describing—
a. how to select a suitable altitude.
b. how to select a suitable ground reference with
consideration given to emergency landing areas.
c. orientation, division of attention, and planning.
d. airspeed prior to entry.
e. relationship of a rectangular course to an airport traffic
pattern.
f. wind drift correction.
g. how to maintain desired altitude, airspeed, and
distance from ground reference boundaries.
h. timing of turn entries and rollouts.
i. coordination of flight controls.
to a rectangular course by describing—
a. poor planning, orientation, or division of attention.
b. uncoordinated flight control application.
c. improper correction for wind drift.
d. failure to maintain selected altitude or airspeed.
e. selection of a ground reference where there is no
suitable emergency landing area within gliding
distance.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a rectangular
course from an instructional standpoint.
a rectangular course.
Task B: S-Turns Across a Road
FAA-S-8081-7B 2-30
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of S-turns
across a road by describing—
b. how to select a suitable ground reference line with
e. entry technique.
g. tracking of semicircles of equal radii on either side of
the selected ground reference line.
h. how to maintain desired altitude and airspeed.
i. turn reversal over the ground reference line.
j. coordination of flight controls.
to S-turns across a road by describing—
a. faulty entry technique.
b. poor planning, orientation, or division of attention.
c. uncoordinated flight control application.
d. improper correction for wind drift.
e. an unsymmetrical ground track.
f. failure to maintain selected altitude and/or airspeed.
g. selection of a ground reference line where there is
no suitable emergency landing area within gliding
distance.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains S-turns across
a road from an instructional standpoint.
S-turns across a road.
Task C: Turns Around a Point
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of turns

around a point by describing—
b. how to select a suitable ground reference point with
e. entry technique.
2-31 FAA-S-8081-7B
g. how to maintain desired altitude, airspeed, and
distance from the reference point.
h. coordination of flight controls.
to turns around a point by describing—
a. faulty entry technique.
b. poor planning, orientation, or division of attention.
c. uncoordinated flight control application.
d. improper correction for wind drift.
e. failure to maintain selected altitude and/or airspeed.
f. selection of a ground reference point where there
is no suitable emergency landing area within gliding
distance.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains turns around a
point from an instructional standpoint.
turns around a point.
FAA-S-8081-7B 2-32
XII. Emergency Operations
Task A: Lift-Off at Low Airspeed and High Angle of

Attack
Note: This maneuver may be tested orally at the discretion of the
examiner.


lift-off at low airspeed and high angle of attack by
describing—
b. alignment with takeoff path.
c. initial positioning of flight controls.
d. prerotation of rotor blades (if applicable).
e. proper RPM prior to brake release.
f. a power setting that simulates a “behind the power
curve” situation.
g. directional control during acceleration.
h. rotation prior to normal lift-off airspeed.
i. decision to abort or continue takeoff.
j. establishment of a normal climb.
k. track during climb.
l. use of checklist.
to lift-off at low airspeed and high angle of attack by
describing—
c. use of a power setting that does not simulate a “behind
the power curve” situation.
d. inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.
e. poor directional control.
f. rotation at a speed that is inappropriate for the
maneuver.
g. poor judgment in determining whether to abort or
continue takeoff.
h. failure to establish and maintain proper climb
attitude and airspeed, if takeoff is continued.
2-33 FAA-S-8081-7B
i. drift during climb.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a lift-off at low
airspeed and high angle of attack from an instructional
standpoint.
a lift-off at low airspeed and high angle of attack.
Task B: Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated)

an emergency approach and landing by describing—
a. prompt establishment of the best-glide airspeed.
b. how to select a suitable emergency landing area.
c. planning and execution of approach to the selected
landing area.
d. importance of attempting to determine reason for
the malfunction.
e. importance of dividing attention between flying the
approach and accomplishing emergency checklist.
f. techniques that can be used to compensate for
undershooting or overshooting the selected emergency
landing area.
to an emergency approach and landing by describing—
a. improper airspeed control.
b. poor judgment in the selection of an emergency
landing area.
c. failure to estimate approximate wind direction and
speed.
d. failure to fly the most suitable pattern for existing
situation.
e. undershooting or overshooting selected emergency
landing area.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains an emergency
approach with a simulated engine failure from an
an emergency approach with a simulated engine failure.
FAA-S-8081-7B 2-34
Task C: Systems and Equipment Malfunctions

knowledge of the elements related to systems and
equipment malfunctions by describing recommended
pilot action, appropriate to the gyroplane used for the
practical test, in the event of:
1. Smoke or fire during ground or flight operations.

2. Engine malfunction.
3. Oil/fuel system malfunction.
4. Hydraulic system malfunction.
5. Electrical system malfunction.
6. Carburetor or induction icing.
7. Trim system malfunction.
8. Landing gear malfunction.
9. Any other system or equipment malfunction.
Task D: Ground Resonance

knowledge of the elements related to ground
resonance by describing:
1. Aerodynamics involved, and association with, a fully

articulated rotor system.
2. Conditions that are conducive to development of ground
resonance.
3. Preventive actions used during takeoffs and landings on
different surfaces.
Task E: Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear
Reference: Gyroplane Flight Manual.

knowledge of the elements related to emergency
equipment and survival gear appropriate to the
gyroplane used for the practical test by describing:
1. Locations in the gyroplane.

2. Method of operation or use.
3. Servicing.
4. Storage.
2-35 FAA-S-8081-7B
5. Equipment and gear appropriate for operation in various
climates, over various types of terrain, and over water.
FAA-S-8081-7B 2-36
Task A: After-Landing and Securing

References: FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-21, AC 91-32; FAA-S-
8081-15, FAA-S-8081-16; Gyroplane Flight Manual.
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of after-

landing and securing by describing—
a. proper technique for parking.
b. proper procedure for engine shutdown and securing
cockpit.
c. method used to secure rotor blades.
d. safety concerns for passenger(s) when exiting.
e. postflight inspection to include use of checklist.
f. refueling procedures, including safety concerns.
to after-landing and securing by describing—
a. hazards resulting from failure to follow recommended
procedures.
b. failure to conduct a postflight inspection and use a
checklist.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains after-landing
and securing from an instructional standpoint.
after-landing and securing.
2-37 FAA-S-8081-7B

Flight Instructor Practical Test Standards For Rotorcraft (Helicopter & Gyroplane)

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FAA-S-8081-7B

U.S. Department (with Changes 1, 2, & 3)

Flight Standards Service

Flight Standards Service

Joseph K Tintera, Manager

The Flight Standards Service of the Federal Aviation Administration

The FAA gratefully acknowledges the valuable assistance provided by

Standards Service web site.

This PTS is published by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal

Flight Instructor Practical Test Book Description

FAA-S-8081-6, Flight Instructor—Airplane (Single-Engine and

FAA-S-8081-8, Flight Instructor—Glider

FAA-S-8081-9, Flight Instructor—Instrument (Airplane and Helicopter)

FAA-S-8081-11, Flight Instructor—Lighter-Than-Air (Balloon and

The Flight Instructor Practical Test Standards include the Areas of

Initial Flight Instructor Certification

Addition of Aircraft Category and/or Class Ratings to a Flight

Tasks are titles of knowledge areas, flight procedures, or maneuvers

Note is used to emphasis special considerations required in the Area of

Reference identifies the publication(s) that describes the Task. Descriptions

CFR part 1 Definitions and Abbreviations

1. instructional knowledge of the elements of a Task. This is

Special Emphasis Areas

1. positive aircraft control;

Use of the Practical Test Standards Book

The examiner shall place special emphasis on the applicant's demonstrated

Flight Instructor Practical Test Prerequisites

1. have reached the age of 18 years;

An applicant holding a flight instructor certificate who applies for an

1. hold an effective pilot certificate with ratings appropriate to the

1. have fully functioning dual controls except as provided in 14 CFR

Because of the impact of their teaching activities in developing safe,

1. able to make a practical application of the fundamentals of

effective flight instruction; and

Positive Exchange of Flight Controls

1. ability to apply the fundamentals of instructing;

An examiner may accept, at his or her discretion, a logbook endorsement

to the applicant’s competence in these tasks. The following areas must

trained, and documented in the endorsement, as evidence of instructional

This logbook endorsement may be accepted, at the discretion of the

1. knowledge of the fundamentals of instructing;

1. failure to perform a procedure or maneuver to the Commercial

Aeronautical Decision Making and Risk Management

Single-Pilot Resource Management

Flight Instructor Rotorcraft – Helicopter

Practical Test Standards

Flight Instructor Certificate and Rating Held

Note: If an applicant holds more than one rating on a flight instructor

II Task L and 1 other Task

VIII 2 Takeoffs and 2 Landings

The renewal or reinstatement of one rating on a Flight Instructor

Examiner’s Name: ____________________________________

Applicant’s Name: ____________________________________

Note: The examiner shall select at least tasks E and F.

Task A: The Learning Process

Objective: To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional

1. The definition and characteristics of learning.

1. Control of human behavior.