Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 52 views

    Threads: by Salman Memon 2K12/IT/109 University of Sindh Jamshoro

    Uploaded by

    P Vs
    This document discusses threads and threading models. It defines a thread as the basic unit of CPU utilization contained within a process that can share resources with other threads in the same process. There are three main threading models: many-to-one maps many user threads to one kernel thread, one-to-one maps each user thread to a kernel thread, and many-to-many multiplexes user threads to kernel threads. Common thread libraries include POSIX threads for UNIX systems and Win32 threads for Windows.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Threads: by Salman Memon 2K12/IT/109 University of Sindh Jamshoro

    Uploaded by

    P Vs
    52 views16 pages
    This document discusses threads and threading models. It defines a thread as the basic unit of CPU utilization contained within a process that can share resources with other threads in the same process. There are three main threading models: many-to-one maps many user threads to one kernel thread, one-to-one maps each user thread to a kernel thread, and many-to-many multiplexes user threads to kernel threads. Common thread libraries include POSIX threads for UNIX systems and Win32 threads for Windows.

    Original Title

    threads-160101093643

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses threads and threading models. It defines a thread as the basic unit of CPU utilization contained within a process that can share resources with other threads in the same process. There are three main threading models: many-to-one maps many user threads to one kernel thread, one-to-one maps each user thread to a kernel thread, and many-to-many multiplexes user threads to kernel threads. Common thread libraries include POSIX threads for UNIX systems and Win32 threads for Windows.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    52 views16 pages

    Threads: by Salman Memon 2K12/IT/109 University of Sindh Jamshoro

    Uploaded by

    P Vs
    This document discusses threads and threading models. It defines a thread as the basic unit of CPU utilization contained within a process that can share resources with other threads in the same process. There are three main threading models: many-to-one maps many user threads to one kernel thread, one-to-one maps each user thread to a kernel thread, and many-to-many multiplexes user threads to kernel threads. Common thread libraries include POSIX threads for UNIX systems and Win32 threads for Windows.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 16

    BY SALMAN MEMON

    2K12/IT/109
    UNIVERSITY OF SINDH
    JAMSHORO

    THREADS
    INTRODUCTION
    A thread is contained inside a Process and threads
    process and different threads
    in the same process share
    some resources (most
    commonly memory), while
    different processes do not.
    INTRODUCTION
    A thread is a basic unit of CPU utilization, consisting of a
    program counter, a stack, and a set of registers, ( and a
    thread ID. )
    On a single processor, multithreading generally
    occurs by as in multitasking, the processor switches
    between different threads.
    On a multiprocessor or multi-core system, the threads
    or tasks actually do run at the same time, with each
    processor or core running a particular thread or task
    SINGLE AND MULTI
    THREAD
    Single Thread
    ◦Has single thread of control
    ◦It allows the process to perform only 1 task at a time.
    Multi thread
    ◦Has many threads
    ◦Simultaneous execution of different task
    BENEFITS
    Take less time to create a new tread than a process.
    Less time to terminate a tread than a presses.
    less time to switch between two treads within the same process.
    Hence treads within the same process share memory and files,
    they can communicate with each other without invoking the
    kernel.
    Responsiveness.
    Resource sharing .
    Economy.
    Utilization of MP Architectures.
    User Threads
    Thread management done by user-level threads
    library
    ◦Thread creation, scheduling, are done in user level
    Fast to create and manage
    Drawback:
    ◦If kernel is single thread, then user level thread performing a
    blocking system call will cause entire process to block
    KERNEL THREAD
    Supported by OS
    ◦Thread creation, scheduling, are done in user level by kernel
    Thread management is performed by os, thus kernel
    thread are slow.
    If thread perform blocking system call, kernel can
    schedule another thread in application for execution
    Multithreading Models
    (In a specific implementation, the user threads must
    be mapped to kernel threads, using one of the
    following strategies. )

    Many-to-One

    One-to-One

    Many-to-Many
    MANY-TO-ONE
    many user-level threads are all
    mapped onto a single kernel thread.
    Thread management is handled by
    the thread library in user space,
    which is very efficient.
    if a blocking system call is made, then
    the entire process blocks, even if the
    other user threads would otherwise
    be able to continue.
    Ex: Green threads for Solaris and GNU
    Portable
    ONE-TO-ONE MODEL
    Each user-level thread maps to kernel thread
    Allow anther thread to run if block
    Run parallel
    Drawback: along with user thread kernel thread shld be
    created.
    Ex: Linux and Windows from 95 to XP
    MANY-TO-MANY
    The many-to-many model multiplexes
    any number of user threads onto an
    equal or smaller number of kernel
    threads, combining the best features of
    the one-to-one and many-to-one
    models.
    Blocking kernel system calls do not
    block the entire process.
    Individual processes may be allocated
    variable numbers of kernel threads,
    depending on the number of CPUs
    present and other factors.
    Ex: RIX, HP-UX, and Tru64 UNIX
    Thread Libraries
    Thread libraries provide programmers with an API for
    creating and managing threads.
    Thread libraries may be implemented either in user space
    or in kernel space.
    There are three main thread libraries in use today:
     POSIX Pthreads .
    Win32 threads.
    Java threads .
    Pthreads
    May be provided either as user-level or kernel-level.

    A POSIX standard (IEEE 1003.1c) API for thread creation and


    synchronization.

    API specifies behavior of the thread library, implementation is up


    to development of the library.

    Common in UNIX operating systems (Solaris, Linux, Mac OS X).


    Linux Threads
    Linux refers to them as tasks rather than threads.
    Thread creation is done through clone() system
    call.
    clone() allows a child task to share the address
    space of the parent task (process).

    You might also like