Detail Design and Advanced Analysis of e PDF

CIVIL
"DETAIL DESIGN AND ADVANCED ANALYSIS OF

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT HOSPITAL BUILDING AT
LEKHNATH”
A project submitted to the
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT HOSPITAL BUILDING AT LEKHNATH
FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

POKHARA UNIVERSITY
For the partial fulfillment of the Degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering

awarded by
Pokhara University
Under the supervision of
Asso.prof.Dr.Govinda Prasad Lamichhane
2014
Prepared by
Mahesh Raj Bhatt (11520412 )
Mukesh Kumar Swarnkar (11520414 )
Raju Khatri ( 11520422)
Ram Krishna Acharya(11480068 )
Sadhana Tiwari(11520430)
Sanju Sharma (11520431)
Sundar Adhikari (11520436)
2014
ABSTRACT
This project mainly focuses on earthquake resistant building design and is titled as
DETAIL DESIGN AND ADVANCED ANALYSIS OF EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANT HOSPITAL BUILDING AT LEKHNATH”. This project is prepared
as per the syllabus of 8th semester prescribed by Pokhara University. This report
includes all the works related to analysis, design, drawing and structural detailing of
earthquake resistant hospital building.
Manual analysis and design of each critical frame was done block wise and overall
structural analysis and design was done using designing tools.
Here, we mainly focused on structural analysis and design of multi storied frame
structure. Materials properties are assumed as per the common practice and soil
bearing capacity is also assumed suitably. The design of elements was done by using
limit state design philosophy which is economic, safe and reliable. The designing tools
used in this project are SAP2000,AUTOCAD and STAAD.pro.
Due to unavailability of time only manual calculation of the design of critical member
is presented here. The analysis, design and detailing of other structural members can
be carried out following the same procedure. Earthquake forces are applied as per IS
1893:2002
I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are highly indebted to the help of our project supervisor Dr. Govinda Prasad
Lamichhane, Dean, Faculty of Science and Technology, Pokhara University.It
would have been impossible to accomplish this project without his valuable
suggestion.
We wish thanks to All faculties of SOE Pokhara Uniiversity for providing support
during the project period. We wish thanks to all classmates and staff of SOE who
helped us to carry out this project.
Finally, we want to express our heartily thanks to all those who directly or indirectly
provided us their cooperation in the completion of this project.
At last but not the least, we also have high sense of appreciation to our own project
group for a unit co-ordination among the group during the project work.
Team Members
Mahesh Raj Bhatt
Mukesh Kumar Swarnkar
Raju Khatri
Ram Krishna Acharya
Sadhana Tiwari
Sanju Sharma
Sundar Adhikari
II
PREFACE
The project is entitled " DETAIL DESIGN AND ADVANCED ANALYSIS OF

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT HOSPITAL BUILDING AT LEKHNATH."As
per the title this project guides us towards a comprehensive and efficient method of
designing of hospital building structurally serviceable. It provides a great idea and
knowledge of building analysis, design of structural members and sectional
drawings.The theoretical knowledge that we acquire during these four years of Civil
Engineering course is practically used in this project.
This project surely help us to design the safe, economic stable and efficient
structure.The design of earthquake resistant building is mostly needed
nowadays.Earthquake resistant design helps to minimize the loss of lives and structure
itself during seismic disasters.
This project work also helped us to develop co-operation and coordination for the
long-term work and getting through the problems effectively.
To reduce the volume of the report sample calculations are provided in detail.
Numerous figures and sketches have been introduced to illustrate the theories.
References to the appropriate clauses of standard codes of practices have been made
wherever necessary.
We were very glad to work under the guidance of our project supervisor
Asso.Prof.Dr.Govinda Prasad Lamichhane who always guided us with valuable tips
while tackling the problem and gave great knowledge of structural engineering.
We have tried our best to make the report error free.We are sorry for any mistakes and
misprints.Any comments and critics are highly appreciated.
III
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background .............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Why Hospital Building ............................................................................................ 1
1.3 Literature Review..................................................................................................... 1
1.4 Objective of the project ............................................................................................ 2
1.5 Limitation of the Project .......................................................................................... 2
1.6 Project Description................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................. 5
2.1 Preliminary design ................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Preliminary vertical load analysis ............................................................................ 5
2.3 End-Moments in Beams ........................................................................................... 5
2.3.1 Mid-Span Moments in Beams .......................................................................... 5
2.3.2 Column-End Moments ...................................................................................... 6
2.4 Preliminary lateral load analysis .............................................................................. 6
2.4.1 Preliminary load analysis of beam and column ................................................ 6
2.5 Analysis.................................................................................................................... 7
2.6 Gravity load ............................................................................................................. 7
2.7 Dead Loads .............................................................................................................. 7
2.8 Live Loads ............................................................................................................... 8
2.8.1 Eccentricity of Vertical Loads .......................................................................... 8
2.8.2 Earthquake Load ............................................................................................... 8
2.8.3 Other Loads ....................................................................................................... 9
2.8.4 Lateral Loads .................................................................................................... 9
2.8.5 Estimation of Earthquake Loads ....................................................................... 9
CHAPTER 3 EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING & SEISMOLOGY ......................... 12
3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 12
3.2 Causes of Earthquake ............................................................................................. 14
3.3 Seismicity of a Region ........................................................................................... 14
3.4 Intensity of Earthquake .......................................................................................... 15
3.5 Magnitude of Earthquake ....................................................................................... 15
3.6 Centre of Mass (C.M.) ........................................................................................... 15
3.7 Centre of Stiffness (C.S) ........................................................................................ 15
3.8 Types of Earthquake .............................................................................................. 16
3.8.1 Recent earthquake in Nepal ............................................................................ 16
3.8.2 Effects due to Earthquakes.............................................................................. 16
Direct Effects ....................................................................................................... 17
IV
Indirect affects/Consequential Phenomena .......................................................... 17
3.8.3 General Goals in Earthquake-Resistant Design and Construction ................. 18
CHAPTER 4 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND PROGRAM ................................. 19
4.1 Analysis.................................................................................................................. 19
4.2 Load combination .................................................................................................. 19
4.3 SAP 2000 ............................................................................................................... 20
Applications ......................................................................................................... 20
Sap Calculations................................................................................................... 20
Sap Analysis Monitor .......................................................................................... 21
SAP Tables........................................................................................................... 21
4.4 Auto-CAD .............................................................................................................. 21
Objectives of Auto-CAD ..................................................................................... 21
4.5 IS: 456-2000........................................................................................................... 21
4.6 SP-16 ...................................................................................................................... 22
CHAPTER 5 LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS .......................................................... 23
5.1 Lump Mass Calculation ......................................................................................... 23
5.1.1 Wall Load Calculation .................................................................................... 23
3.1.2 Lumped Mass of Beam .................................................................................. 24
5.1.3 Lumped Mass of Colum.................................................................................. 26
5.1.4 Lumped Mass of Slab ..................................................................................... 28
5.1.5 Lumped Mass of Wall ..................................................................................... 29
CHAPTER 6 DESIGN OF SLAB .............................................................................. 32
6.1 Design of slab ........................................................................................................ 32
6.1.1 One long edge discontinuous (7m*5m) .............................................................. 32
6.1.2 Interior panel (6m*5m) ....................................................................................... 36
CHAPTER 7 DESIGN OF BEAM ............................................................................. 42
7.1 Beam ...................................................................................................................... 42
7.2 Flow chart of beam design ..................................................................................... 44
7.2.1 Design of Beam............................................................................................. 45
CHAPTER 8 DESIGN OF COLUMN .............................................................. 48
8.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 48
8.2 𝐂𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐧 𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦 𝐀𝐱𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 from SAP .................................. 49
CAHAPTER 9 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE .......................................................... 55
9.1 STAIRCASE .......................................................................................................... 55
9.2 INTRODUCTION OF STAIRCASE .................................................................... 55
9.2.1. TYPES OF STAIRCASE ......................................................................... 55
9.3 DESIGN CONSIDERATION ............................................................................... 55
V
9.4 Staircase design ...................................................................................................... 56
9.5 Second staircase design.......................................................................................... 62
CHAPTER 10 DESIGN OF FOOTING ............................................................... 66
10.1 Raft foundation of one critical block was analyzed ............................................. 66
CHAPTER 11 CONCLUSION ................................................................................. 71
CHAPTER 12 DRAWINGS ................................................................................... 72
CHAPTER 13 BIBLOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES ........................................ 73
VI
List of Abbreviations
Symbols and Description
Ac = Area of concrete
Ag = Gross area of the section
Ast = Area of the tensile section
Ast1 = Area of balanced tensile steel
Ast2 = Area of tensile steel in excess of the balanced steel
Asc = Area of compression steel
Asv = Area of vertical stirrups
BM = Bending moment
b = Breadth of beam or shorter dimension of rectangular column also the breadth of
unit length of slab
bf = Effective width of flange section
bw = Breadth of the web in T or L section
C = Coefficient depending upon the flexibility of the structures that depend on number
of storey and time period (t)
D = Overall depth of the beam or slab longer dimension of column
DL = Dead load
Φ = Diameter of the bar
d = Effective depth of the slab
d’= Effective cover
Df =Thickness of the flange T or L section
emin =Minimum eccentricity
ex, ey=Eccentricity about X and Y axis respectively
EL= Earthquake load
Ec= Youngs modulus of elasticity of concrete
Es =Young’s modulus of elasticity of steel
σmax= Maximum stress
σmin =Minimum stress
σck= Characteristics compressive strength of concrete
σy= Characteristics yield strength of steel
σsc =Design stress in compression steel at the level of centroid of compression steel
VII
σcc=Design stress in concrete at the level of centroid of compression
I =Importance factor of the structure
Ix, Iy= Moment of inertia about X and Y axis respectively
hi= Height of the first floor above base of the frame
K = Performance factor depending upon the structural framing system and for
brittleness or
ductility of the construction
leff =Effective length of element
lx= Span of the slab in the shorter direction
ly =Span of the slab in the longer direction
l = Unsupported length or clear span of elements
Lo= Distance between points of inflection
LL = Live load
Mu =Factored moment, designed moment for limit state design
Mu,lim=Maximum uni-axial moment capacity of the section with axial load
Mux = Factored moment axis about X-X axis
Muy= Factored moment axis about Y-Y axis
Mux1= Maximum uni-axial moment capacity of the section with axial load, bending
about maximum uni-axial moment capacity of the section with axial load,
bending about X-axis
Muy1= Maximum uni-axial moment capacity of the section with axial load, bending
about maximum uni-axial moment capacity of the section with axial load,
bending about Y- axis
P = Axial load in the element
Pu= factored axial load, designed axial load for the limit state design
Pc = Percentage of compression reinforcement
Pt=Percentage of tension reinforcement
Po =Perimeter
Qi =Base shear distributed in the ith floor
Sv= Spacing of stirrup
S = Spacing of the main bar
T =Estimated natural or fundamental time period of the building in seconds
V = Shear force
Vu =Design shear force for limit state, factored shear force
VIII
Vus=Strength of shear reinforcement in the limit state design
Vb=Total base shear
Wi =Lump load on the ith floor
Xu=Depth of the natural axis at the limit state of the collapse
Xu,max=Maximum depth of the neutral axis in the limit state design
Zx, Zy= Section modulus along respective axis
Ah=Design horizontal seismic coefficient
αo=Basic horizontal seismic coefficient
αx, αy =Coefficient for moment in slab
𝜏bd=Design bond stress
𝜏c=Shear strength of concrete
𝜏c’ =Maximum shear strength of concrete with shear reinforcement
𝜏v= Nominal shear stress
IX
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Simply building means the place where we live. Building provides us the space to do
works, reflects the social, economical, cultural and other aspects of the whole area.
Once a building is constructed, it remains for several years. So, it is utmost important
to have a good planning before constructing any building.
The growth of population in the world especially in major cities has created many
problems of land settlement. So, it is necessary to build multi-storeyed building.
Hospital is a place where treatment for sick people is available. The rapid
development in the field of technology not only benefitted us but it also arises many
problems. The people of this modern age suffers from many diseases. For the
treatment of these diseases, it is necessary to construct hospital building at many
places.
Nepal is disaster prone country. The various causes for the disaster are landslides
epidemic and fires which causes considerable losses to life and property in Nepal
every year. But out of this entire earthquake is most devastating through it is not so
frequent. Nepal is a seismic prone country and the risk it faces from earthquake is very
high. So, the design of earthquake resistance structure is important.
1.2 Why Hospital Building

Lekhnath is the beautiful city of seven lakes situated in the lap of seti river and Mount
Machhapuchhre. This is a highly populated city having better facilities in various
fieids.But we have seen the lack of health facilities in this place. The people here have
to travel Pokhara, which is about 20 km far from Pokhara in seek of health facilities.
So we feel the importance to design and analyze the hospital building in this beautiful
city as final year project for partial fulfillment of bachelor degree in civil
Engineering..
1.3 Literature Review

This chapter presents an overview of previous work on related topics that provide the
necessary background for the purpose of this research. The literature review
1
concentrates on a range of earthquake engineering topics and structural modelling
aspects. For the understanding of seismic capacity, a review of literature is required in
experimental testing, current design practice, theoretical strength evaluation and
modelling techniques such as finite element modelling. The literature review begins
with a coverage of general earthquake engineering topics, which serves to set the
context of the research. Following are the few topics we reviewed during our project
work.
1.4 Objective of the project

The main aim of project work under the title is to acquire knowledge and skill with an
emphasis on practical application. Besides the utilization of analytical methods and
design; approaches, exposures and application of various available codes of practice is
another aim of the work The project work will assist in gaining knowledge about
detail analysis and design of framed structure and develops confidence.
The main objectives of the project are :
1. To design an earthquake resistant multistory hospital building.

2. To Analyze the building Manually using approximate method of analysis.
3. To analyze the structure using structural analysis program.
4. To compare software analysis with manaual analysis.
5. To prepare the detail structural and architectural drawing of the building..
6. To design economically feasible and structurally safe building.
The 8 storied hospital building including one basement dealt here is located at
Dhungepatan, Lekhnath. This project deals with the various structural members of
hospital building. Design of various structural members such as slab, beam, column,
footing and staircase are done in sequential manner in this project work.
Concept of space allocation for Ramp and lift is also a part of this project. This project
comprises of the method of analysis, design and the working drawings details.
1.5 Limitation of the Project

The major goal of this project is to learn and develop the skill of structural analysis
and design. Although the project work is an academic one, every effort has been made
for the project work as practicable as possible. We expect that the project report will
2
prove to be helpful in the design of similar type of structure such as commercial
complexes, residential buildings, hospitals, administrative buildings, commercials
malls etc.
There are some criteria within which the scope of the project is limited which is listed
below :
1. This project work is limited to the structural analysis and the design only.
2. Design and layout of the building services like water supply
pipelines,electrical appliances, sanitary and sewage are not covered.
3. Design of parking facilities is not concerned in this project, hower basement
floor can be used as parking space.
4. Soil survey is not carried out for the bearing capacity of the soil.
5. The environmental, socio-economic condition of that locality is not taken into
consideration.
6. Cost estimate of the project is not included in this report.
1.6 Project Description

The proposed building is the hospital building at Dhungepatan, Lekhnath. It provides
health services to the people . The general feature of this building are as follow.
1. Type of building : Hospital Building

2. Location : Dhungepatan, Lekhnath, kaski
3. Structure system : RCC frame structure
4. plinth area : 3890.7 sqm.
5. No. of storey : Eight storey including one basement floor.
6. Floor to floor height : 3.6 m for all floors
7. Types of Slab : Two way Slab
8. Types of Beam : Rectangular (600mm×400mm) for two block part II,
(500mm×350mm) for four block partI,III and IV.
9. Types of Column : Square (600×600mm), (500mm×500mm)
10. Types of Foundation : Raft Foundation
11. Type of Staircase : Dog-legged staircase
12. Materials : Cement, Brick, Sand, Rebar etc.
13. Characteristic strength of
3
Concrete : M30
Steel grade (fy) : Fe415
14. Space management and SAP modeling of ramp and Lift.
Two ramp and four lift.
Note: as our project , hospital building contains dimension longer than 30.0 m. so
provision of expansion joint is done. So our hospital building contains six blocks
named partI ,partII(two), partIII and partIV (two).
4
CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY
Load calculation is done using IS 456:2000 and IS 1983(part I):2002 as reference. The
exact value of unit weight of materials from code is used in calculation. Thickness of
section is taken as per design requirements.
2.1 Preliminary design

For slab preliminary design is done according to deflection criteria. Thumb rule basis
is adopted to consider the preliminary design of beam section. Preliminary design of
column is done considering an interior column. For load acting in the column, live
load decrease according to IS 456:2000. However the rectangular column is generally
preferred in the building structure, hence rectangular column section is adopted in this
building project. Preliminary design of column is done considering an interior column.
2.2 Preliminary vertical load analysis

For preliminary design of continuous beams or one way slabs, the moment and shear
coefficient as given in IS: 456, table 7 and 8 could be adopted. However, in rigid
frames, the beams are monolithic with columns and the rotation of joints causes’
elastic distribution fixed end moments at the ends of the beams. Consequently, the
final beam end moments are usually smaller than fixed ended beams. As a guide, the
following quick assessment of the design moment is suggested.
2.3 End-Moments in Beams

Determine fixed-end moments for DL& LL, taking the clear span. Use the same for
design, except at the external end-beams, where the design moment could be taken to
be about of the fixed end moment, except that for the top beam where the end-
moment should be taken as of the fixed-end moment.
2.3.1 Mid-Span Moments in Beams

Determine the free-span moment at mid span, again taking the clear span length. Use
half of the value for the design of positive steel.
5
2.3.2 Column-End Moments
Neglect such moments in internal columns. In the external column, the moment at
each end may be taken as of the fixed end moment of the beam connected, except
for at the top end of the top-storey column.
2.4 Preliminary lateral load analysis

Here, due to diaphragm action of the floor, the whole building acts as one unit. At the
preliminary stage, if there is no shear wall, the lateral load may be assumed to be
shared equally by all the frames (no difference between the internal and end-frames),
so that analysis is quickly performed frame-by-frame. For quick analysis, methods
which convert the rigid frames in to statically determinate frames by making suitable
assumptions about location of points of contra-flexure in beams and columns and
about the distribution of shear in columns or the cantilevers action for overturning
forces are used.
2.4.1 Preliminary load analysis of beam and column

The loads are to be combined as per IS: 456-354 explained here above, using the
appropriate partial safety factors (psf) for the loads. For each critical section, four
values of the factored and combined moments will be obtained. The sections are to be
designed for the largest values. For designing the sections of the beams and columns,
the design aids SP: 16 will be found to be very useful, particularly for columns
subjected to combined axial load and bending. The following remarks will be useful in
choosing the sections.
 Too many variations in the sizes of the beams and columns, widths and depths
are not desirable from both aesthetic and economic point of view. It is
common to adopt widths and columns and vary their depths to some extent as
required.
6
 Frequently the column vertical steel may clash with the longitudinal steel of
beams crossing it from one or two directions. Also the requirements of the
clear cover for columns and beams in the codes are usually different. It may be
useful to keep columns wider than the beams and the nos. of bar is kept, even
in column and odd in beam or vice-versa so that the bars of the beam pass
through the gaps in the bars of the column.
At the preliminary stage, detailed calculation of reinforcements may be superfluous,

but it will be good to know the maximum steel required to check that it lies within a
reasonable percentage of the concrete section and can be located in it without
congestion.
The section work out as a result of preliminary design should now be recorded,
discussed with the architect and finalized before undertaking the further final analysis
which is time consuming as well as more expensive.
Loading pattern from slab to beam is obtained by drawing 450 offset lines from each
corner. Then obtained trapezoidal as well as triangular loading are converted into
equivalent UDL as described in respective section.
2.5 Analysis
Structural grids are analyzed from different load combinations as mentioned above.
The entire grids are for the calculation manually.
2.6 Gravity load

Live load due to occupants and self weight of structural elements is taken to the
calculations of gravity load.
2.7 Dead Loads

The correct assessment and calculation of dead loads is the most important first step.
This can be done precisely if the architectural drawings are complete and include the
roof, ramps, ceiling, floor and wall finishes, parapets and railings, overhead water
storage tanks place on the roof: position, thickness and specification of fixed
partitions, panel walls, cladding walls etc. Often after-thoughts alterations and
7
additions result in the overloading of certain 10 components or the re-design of the
structure. Such situations should be avoided by careful initial planning.
The correct sizes of structural member i.e. slab beams and columns, cannot be
ascertained before the structural the structural analysis and design are finalized. Thus,
some sizes need to be assigned by experience and architectural to begin with, checked
and modified during preliminary design and finalized during detailed analysis and
checking.
2.8 Live Loads

These are to chosen from the cods such as IS: 875(part 2) for various occupancies and
IS: 875 (part 4) for snow load conditions were required. These codes permit certain
modifications in the load intensities where vary large contributory areas are involved
or when the building consist of large number of storey. For economy design such
reduction should be utilized. Lateral and vertical loads on parapets and railings and
higher load intensities on entrance halls, stairs must be duly considered. It will be
useful to mark the design load classes for intensities on small plans of the building to
begin with.
2.8.1 Eccentricity of Vertical Loads

When transferring the loads from the parapets, partition wall, cladding walls etc. to the
supporting beams and columns, the eccentricity associated with this loads should be
properly considered. In the case of rigid frames of reinforced concrete, such
eccentricities will produce externally applied joint moments similar to those arising
from projecting cantilevers and this should be included in the frame analysis.
2.8.2 Earthquake Load

This load on a structure is a function of the site- dependent probable maximum
earthquake intensity or strong ground motion on the local soil, the stiffness, damping,
the strength and energy dissipation characteristics of the building, and orientation in
relation to the incident seismic waves. For design purpose, the resultant effects are
usually represented by the horizontal and vertical seismic coefficient αh and αv.
Alternative, a dynamic analysis of the building is required under the action of the
specified ground motion or design response spectra. Since the probable maximum
earthquake occurrences are not to frequent, designing buildings for such earthquake so
8
as to ensure that they remain elastic and damage-free is not considered economically
prudent. Instead, reliance is placed on kinetic energy dissipation in the structure
through plastic deformation of elements and joints. The design forces are reduced
accordingly. Thus, the philosophy of a seismic design is to obtain a no- collapse
structure rather than a no-damage structure. This is a sound economic proportion for
not only the poor and developing countries, but even for the developed only as well.
To achieve a greater degree of protection, the critical and important buildings are
designed for higher seismic factors by using an importance factor, I Also the effect of
local soil and type of foundation is considered by another factor, β. Since buildings
with different structural system have down varied behavior during past earthquake, a
performance factor, k, is also introduced.
Thus, there is lot of possibility of variation is specifying the design seismic values for
the building in various seismic countries of the world and Nepal has to make a choice
depending on her economical situation, skills is design her construction practices.
2.8.3 Other Loads

Other loads no explained in this section can be assessed using IS: 875 (Part 5), or
other appropriate standards
2.8.4 Lateral Loads

Lateral load acting in the building is earthquake load and wind load. But in the context
of this building project, wind load is not severing, hence only seismic load is carried
out.
2.8.5 Estimation of Earthquake Loads

At the preliminary stage, the design seismic lateral forces may be worked out based on
pseudo-seismic coefficients of design response spectra using an approximate
fundamental natural period of the building using simple empirical expression (refer to
IS : 1893-1894 sections 3,4 and clause 4.2.1.1 notes 1,2).Seismic coefficient method
considers the calculation of base shear of the building considering different factors. It
also considers each storey as lumped mass system and distributes the base shear to all
lumped mass systems.
The base shear, Vb= Ah *W
9
Where,
Ah=Design horizontal acceleration spectrum value.
𝑍∗I∗S
Ah= 2∗R∗ga
Z=Zone factor (Refer IS 1893 (part 1): 2002 table 2)

I=Importance factor depending upon functional use of the structure (table 6)
R =Response Reduction factor
Sa/g =Average response acceleration coefficient
W =Seismic weight of the building
The vertical distribution of base shear to different floor levels is given by the
expression:
𝑕𝑖 2
Qi = Vb * Wi *( ) 𝑕𝑖
∑W i ∗𝑕 𝑖 2
Where,
Qi =Design Lateral force at floor i,
Wi= Seismic weight of floor i,
hi= Height of the floor i, measured from base and
n= Number of storey in the building
10
Calculation of base shear
Seismic Base shear
Design seismic base shear
According to IS 1893(Part 1):2002 CI .No.6.4.2 the design horizontal seismic
coefficient Ah for a structure shall be determine by the following expression
𝑍𝐼𝑆
Ah = 2𝑅𝑔𝑎
Where,
Z= zone factor given by IS 1893(Part 1):2002 tabel 2, Here for zone V,Z=0.36
I= importance factor,I=1.5 for important service and hospital building (form table 6)
R= Response reduction factor given by IS 1893(Part 1):2002 tabel 7 ,
R=5.0
𝑆𝑎
= 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑕𝑖𝑐𝑕 depends on fundamental
𝑔
natural period of vibration(Ta).
According to IS 1893(Part 1):2002 CI. NO.7.6.1

𝑇 = 0.075𝐻 0.75 (for RCC Frame building )
Where,
H=height of building in m,
H=28.2 m
T=0.075𝐻 0.75 =0.075 ∗ 28.20.75 =0.918 Sec
According to IS 1893(Part 1):2002 CI.NO.6.4.4
𝑆𝑎
=1.819
𝑔
0.36∗1.5∗1.819
Now, Ah= =0.098
2∗5
Seismic Base shear for block (ii) (VB)=Ah*W =0.098*142720.3=13986.59 KN

Where W=seismic wt of building
11
CHAPTER 3 EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING & SEISMOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
An earthquake is a sudden movement of the Earth, caused by the abrupt release of
strain that has accumulated over a long time. Earthquakes last a few seconds but in
that time it can change people’s lives forever. Earthquake in Nepal is a fact of life and
we must accept this fact. We cannot prevent an earthquake from happening but we can
prepare for one.
Preparation saves lives and eases hardships during the aftermath. It therefore becomes
one’s responsibility to plan ahead and prepare for such an eventuality. Nepal is located
in between the two major tectonic plates namely Indian and Tibetan plates, which
have been moving towards each other for long time. It is recorded that plates move
inner with the speed of 2 cm per year. Most of the Nepali building is not Earthquake
Resistant. The Earthquake gone last year in Eastern part of Nepal damages some
residential building in hilly area like in Taplejung district.
Today we are challenging the assumption that earthquakes must present an

uncontrollable and unpredictable hazard to life and property. Scientists have begun to
estimate the locations and likelihoods of future damaging earthquakes. Sites of
greatest hazard are being identified, and definite progress is being made in designing
structures that will withstand the effects of earthquakes.
But we have to agree the fact that, Earthquake does not kill people but none properly
designed constructions do. Earthquake engineering is the study of the behavior of
buildings and structures subject to seismic loading. It is a subset of both structural and
civil engineering. Earthquake Engineering can be defined as the branch of engineering
devoted to mitigating earthquake hazards. In this broad sense, earthquake engineering
covers the investigation and solution of the problems created by damaging
earthquakes, and consequently the work involved in the practical application of these
solutions, i.e. in planning, designing, constructing and managing earthquake-resistant
structures and facilities.
12
Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves
through the Earth. The field also includes studies of earthquake effects, such as
tsunamis as well as diverse seismic sources such as volcanic, tectonic, oceanic,
atmospheric, and artificial processes (such as explosions).
Also, Earthquake is a natural phenomenon and it can neither be prevented nor be

forecasted. Earthquake causes several damages including loss of lives, property and
many indirect damages. Earthquake does not kill people but improperly designed and
constructed buildings do. For the safety of earthquake engineering and for proper
design and construction of structures in seismic active zones, one should have the
basic knowledge about internal structure of earth, seismicity of the place and related
region, generation of seismic waves, their types and their propagation inside as well as
on the earth surface, cause of earthquakes and their mechanisms, plate tectonics, type
of earthquakes, measurement of earthquakes, energy release during an earthquake etc.
Global Occurrence of Earthquakes each year:
Group Magnitude Annual Avg. Number
Great 8 and Higher 1
Major 7-7.9 18
Strong 6-6.9 120
Moderate 5-5.9 800
Light 4-4.9 6200(estimated)
Minor 3-3.9 49000(estimated)
Source: http::/neic.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/eqstats.html
During an earthquake, the surface of the earth deforms due to the wave coming from
the focus then all ground based and manmade systems are subjected to vibrations
through ground
displacements. So, shaking of the earth's surface caused by the waves coming from a
source of disturbance inside the earth is known as earthquake.
13
3.2 Causes of Earthquake
Volcanic activity keeps on taking place in several parts of the world. Volcanic
eruption, landslides, and formation of caves can cause small earthquake in localized
areas. Explosions of chemical or nuclear devices may produce seismic waves.
Collapse of cave roof or mine bursts can cause small earthquakes. At the last time
some seismologists are arguing that seismicity of the area increases significantly after
the construction of dam and reservoirs. All these earthquake are of local nature and
they affect only small area. But the large earthquake affecting the wide area are due to
sudden release of strain energy by rupture of the rock at plate boundaries and this is
the primary cause of seismic activity around the world.
According to the theory of plate tectonics, the crust is made of rocks and divided into
many plates. These plates are constantly in motion in different speed. The rock
forming crust has strain energy stored in them. The sudden slip at the faults results in
the release of strain energy in the form of seismic wave.
3.3 Seismicity of a Region

Seismicity indicates the degree of ground shaking due to the earthquakes that have
been occurred in the region. Earthquake engineering requires basic knowledge of the
causes and mechanisms of earthquakes and certain aspects of seismology. To
understand the causes and mechanisms of one should know the internal behavior of
the earth.
Table 1 Zone factor as per IS 1893-2002(part1)
Zone Zone Factor(Z)
II 0.1
III 0.16
IV 0.24
V 0.36
As per IS 1893-2002(Part 1) Nepal lies in Zone V
14
3.4 Intensity of Earthquake
Intensity of Earthquake may be defined as the rating of an earthquake based on the
actual effects produced by the quake on the earth. This observed effect may range
from simple harmless vibration through mild jerks. It is indicated by a number
according to modified Mercalli Scale or MKS scale of seismic intensities. Hence
intensity is the degree of damage, effect of an earthquake on human being and
structures. It is site based measurement in modified Mercalli Scale. This is 12 point
scale ranging from I to XII. Intensity of Earthquake depends upon various factors such
as earthquake magnitude, distance from hypocenter to epicenter, types of foundation
material, building style etc.
3.5 Magnitude of Earthquake

It is defined as the rating of an earthquake based on the total amount of energy
released when causing earthquake. The magnitude of earthquake is generally
measured in Richter Scale-Rector Scale. According to Richter the magnitude of
earthquake can be define as (log10) of maximum
amplitude of the ground motion on a standard seismograph at a distance of 1000km

from the epicentre.
Log10(E)=11.4+1.5M Where,
E=Energy released
M=Magnitude of Richter scale.
3.6 Centre of Mass (C.M.)

EQ induced lateral force on the floor is proportional to mass. Hence resultant of this
force passes through the centre of mass of the floor. Centre of mass of a floor can be
located by the usual method of statics. For the floor having uniform distribution of
mass, the C.M coincides with geometric centre of the Building.
3.7 Centre of Stiffness (C.S)

Centre of stiffness is that point on the floor through which the lateral forces if passes,
the floor undergoes only rigid body translation with no rigid body rotation.
15
3.8 Types of Earthquake
Earthquake is classified based on various parameters. In general they are classified
based on the magnitude as below:
Type Magnitude ' M' (Richter Scale)
Minor <= 5
Moderate 5<M<=7
Major >7
3.8.1 Recent earthquake in Nepal
Date Latitude Longitude Epicenter Magnitude
2013/11/03 29.56 81.68 BAJURA 4.3
2013/10/18 27.36 87.37 SANKHUWASAVA 4.3
2013/10/13 30.08 81.74 HUMLA 4.5
2013/09/22 30.25 81.55 HUMLA 4.4
2013/09/12 26.96 87.34 DHANKUTA 4.5
3.8.2 Effects due to Earthquakes

Earthquakes have varied effects, including changes in geologic features, damage to
man-made structures and impact on human and animal life.
Earthquake Damage depends on many factors
 The size of the Earthquake.

 The distance from the focus of the earthquake.
 The properties of the materials at the site.
 The nature of the structures in the area.
16
Direct Effects
 Ground failures (or instabilities due to ground failures)

 Surface faulting surface or fault rupture)
 Vibration of soil (or effects of seismic waves)
 Ground cracking
 Liquefaction
 Ground lurching
 Differential settlement
 Lateral spreading
 Landslides
 Vibrations transmitted from the ground to the structure.
Indirect affects/Consequential Phenomena
 Tsunamis
 Seiches
 Landslides
 Floods
 Fires
The seismic effect or damage that usually concerns the structural engineer, and which
is taken into account by code seismic-resistant design provisions, is the vibration of
the structure in response to ground shaking at its foundation. Although damage due to
other effects may exceed that due to vibration, procedures for gauging the probability
of these effects and for coping with them are outside the scope of the structural
engineering discipline and so are usually not included in seismic-resistant codes.
Nonetheless, the structural engineer should be aware of the different seismic hazards
and should advise the client of potential damage involved in locating structures at
certain sites. Thus the first step in the design procedure of a future structure should be
the analysis of the suitability of the site selected with proper consideration for the
potential of any one of the above types of damage.
17
3.8.3 General Goals in Earthquake-Resistant Design and Construction
The philosophy of earthquake design for structures other than essential facilities has
been well established and proposed as follows:
 To prevent non-structural damage in frequent minor ground shaking

 To prevent structural damage and minimize non-structural damage in
occasional moderate ground shaking
 To avoid collapse or serious damage in rare major ground shaking
 This philosophy is in complete according with the concept of comprehensive
design. However current design methodologies fall short of realizing the
objectives of this general philosophy.
18
CHAPTER 4 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND PROGRAM
4.1 Analysis
For the purpose of seismic analysis of our building, we used the structural analysis
program SAP 2000 V14. It has a special option for modeling horizontal rigid floor
diaphragm system. A floor diaphragm is modeled as a rigid horizontal plane parallel
to global X-Y plane, so that all points on any floor diaphragm cannot displace
relative to each other in X-Y plane.
This type of modeling is very useful in the seismic analysis of building. The base
shear and earthquake lateral force are calculated as per code IS 1893 (part 1) 2002 as
calculated before and are applied at each frame joint in every storey of the building in
X-Y directions respectively.
Various load combinations has been adopted as per IS 1893 (part 1): 2002, clauses
6.3.1.2. They are as follows:
4.2 Load combination

Different load cases and load combination cases as per IS 875 are considered to obtain
most critical element stresses in structure in the course of analysis. There are
altogether four load cases considered for the structural analysis and are mentioned as
below:
a. Dead load (DL)

b. Live load (LL)
c. Other (Masonry + Partition + Finishing Load)
d. Earthquake load in X-direction (EQx)
e. Earthquake load in Y-direction (EQy)
19
Following load combinations are adopted
1. 1.5(D.L+L.L+OTHER)
2. 1.2(D.L + L.L+ OTHER + Eqx)
3. 1.2(D.L+L.L+OTHER-Eqx)
4. 1.2(D.L+L.L+OTHER+Eqy)
5. 1.2(D.L+L.L+OTHER-Eqy)
6. 1.5(D.L+OTHER+Eqx)
7. 1.5(D.L+OTHER-Eqx)
8. 1.5(D.L+OTHER+Eqy)
9. 1.5(D.L+OTHER-Eqy)
10. 0.9(D.L+OTHER)+1.5 Eqx
11. 0.9(D.L+OTHER)-1.5 Eqx
12. 0.9(D.L+OTHER)+ Eqy
13. 0.9(D.L+OTHER)- Eqy
4.3 SAP 2000
Applications
 Construction of structural framework (model) according to given drawing.

 Assigning size, material, name etc. of the members used in the structure.
 Loading all the vertical loads to every horizontal member according to their
location, whether it is point load, triangular, trapezoidal or UDL.
 Assigning calculated earthquake forces with their magnitude and particular
location (Centre of mass) to each floor level in both X and Y directions. For this
slab is considered as rigid by constructing diaphragm at different floor level.
 Fix the structure to the ground
 Run the program
 Export the required diagrams and data
 Design spread sheets
Sap Calculations
After the calculation of the dead load, live load and earthquake load now the load are
assigned in the SAP2000. Also, the dead load of slab, ramp, stair and wall projection
are assigned in the SAP2000. Similarly the live load in the slab, projection, ramp, stair
etc is also assigned. Then the earthquake loads are assigned and the program is run.
The software calculates the loads and the final value can be taken from the table from
which the designs of beam, column, foundation etc are done.
20
Sap Analysis Monitor
After the loads are assigned in the SAP, then it is analyzed. If the work bears mistake
then we are notified through SAP analysis monitor. The table below shows that our
modeling is successfully performed.
SAP Tables
After the SAP analysis SAP tables are obtained which is very important for design
purpose. Two tables of Element force tables and Joint reaction tables are obtained
from the SAP. From the table we find the maximum load and design. For the frame to
design we will find the maximum load and moment from the nine combination. The
tables can be displayed in the MS excel also. Detail tables are at the last of the report.
4.4 Auto-CAD
Auto CAD is a useful program for all kinds of engineering works. As a civil engineer,
Auto CAD is used for drawing like building, highway, alignment, etc. it is an
important tools for drawing the different elements with high accuracy and minimizing
the error and time.
Objectives of Auto-CAD
 It contains different types of tools which help to setup a work area, edit object
and layout of a drawing.
 It organize object with block and groups which will explore some tools unique
to CAD like symbols, blocks and layers.
 It provides a chance to make some drawing that we can use in future project
of own.
4.5 IS: 456-2000

This Indian standard (Fourth revision) was adopted by bureau of Indian standards,
after a draft finalizes by the cement and concrete sectional committee have been
approved by the civil engineering division council. This standard was first published
in 1953 under the title “Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete for general
building construction” and subsequently revised in 1957. The code was further revised
in 1964 and published under modified title “Code of practice for plain and reinforced
21
concrete”, thus enlarging the scope of use of this code to structure other than general
building construction also. The third revision was published in 1978, and it includes
limit state approach to design. This is the fourth revision of the standard. This revision
was taken out with a view to keeping abreast with the rapid development in the field
of concrete technology and to be in further modification/improvements in the light of
experience gained while using the earlier version of the standard. In recent year,
durability of the concrete structure has become the cause to concern to all concrete
technologists. This has led to the need to codify the durability and the requirements
world over.
4.6 SP-16
The charts and tables included in the design aids where selected after consultation
with some user of the India. The design aids cover the following:
 Material strength and stress strain relationships.

 Flexural members (limit state design)
 Compression member (limit state design)
 Shear and torsion (limit state design)
 Development length and anchorage (limit state design)
 Working stress method
 Deflection calculation and
 General tables
 The format of these design aids is as follows
 Assumption regarding material strength
Explanation of the basis of preparation of individual sets of design aids as related to

appropriate clause in the code; the design unit are entirely in SI unit as per the
provision of IS456:1978. It is assumed that the user is well acquainted with the
provision of IS456:1978 before using these design aids.
22
CHAPTER 5 LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS
5.1 Lump Mass Calculation
Self weight of beam:
Cross section of beam = 500 mm*350 mm ( Block I, III, IV and V )
Cross section of beam = 600 mm*400 mm ( Block II and VI )
Self weight of beam = 0.5*0.35*25 =4.375 KN/m ( Block I, III, IV and V )
Self weight of beam =0.6*0.4*25 =6.00 KN/m ( Block II and VI )
Self weight of column:

Cross section of column = 500 mm*500 mm ( Block I, III, IV and V )
Cross section of column = 600 mm*600 mm ( Block II and VI )
Self weight of column = 0.5*0.5*25 =6.25 KN/m ( Block I, III, IV and V )
Self weight of column =0.6*0.6*25 =9.00 KN/m ( Block II and VI )
5.1.1 Wall Load Calculation

Self weight of Brick wall
a. Main Outside Brick Wall (350mm thick) ( Block II and VI)
Height of wall = 3.6-0.6 =3m

Dead load of wall =3*0.35*18.85 =19.793 KN/m
Using 12.5mm cement plaster on both side of wall =2*3*0.0125*20 =1.5 KN/m
Total dead load of wall with cement plaster =19.793+1.5 =21.293 KN/m
Assuming 40% wall is covered by opening, then
Total dead load of wall with two side plaster =21.293*0.6 =12.775 KN/m
b. Partition Brick Wall (230mm thick) ( Block II and VI)
Height of wall = 3.6-0.6 =3m

Dead load of wall =3*0.23*18.85 =13.007 KN/m
Using 12.5mm cement plaster on both side of wall =2*3*0.0125*20 =1.5 KN/m
Total dead load of wall with two side plaster =14.507*0.6 =8.704 KN
23
c. Main Outside Brick Wall (350mm thick) ( Block I, III, IV and V )
Height of wall = 3.6-0.5 =3.1m

Dead load of wall =3.1*0.35*18.85 =20.452 KN/m
Using 12.5mm cement plaster on both side of wall =2*3.1*0.0125*20 =1.55KN/m
d. Partition Brick Wall (230mm thick) ( Block I, III, IV and V )
Height of wall = 3.6-0.5 =3.1m

Dead load of wall =3.1*0.23*18.85 =13.440 KN/m
Using 12.5mm cement plaster on both side of wall =2*3.1*0.0125*20 =1.55 KN/m
3.1.2 Lumped Mass of Beam
Block Floor Span of No. of Dead load Total Total load in

beam beam (KN/m) load floor (KN)
(m) (KN)
I Z =0 7 16 4.375 490 1510.25
6 8 4.375 210
5 6 4.375 131.25
4 12 4.375 210
3.5 8 4.375 122.5
3.35 12 4.375 175.875
3.25 12 4.375 170.625
I Z =3.6 to 7 8 4.375 245 895.125@6
Z =25.2 6 4 4.375 105 =5370.75
5 4 4.375 87.5
4 6 4.375 105
3.5 8 4.375 122.5
3.35 6 4.375 87.9375
3.25 10 4.375 142.1875
24
II Z =0 7 14 6 588 2138.7
6 7 6 252
5 29 6 870
4.5 6 6 162
3.5 6 6 126
3.35 7 6 140.7
II Z =3.6 to 7 14 6 588 2138.7@6
Z=25.2 6 7 6 252 =12832.2
5 29 6 870
4.5 3 6 81
3.5 7 6 147
3.35 7 6 140.7
Cantilever 1 10 6 60
II Z =28.2 7 8 6 336 628.2
6 2 6 72
3.5 2 6 42
3.35 2 6 40.2
Cantilever 1 23 6 138
III Z =0 to Z 5 21 4.375 459.375 1295 @7
=25.2 4.5 8 4.375 157.5 =9065
4.25 10 4.375 185.9375
4 18 4.375 315
3.25 10 4.375 142.1875
Cantilever 1 8 4.375 35
III Z =28.2 5 4 4.375 87.5 157.5
4 4 4.375 70
IV Z =0 to Z 5 32 4.375 700 1023.444@7
=25.2 4.5 7 4.375 137.8125 =7164.11
4 5 4.375 87.5
7.07 1 4.375 30.93125
6.36 1 4.375 27.825
Cantilever 1 9 4.375 39.375
V Z= 0 to Z 1023.444@7
=25.2 =7164.11
VI Z= 0 to Z 15599.1
=28.2
Note: Block II & IV are symmetrical to block V & VI.
25
5.1.3 Lumped Mass of Colum
Bloc Floor No. of Weight of column Total

k colum load
n Above the slab Below the slab (KN)
I Z=25.2 to 18 0 18@1.5*6.25=168. 168.75

Z=28.2 75
Z =21.6 to Z 42 18@1.5*6.25=168. 42@1.8*6.25=472. 641.25
=25.2 75 5
Z=18 to 42 42@1.8*6.25=472. 42@1.8*6.25=472. 945
Z=21.6 5 5
Z =14.4 to Z 42 42@1.8*6.25=472. 42@1.8*6.25=472. 945
=18 5 5
Z =10.8 to Z 42 42@1.8*6.25=472. 42@1.8*6.25=472. 945
=14.4 5 5
Z=7.2 to Z 42 42@1.8*6.25=472. 42@1.8*6.25=472. 945
=10.8 5 5
Z= 3.6 to Z 42 42@1.8*6.25=472. 42@1.8*6.25=472. 945
=7.2 5 5
Z= 0 to Z =3.6 42 42@1.8*6.25=472. 42@1.8*6.25=472. 945
5 5
Total 6480
II Z=25.2 to 18 0 18@1.5*9=243 243

Z=28.2
Z =21.6 to Z 42 18@1.5*9=243 42@1.8*9=680.4 923.4
=25.2
Z=18 to 42 42@1.8*9=680.4 42@1.8*9=680.4 1360.8
Z=21.6
Z =14.4 to Z 42 42@1.8*9=680.4 42@1.8*9=680.4 1360.8
=18
Z =10.8 to Z 42 42@1.8*9=680.4 42@1.8*9=680.4 1360.8
=14.4
Z=7.2 to Z 42 42@1.8*9=680.4 42@1.8*9=680.4 1360.8
=10.8
Z= 3.6 to Z 42 42@1.8*9=680.4 42@1.8*9=680.4 1360.8
=7.2
Z= 0 to Z =3.6 42 42@1.8*9=680.4 42@1.8*9=680.4 1360.8
Total 9331.2
III Z=25.2toZ=28. 8 0 8@1.5*6.25=75 75

2
Z =21.6 to Z 40 8@1.5*6.25=75 40@1.8*6.25=450 525
=25.2
26
Z=18 to 40 40@1.8*6.25=450 40@1.8*6.25=450 900
Z=21.6
Z =14.4 to Z 40 40@1.8*6.25=450 40@1.8*6.25=450 900
=18
Z =10.8 to Z 40 40@1.8*6.25=450 40@1.8*6.25=450 900
=14.4
Z=7.2 to Z 40 40@1.8*6.25=450 40@1.8*6.25=450 900
=10.8
Z= 3.6 to Z 40 40@1.8*6.25=450 40@1.8*6.25=450 900
=7.2
Z= 0 to Z =3.6 40 40@1.8*6.25=450 40@1.8*6.25=450 900
Total 6000
IV Z =21.6 to Z 28 28@1.8*6.25=315 28@1.8*6.25=315 630

=25.2
Z=18 to 28 28@1.8*6.25=316 28@1.8*6.25=316 630
Z=21.6
Z =14.4 to Z 28 28@1.8*6.25=317 28@1.8*6.25=317 630
=18
Z =10.8 to Z 28 28@1.8*6.25=318 28@1.8*6.25=318 630
=14.4
Z=7.2 to Z 28 28@1.8*6.25=319 28@1.8*6.25=319 630
=10.8
Z=3.6 to Z 28 28@1.8*6.25=320 28@1.8*6.25=320 630
=7.2
Z= 0 to Z =3.6 28 28@1.8*6.25=321 28@1.8*6.25=321 630
Total 4410
V Z=0 to Z=25.2 4410
VI Z=0 to Z=28.2 9331.2
27
5.1.4 Lumped Mass of Slab
Self weight of slab =0.18*25 =4.5 KN/m2

Live load can be assumed as 4 KN/m2
∴ Total load = D.L+ L.L =4.5+4=8.5 KN/m2
Total load
Block Floor Area (m2) (D.L+L.LD) KN/m2 Total load (KN)
Z =3.6 427.9 8.5 3637.15
Z =7.2 427.9 8.5 3637.15
Z =10.8 427.9 8.5 3637.15
I Z =14.4 427.9 8.5 3637.15
Z =18 427.9 8.5 3637.15
Z =21.6 427.9 8.5 3637.15
Z =25.2 427.9 8.5 3637.15
Total =25460.05
Z =3.6 665.62 8.5 5657.77

Z =7.2 665.62 8.5 5657.77
Z =10.8 665.62 8.5 5657.77
Z =14.4 665.62 8.5 5657.77
II
Z =18 665.62 8.5 5657.77
Z =21.6 665.62 8.5 5657.77
Z =25.2 665.62 8.5 5657.77
Z =28.2 175.635 8.5 1492.8975
Total =41097.2875
Z =3.6 491.376 8.5 4176.696

Z =7.2 491.376 8.5 4176.696
Z =10.8 491.376 8.5 4176.696
Z =14.4 491.376 8.5 4176.696
III
Z =18 491.376 8.5 4176.696
Z =21.6 491.376 8.5 4176.696
Z =25.2 509.126 8.5 4327.571
Z =28.2 46.624 8.5 396.304
Total =29784.051
Z =3.6 467.2 8.5 3971.2

Z =7.2 467.2 8.5 3971.2
Z =10.8 467.2 8.5 3971.2
Z =14.4 467.2 8.5 3971.2
Z =18 467.2 8.5 3971.2
Z =21.6 467.2 8.5 3971.2
IV Z =25.2 467.2 8.5 3971.2
Total =27798.4
28
Z =3.6 to Z
V =25.2 467.2 8.5 Total =27798.4
Z =3.6 to Z
VI =25.2 665.62 8.5 39604.39
Z =28.2 175.635 8.5 1492.8975
Total =41097.2875
5.1.5 Lumped Mass of Wall
Block I
Z =0
a. Outside wall (350mm)
Along x-x & y-y direction total load =((4.25-0.5)+(3.25-0.5))*13.201 =85.807 KN
b. Inner wall (230mm)
Along x-x & y-y direction total load =((7-0.5)*8+(6-0.5)*6+(3.35-0.5)+(4.25-
0.5)*4+(3.25-0.5)*2+(7.25-0.5)*2))*8.994 =1095.919 KN
Total load = 85.807+1095.919 =1181.726 KN
Block II
Z =0
c. Outside wall (350mm)
Along x-x & y-y direction total load =((5-0.6)*6*12.775) +((25-0.5)*6*12.775)
=2023.56 KN
d. Inner wall (230mm)
Along x-x & y-y direction total load =(16*46*8.704)+((6*6+11*7)-10.8)*8.704
=7295.694 KN
Total load =2023.56+7295.694 =7295.693 KN
Block III
Z =0
e. Outside wall (350mm)
Along x-x & y-y direction total load =((4.25-0.5)*2+(3.25-0.5)*2+(4-
0.5)*2+(5=0.5))*13.201 =323.425 KN
f. Inner wall (230mm)
Along x-x & y-y direction total load =((5-0.5)*12+(4.5-0.5)*6+(4.25-0.5)*3+(3.25-
0.5)*4+(4-0.5)*4+(4-0.5)*3+(3.25-0.5)*3+(4.25-0.5)*3+(7.25-0.5)*1)8.994
=1358.094 KN
Total load = 323.425 +1358.094 =1681.519 KN
29
Block IV
Z =0
g. Outside wall (350mm)
Along x-x & y-y direction total load =((5-0.5)*5+(4-0.5)+(7.03-0.5)+(6.26-
0.5))*13.201 =505.466 KN
h. Inner wall (230mm)
Along x-x & y-y direction total load =((5-0.5)*2+(4.5-0.5)+(6.26-0.5)+(7-0.3-
0.5)*2+(5-0.5)*13+(5-0.5)*2+(4.5-0.5)*2)*8.994 =965.236 KN
Total load = 505.466 + 965.236 =1470.702 KN
5.2 Total lumped mass of wall in each floor is as shown in table ( Critical Block II
Only )
Weight of wall (KN) Total load KN

Block Floor Outside wall Inside wall
Z=0 2023.56 7295.694 9319.254
Z=3.6 2023.56 7295.694 9319.254
Z=7.2 2023.56 7295.694 9319.254
Z=10.8 2023.56 7295.694 9319.254
Z=14.4 2023.56 7295.694 9319.254
Z=18 2023.56 7295.694 9319.254
Z=21.6 2023.56 7295.694 9319.254
II Z=25.2 2023.56 7295.694 9319.254
Total=74554.032
5.3 Calculation Of Total Lumped Mass In Each Floor ( Critical Block II Only )
Load due to
Beam Column
Block Floor Slab (KN) (KN) (KN) Wall (KN) Total load (KN)
Z=0 0 2138.7 0 9319.254 11457.954
Z=3.6 5657.77 2138.7 1360.8 9319.254 18476.524
Z=7.2 5657.77 2138.7 1360.8 9319.254 18476.524
II
Z=10.8 5657.77 2138.7 1360.8 9319.254 18476.524
Z=14.4 5657.77 2138.7 1360.8 9319.254 18476.524
Z=18 5657.77 2138.7 1360.8 9319.254 18476.524
30
Z=21.6 5657.77 2138.7 1360.8 9319.254 18476.524
Z=25.2 5657.77 2138.7 923.4 9319.254 18039.124
Z=28.2 1492.8975 628.2 243 0 2364.0975
Total
=142720.3195
31
CHAPTER 6 DESIGN OF SLAB
6.1 Design of slab

Slabs are plate elements forming floors and roofs of building and carrying distributed
loads primarily by flexure. Inclined slabs may be used as ramps for multistory car
parks. Staircases can be considered as inclined slabs. A slab may be supported by
beams or walls or continuous over one or more supports.
One-way Slabs are those in which the length is more than twice the breadth. A one
way slab can be simply supported or continuous.
When slabs are those supported on four sides, two way spanning action occurs. Such
slabs may be simply supported or continuous on any or all sides. The deflections and
bending moments in a two way slab are considerably reduced as compared to those in
a one way slab.
6.1.1 One long edge discontinuous (7m*5m)
Live load=4KN/M2
Clear span of slab along the shorter span, lex=5.0m
Clear span of slab along the longer span, ley=7.0m
𝑙𝑒𝑥 7
∴ = = 1.4 < 2 𝑠𝑜 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
𝑙𝑒𝑦 5
% of steel (0.1-0.4)% So,we assume as 0.4%
𝑠𝑕𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
≤ 𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿𝜆
𝑑
𝛼 = 26
𝛽=1
𝛿=1
𝜆=1
𝛾 can be calculated as
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
=0.58*415*1
=240.7N/mm2
From graphs IS 456:2000 clause :23.2 e
𝛾 = 1.25
32
5000
≤ 26 ∗ 1 ∗ 1 ∗ 1 ∗ 1.25
𝑑
Therefore, d=153.85mm
Providing 10mm∅ 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 15𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟
∴ 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑕 𝐷 = 153.85 + 5 + 15 = 173.85𝑚𝑚
Hence adopt the overall depth of slab =170 mm
Load calculation
1. 110mm thick partation wall =2.101 KN/M2
2. 3mm thick cement punning =0.061 KN/M2
3. 47mm thick screeding 1:4 =0.959 KN/M2
4. 170mm thick RCC slab =25*0.17=4.24 KN/M2
5. 12.5mm thick cement plaster 1:4 =0.255 KN/M2
TOTAL =7.626 KN/M2
Live load =4 KN/M2
∴ 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 11.626 KN/M2
Factor load=1.5*11.626 =17.439 KN/M2
Calculation of moment coefficient (One long edge discontinuous)
-ve moment at continuous edge 𝛼 x=0.063, 𝛼y= 0.037
+ve moment at mid span 𝛼x=0.047 , 𝛼 y= 0.028
Moment Calculation :
Mx= 𝛼 x ∗ 𝑤 ∗ 𝑙 2ex
My = 𝛼 y ∗ 𝑤 ∗ 𝑙 2ex
∴ Mx (-ve ) = 0.063 ∗ 17.439 ∗ 52 =27.466 KN-M
∴ Mx (+ve ) = 0.047 ∗ 17.439 ∗ 52 =13.951 KN-M
∴ My (-ve ) = 0.037 ∗ 17.439 ∗ 52 =16.131 KN-M
∴ My (+ve ) = 0.028 ∗ 17.439 ∗ 52 =12.207 KN-M
Detail design two way slab: (7m*5m)
𝐵𝑀 = 0.138 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 2
27.466 ∗106 = 0.138* 30* 1000* d2
∴ d= 81.451 mm< depth taken from deflection criteria
Provided depth (d)= 160 mm (from deflection criteria)
Over all depth (D)= 160+5+15 =180 mm
33
Calculation of steel along the short span :
1) At the support
𝜎𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝐵𝑀 = 0.87 ∗ 𝜎𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 −
𝜎𝑐𝑘 ∗ 𝑏
415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
27.466 ∗ 106 = 0.87 ∗ 415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 160 −
30 ∗ 1000
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 =496.79 mm2
Hence provided 10mm ∅ bar 7 nos. @ 142.85mm c/c
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 =550 mm2
2) At the mid span
𝐵𝑀 = 0.87 ∗ 𝜎𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 −
415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
20.491 ∗ 106 = 0.87 ∗ 415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 160 −
30 ∗ 1000
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 =366.31 mm2
Hence provided 10mm ∅ bar 5nos. @ 200 mm c/c
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 393 mm2
Calculation of steel along the long span

d' = d-5-5 =160-10=150 mm
3) At the support
𝐵𝑀 = 0.87 ∗ 𝜎𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 ′ −
415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
16.131 ∗ 106 = 0.87 ∗ 415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 150 −
30 ∗ 1000
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 =306.52 mm2
Hence provided 10mm ∅ bar 4nos. @ 250mm c/c
4) At the mid span
𝐵𝑀 = 0.87 ∗ 𝜎𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 ′ −
415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
12.207 ∗ 106 = 0.87 ∗ 415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 150 −
30 ∗ 1000
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 =230.29 mm2
Hence provided 10mm ∅ bar 3nos. @ 333.33mm c/c
34
Spacing < 300, so use 300 mm c/c
Check for minimum reinforcement
As per IS 456-2000 art 26.5.2.1
𝐴𝑠𝑡 minimum = 0.12% of theoretical x- sectional area
0.12
= ∗ 180 ∗ 1000 = 216.00 mm2 < actual reinforcement provided
100
Hence OK
Check for shear
On the short span( at support edge)
𝑊 𝐿𝑒𝑥 17.439∗5
Maximum shear force at face of support (Vu) = = =43.598 KN
2 2
𝑉 43.598∗10 3
Nominal shear stress (𝜏𝑣 ) =𝑏𝑑𝑢′ = = 0.291N/mm2
1000 ∗150
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 100∗550
% of steel = 100 * = 1000 ∗160 = o.344%
𝑏∗𝑑
As Per IS 456-2000 table 19
% Ast 𝜏𝑐 (M 30)
0.25 0.37
0.344 𝜏𝑐
0.5 0.5
0.37−0.29
𝜏𝑐 - 0.29=0.25−0.15 ∗ 0.246 − 0.15
∴ 𝜏𝑐 = 0.419 N/mm2
𝜏𝑐 ' =k*𝜏𝑐
For D= 180 mm
K=1.3
∴ 𝜏𝑐 ' =k*𝜏𝑐 =1.3*0.419 =0.545 N/mm2
∴ 𝜏𝑐 ' > 𝜏𝑣 Hecne Ok.
Check for deflection
35
% of steel = 100 * = =0.246 %
𝑏∗𝑑 1000 ∗160
From clause 23.2.1 IS 456-2000

𝑙
=𝛼∗𝛽∗𝛾∗𝛿∗ 𝜆
𝑑
𝛼 =26
𝛽 =1
𝛿 =1
𝜆= 1
Now from the graph of modification factor of tension reinforcement,
𝛾 =2 (from figure 4 modification factor IS code 456-2000)
366.31
𝜎𝑠 =0.58*451* =224.35 N/mm2
393
𝑙
Allowable = 𝛼 ∗ 𝛽 ∗ 𝛾 ∗ 𝛿 ∗ ℵ = 26*1*1*1*1.9=49.4
𝑑
𝑙 5000 𝑙
Actual = 160 = 31.250 ≤ Allowable 𝑑 Hence OK
𝑑
Development length check

At support (short span)
𝑀1
Ld ≤ 1.3 +L0
𝑉𝑢
L0 = (12∅ or deff ) which one is greater ∴ L0 =160 mm

M1 =MOR of 50% Astx provided
𝜎𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 0.5
𝑀1 = 0.87 ∗ 𝜎𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 𝑑 ′ −
415∗0.5∗550
𝑀1 = (0.87 ∗ 415 ∗ 550 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 160 − ) /106
30∗1000
= 15.508 KNm
0.87∗𝜎𝑦 ∗∅ 𝑀1
≤ ( 1.3 +L0)
4∗𝜏 𝑏𝑑 𝑉𝑢
As per IS 456-2000 Clause 26.2.1.1

For M30 concrete bond stress 𝜏𝑏𝑑 =1.5 *1.6 (60% increase for deformed bar )
0.87∗415∗∅ 15.508
≤ ( 1.3 43.598 +0.16)*1000
4∗1.5∗1.6
∅ ≤ 16.538 (:-∅ =10mm which is ≤16.538 mm ) Hence OK .
6.1.2 Interior panel (6m*5m)

Live load=4KN/M2
Clear span of slab along the shorter span, lex=5.0m
36
Clear span of slab along the longer span, ley=6.0m
% of steel (0.1-0.4)% So,we assume as 0.4%
𝑠𝑕𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
≤ 𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿𝜆
𝑑
𝛼 = 26
𝛽=1
𝛿=1
𝜆 =1
𝛾 can be calculated as :
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
=0.58*415*1
=240.7N/mm2
From graphs IS 456:2000 clause :23.2 e
𝛾 = 1.25
5000
≤ 26 ∗ 1 ∗ 1 ∗ 1 ∗ 1.25
𝑑
Therefore, d=153.85mm
Providing 10mm∅ 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 15𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟
∴ 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑕 𝐷 = 153.85 + 5 + 15 = 173.85𝑚𝑚
Hence adopt the overall depth of slab =170mm
Load calculation
1. 110mm thick partation wall =2.101 KN/M2
2. 3mm thick cement punning =0.061 KN/M2
3. 47mm thick screeding 1:4 =0.959 KN/M2
4. 170mm thick RCC slab =25*0.17=4.24 KN/M2
5. 12.5mm thick cement plaster 1:4 =0.255 KN/M2
TOTAL =7.626 KN/M2
Live load =4 KN/M2
∴ 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 11.626 KN/M2
Factor load=1.5*11.626 =17.439 KN/M2
Calculation of moment coefficient (interior panel)
-ve moment at continuous edge 𝛼 x=0.043, 𝛼 y= 0.032
37
+ve moment at mid span 𝛼x=0.032 , 𝛼 y= 0.024
Moment Calculation :
Mx= 𝛼 x ∗ 𝑤 ∗ 𝑙 2ex
My = 𝛼 y ∗ 𝑤 ∗ 𝑙 2ex
∴ Mx (-ve ) = 0.043 ∗ 17.439 ∗ 52 =18.747 KN-M
∴ Mx (+ve ) = 0.032 ∗ 17.439 ∗ 52 =13.951 KN-M
∴ My (-ve ) = 0.032 ∗ 17.439 ∗ 52 =13.951 KN-M
∴ My (+ve ) = 0.024 ∗ 17.439 ∗ 52 =10.463 KN-M
Detail design two way slab (interior panel) (6m*5m)
𝐵𝑀 = 0.138 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 2
18.747 ∗106 = 0.138* 30* 1000* d2
∴ d= 67.292 mm< depth taken from deflection criteria
Provided depth (d)= 160 mm (from deflection criteria)
Over all depth (D)= 160+5+15 =180 mm
Calculation of steel along the short span
5) At the support
𝐵𝑀 = 0.87 ∗ 𝜎𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 −
415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
18.747 ∗ 106 = 0.87 ∗ 415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 160 −
30 ∗ 1000
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 =334.18 mm2
Hence provided 10mm ∅ bar 5 nos. @ 200mm c/c
6) At the mid span
𝐵𝑀 = 0.87 ∗ 𝜎𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 −
415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
13.951 ∗ 106 = 0.87 ∗ 415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 160 −
30 ∗ 1000
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 =246.77 mm2
Calculation of steel along the long span
d' = d-5-5 =160-10=150 mm
38
7) At the support
𝐵𝑀 = 0.87 ∗ 𝜎𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 ′ −
415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
13.951 ∗ 106 = 0.87 ∗ 415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 150 −
30 ∗ 1000
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 =264.03 mm2
8) At the mid span
𝐵𝑀 = 0.87 ∗ 𝜎𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 ′ −
415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
10.463 ∗ 106 = 0.87 ∗ 415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 150 −
30 ∗ 1000
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 =196.77 mm2
Hence provided 10mm ∅ bar 3nos. @ 333.33mm c/c
Spacing < 300, so use 300 mm c/c
Check for minimum reinforcement
As per IS 456-2000 art 26.5.2.1
𝐴𝑠𝑡 minimum = 0.12% of theoretical x- sectional area
0.12
= ∗ 180 ∗ 1000 = 216.00 mm2 < actual reinforcement provided
100
Hence Ok.
Check for shear
On the short span( at support edge)
𝑊 𝐿𝑒𝑥 17.439∗5
Maximum shear force at face of support (Vu) = = =43.598 KN
2 2
𝑉 43.598∗10 3
Nominal shear stress (𝜏𝑣 ) =𝑏𝑑𝑢′ = = 0.291N/mm2
1000 ∗150
% of steel = 100 * = 1000 ∗160 = o.246%
𝑏∗𝑑
39
As Per IS 456-2000 table 19
% Ast 𝜏𝑐 (M 30)
0.15 0.29
0.246 𝜏𝑐
0.25 0.37
0.37−0.29
𝜏𝑐 - 0.29= ∗ 0.246 − 0.15
0.25−0.15
∴ 𝜏𝑐 = 0.367 N/mm2
𝜏𝑐 ' =k*𝜏𝑐
For D= 180 mm
K=1.3
∴ 𝜏𝑐 ' =k*𝜏𝑐 =1.3*0.367 =0.477 N/mm2
∴ 𝜏𝑐 ' > 𝜏𝑣 Hecne Ok.
Check for deflection

% of steel = 100 * =1000 ∗160 =0.196 %
𝑏∗𝑑
From clause 23.2.1 IS 456-2000

𝑙
=𝛼∗𝛽∗𝛾∗𝛿∗𝜆
𝑑
𝛼 =26
𝛽 =1
𝛿 =1
𝜆 =1
Now from the graph of modification factor of tension reinforcement,
𝛾 =2 (from figure 4 modification factor IS code 456-2000)
246.77
𝜎𝑠 =0.58*451* =189.16 N/mm2
314
𝑙
Allowable = 𝛼 ∗ 𝛽 ∗ 𝛾 ∗ 𝛿 ∗ ℵ = 26*1*1*1*2 =52
𝑑
𝑙 5000 𝑙
Acutal = 160 = 31.250 ≤ Allowable 𝑑 Hence OK.
𝑑
40
At support (short span)
𝑀1
Ld ≤ 1.3 +L0
𝑉𝑢
L0 = (12∅ or deff ) which one is greater ∴ L0 =160 mm

M1 =MOR of 50% Astx provided
𝜎𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 0.5
𝑀11 = 0.87 ∗ 𝜎𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 𝑑 ′ −
415∗0.5∗393
𝑀1 = (0.87 ∗ 415 ∗ 393 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 160 − ) /106
30∗1000
= 11.158 KNm
0.87∗𝜎𝑦 ∗∅ 𝑀1
≤ ( 1.3 +L0)
4∗𝜏 𝑏𝑑 𝑉𝑢
As per IS 456-2000 Clause 26.2.1.1

For M30 concrete bond stress 𝜏𝑏𝑑 =1.5 *1.6 (60% increase for deformed bar )
0.87∗415∗∅ 11.158
≤ ( 1.3 43.598 +0.16)*1000
4∗1.5∗1.6
∅ ≤ 13.10 (:-∅ =10mm which is ≤13.10 mm ) Hence OK .
41
CHAPTER 7 DESIGN OF BEAM
7.1 Beam
The design of beam requires the determination of steel for the section fixed from the
preliminary design. The design of the section may result as singly or doubly
reinforcement which may be ascertained by comparing the design moment (Mu) with
the moment of resistance of balanced section (Mul) and the section is usually design as
under reinforced section.
There are two types of reinforced concrete beams in our case.
A) Singly reinforced beams
B) Doubly reinforced beams
A) Singly Reinforced Beams
In singly reinforced simply supported beams, reinforcing steel bars are placed
near the bottom of the beams, which is the position where they are most effective
in resisting the tensile stresses. In singly reinforced cantilever beams, reinforcing
bars are placed near the top of the beam for the same reason.
If Mu<Mu1, then it is singly reinforced section and the area of steel Ast is
determined by
Mu lim
Ast1=
0.87 fy d  0.42 Xu lim 
Where, Xu=neutral axis depth
B) Doubly Reinforced Beams
In doubly reinforced concrete section is reinforced in both compression and tension
regions. The section of the beam may be rectangular, T and L sections. The necessity
of using steel in the compression region arises due to two main reasons.
a) When depth of section is restricted, the strength available for the single
reinforced section is inadequate.
b) At a support of a continuous beam where bending moment changes sign, such
a situation may also arise in design of a beam circular in plan.
If Mu > Mu1, then it is doubly reinforced section and the area of tensile reinforcement
Ast is determined as,
Ast= (A st1 + A st 2 )
Ast1=
Mu lim
+
Mu  Mu lim 
0.87 fy d  0.42 Xu lim  0.87 fy  d  d '
42
The area of compression reinforcement (Asc) is determined as,
Asc=
Mu  Mu lim 
 fsc  fcc   d  d '
Where, d , = effective cover to reinforcement
f sc , f cc = stresses in compression steel and Concrete respectively
Corresponding to strain e=
M  Mu lim  =0.0035(Xu- d’)/Xu
 fsc  fcc   d  d '
M u1 =0.133  f ck ×b×d 2 (For Fe 500 steel)
43
7.2 Flow chart of beam design
Take moment of each beam (Mu)
Calcualte Mlim
Mlim=0.138𝜎ckbd2
Mlim=0.133fckbd2
If Mu< Mlim No DRB design
Yes Calcualate M= Mu-Mlim
SRB design
Ast >Ast min=
0.12% 0f bD
Calcualte Ast from
Mu= 0.87fy Ast(d-0.42xu)
Calculate Ast2 by
Ast2=M/(0.87*𝜎y*(d-d’))
Calcualte Ast1 from Mlim by

Ast1= Mlim/ (0.87*fy*(d-0.42*xlim))
Calculate Asc by
Asc=M/(fsc*(d-d’))
Calculate numbers of
bars = Ast/Abar Calculate Ast =Ast1 + Ast2
Ast>Astmin= 0.12%
of bD
Calculate numbers of bars
= Ast/Abar
44
7.2.1 Design of Beam
Rectangular Beam (775)
MU = -327.53 KNm
VU = 225.2 KN
Assume d′ =50 mm
Width of beam (w) =400 mm
Overall depth of beam(D) =600 mm
Effective depth of beam (d) =600 – 50 =550 mm
Ultimate moment of resistance,
Mu,lim =0.36*fck*b*xm*(d – 0.42xm)
= 0.36*30*400*0.48*550*(550 – 0.42*0.48*550)
= 500.80 KNm > Mu
Therefore, the section must be designed as singly reinforced section.
Now,
Force of tension = force of compression
0.87*fy*Ast = 0.36*fck*b*xm
0.36∗30∗400∗0.48∗550
Or,Ast =
0.87∗415
= 3159 mm2
Use 11-20 mmϕ bar.
Ast provided = 3456 mm2
Check for minimum and maximum reinforcement
For minimum reinforcement
0.85∗𝑏∗𝑑
A0 =
𝑓𝑦
0.85∗400∗550
=
415
= 286.74 < Ast Ok.

For maximum reinforcement
Ast max = 0.04*b*D
=0.04*400*600
= 9600 mm2 > Ast Ok.
Curtailment of bars
0.87∗𝑓𝑦 ∗𝜙
Ld =
4∗𝜏 𝑏𝑑
45
0.87∗415∗20
=
4∗1.6∗1.5
= 752.18 mm ≈ 755 mm
Theoretical cutoff point(TCP) =780 mm
Actual cut off point(ACP) = TCP + (d or 12ϕ) ,whichever is greater
= 780 + 550
= 1330 mm
Then cut off bar at 1.33 m from support.
Check for development length
1.3∗𝑀1
Ld ≤ + L0
𝑉
𝑓 𝑦 ∗𝐴 𝑠𝑡
M1 =0.87*fy*Ast*(d - )
𝑓 𝑐𝑘 ∗𝑏
415∗3159
=0.87*415*3159*(550 - )
30∗400
= 502.70 KNm
V = 225.2 KN
L0 = 8ϕ + 100 =8*20 + 100 = 260 mm
1.3∗𝑀1
Ld ≤ + L0
𝑉
1.3∗502.70∗10 3
37.6ϕ ≤ + 260
225.2
Φ ≤ 84 mm Ok.
Check for shear reinforcement
Vu = 225.2KN
𝑉𝑈 225.2∗1000
Nominal shear stress (𝜏𝑣 ) = = = 1.023 N/mm2
𝑏∗𝑑 400∗550
100∗𝐴𝑠𝑡 10083159
% of tension steel (Pt) = = = 1.435 %
𝑏∗𝑑 400∗550
From IS456 -2000
Shear strength for M30 concrete,
% steel 𝜏𝑐 (N/mm2)
1.25 0.71
1.435 ?
1.5 0.76
46
By interpolation,
𝜏𝑐 = 0.747 N/mm2
𝜏𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3.5 N/mm2
𝜏𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 > 𝜏𝑣 > 𝜏𝑐 ok..
Hence shear reinforcement must be designed for shear value ( 𝜏𝑣 - 𝜏𝑐 )*b*d
Design shear stress (𝜏𝑢𝑠 ) = 𝜏𝑣 - 𝜏𝑐
= 1.023 – 0.747 =0.276 N/mm2

Design shear force (Vus) =𝜏𝑢𝑠 *b*d
= 0.276*400*550
= 60.72 KN
Provide 2- legged stirrup of 8 mmϕ bar having area 100 mm2.
Now,
0.87∗𝑓 𝑦 ∗𝐴 𝑠𝑣 ∗𝑑
Spacing of vertical stirrup =
𝑉𝑢𝑠
0.87∗415∗100∗550
=
60720
= 327.038 mm
But as per IS 456-2000 ,clause 26.5.1.5

SV < 300 mm
< 0.75*d = 0.75*550 =412.5 m
>100 mm
Therefore,provide 2- legged 8mmϕ stirrup @ 300 mm c/c.
Check for stability
Maximum spacing for vertical stirrups at support,
Sv max = 0.25*d =0.25*550 =137.5 mm c/c
Therefore provide 2- legged 8 mmϕ vertical stirrup @ 130 mm c/c up to 2d (i.e 2*550
=1100 mm) from vertical face of the support
47
CHAPTER 8 DESIGN OF COLUMN
8.1 INTRODUCTION
A column may be defined as an element used primarily to support axial compressive

loads and with a height of at least three times its least lateral dimension .The strength
of a column depends on the strength of the materials, shape and size of the cross-
section, length and the degree of positional and directional restraints at its ends.
A column may be classified based on different criteria such as:
Based on shape
 Rectangular
 Square
 Circular
 Polygon
Based on slenderness ratio
 Short column, L/D ≤ 12
 Long column, L/D > 12
Based on type of loading
 Axially loaded column
 A column subjected to axial load and uniaxial bending
 A column subjected to axial load and biaxial bending
Based on pattern of lateral reinforcement
 Tied column
 Spiral column
Minimum eccentricity
emin > L/500 +D/30 > 20
Where,
L = unsupported length of column in mm
D = lateral dimension of column
Compression Members Subjected to Uniaxial Bending
Exact design of members subject to axial load and uniaxial bending is extremely
laborious.Therefore, the Code permits the design of such members by the following
equation:
[Mux/Mux1]αn +[Muy/Muy1]αn ≤ 1.0
48
Assumptions for limit state of collapse in compression
1. Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending .
2. The relationship between stress –strain distribution in concrete is assumed to
be parabolic .The maximum compressive stress is equal to 0.67fck/1.5 or
0.446 fck.
3. The tensile strength of concrete is ignored .
4. The stresses in reinforcement are derived from the representative stress- strain
curve for the type of the steel used.
5. The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is taken as
0.002.
6. The maximum compression strain at the highly compressed extreme fiber in
concrete subjected to axial compression and bending, but when there is no
tension on the section, is taken as 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at the
least compressed extreme fiber .
7. The maximum compressive strain at the highly compressed extreme fiber in
concrete subjected to axial compression and bending ,when part of section is
taken as 0.0035. In limiting case when the neutral axis is along one edge of the
section, the strain varies from 0.0035 at the highly compressed edge to zero at
the opposite edges.
8.2 𝐂𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐧 𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦 𝐀𝐱𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 from SAP

1).
Maxiumum stress at column no. 177 (COMBO 1)
Axial Load = −3184 KN
Mux = −91.43KN − m
Muy = −277.9KN − m
Check for the short or long column
As per clause 25.1.2,IS 456-2000
𝐿𝑒𝑥 𝐿𝑒𝑦
𝑎𝑛𝑑 < 12, 𝑠𝑕𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝐷 𝑏
𝑎𝑛𝑑 > 12, 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝐷 𝑏
Unsupported length (L)=3600-500
=3100mm
49
Effective length (Le)=0.8*L
=0.8*3100=2480mm
𝒍𝒆 𝒍 𝟐𝟒𝟖𝟎
= 𝒃𝒆 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 = 4.96 < 12
𝒅
Let us design short column:

Factored Load Pu = −3184 KN
Assume P = 3.6 %
P 3.6
= = 0.120
σck 30
d′
Assume = 0.1
D
P 3184 ∗ 1000
= = 0.424
σck bd 30 ∗ 500 ∗ 500
mux1
From IS: 456 − 1987, Chart − 44, We get = 0.135
σck bD2
Uniaxial Moment = Mux 1 = Muy 1 = (0.005 ∗ 30 ∗ 500 ∗ 5002 )/106

Mux 1 = Muy 1 = 506.25 KN − m
Mux 1 Mux 1
2
= = 0.135
σck bD 20 ∗ 600 ∗ 6002
Muy 1 Muy 1
2
= = 0.135
σck bD 20 ∗ 600 ∗ 6002
Puz = 0.45σck Ac + 0.75σy Asc
Puz = 0.45 ∗ 30 ∗ 5002 + 0.75 ∗ 415 ∗ 0.036 ∗ 5002
= 6176.250
Pu 3184
= = 0.516
Puz 6176.25
50
Pu
For value of = 0.516 from chart we get αn = 1.527
Puz
Check,
M M uy
(M ux )αn + (M )αn ≤ 1
ux 1 uy 1
91.43 1 277.9 1
Or, ( ) +( ) ≤1
506.25 506.25
0.473 ≤ 1 Ok
The column is safe.
Area of reinforcement required in column (Asc) = 3.6% of (500)2 = 9000 mm2
Provide 12-32mm ∅ bar
Ast provided = 9651mm2 > Asc required Ok.
Since, Manual calculation accepts less than 3.6 % area of steel without eccentricity,
But SAP 2000 calculated w dfith eccentricity so, so we prefer the SAP analysis.
According To SAP 2000; Section = 500X500
% of Steel =3.6%
3.6
Area of Stell = ∗ 500 ∗ 500 = 9000 mm2
100
∴ 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟑𝟐 𝐦𝐦∅ 𝐛𝐚𝐫𝐬
𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐋𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐢𝐞

∅L 32
Dia. of bar ∅T = Not less than = = 8 mm
4 4
Dia. of bar ∅T = Not less than 6 mm
∴ 𝐃𝐢𝐚. 𝐨𝐟 𝐛𝐚𝐫 ∅𝐓 = 𝟖𝐦𝐦
51
Calculation of Pitch
P not grater than 500 mm
P not grater than 16 ∗ 32 = 512 mm
𝐇
∴ 𝐏𝐢𝐭𝐜𝐡 𝐏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦 𝐦𝐢𝐝𝐝𝐥𝐞 𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭
𝟑
∴ 𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐄𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐡𝐪𝐮𝐤𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐏𝐢𝐭𝐜𝐡 𝐏 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦 𝐜 𝐜

𝐇
𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐨𝐩 & 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭
𝟑
2. 𝐂𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐧 𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦 𝐀𝐱𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝
Maxiumum stress at column no. 91 (COMBO 1)
Axial Load = 5087 KN
Mux = 67.5KN − m
Muy = 2.037KN − m
Check for the short or long column
As per clause 25.1.2,IS 456-2000
𝑎𝑛𝑑 < 12, 𝑠𝑕𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝐷 𝑏
𝑎𝑛𝑑 > 12, 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝐷 𝑏
Unsupported length (L)=3600-500
=3100mm
Effective length (Le)=0.8*L
=0.8*3100=2480mm
𝒍𝒆 𝒍 𝟐𝟒𝟖𝟎
= 𝒆= = 4.96 < 12
𝒅 𝒃 𝟓𝟎𝟎
Let us design short column:-

Factored Load Pu = 5087 KN
Assume P = 3.6 %
P 3.6
= = 0.120
σck 30
52
d′ 60
Assume = = 0.1
D 600
P 5087 ∗ 1000
= = 0.471
σck bd 30 ∗ 600 ∗ 600
mux1
From IS: 456 − 1987, Chart − 44, We get = 0.13
σck bD2
Uniaxial Moment = Mux 1 = Muy 1 = (0.13 ∗ 30 ∗ 600 ∗ 6002 )/106
Mux 1 = Muy 1 = 842.4 KN − m
Mux 1 MUX 1
= = 0.13
σck bD2 20 ∗ 600 ∗ 6002
Muy 1 MUY 1
2
= = 0.13
σck bD 20 ∗ 600 ∗ 6002
Puz = 0.45σck Ac + 0.75σy Asc
Puz = 0.45 ∗ 30 ∗ 6002 + 0.75 ∗ 415 ∗ 0.036 ∗ 6002
= 8893.80
Pu 5087
= = 0.571
Puz 8893.8
Pu
For value of = 0.571 from chart we get αn = 1.618
Puz
Check
Mux αn Muy αn
( ) +( ) ≤1
Mux 1 Muy 1
67.5 1.618 2.037 1.618
Or, ( ) +( ) ≤1
842.4 842.4
∴ 0.016 ≤ 1 Ok
Since, Manual calculation accepts less than 3.6 % area of steel without eccentricity,
But SAP 2000 calculated with eccentricity so, so we prefer the SAP analysis.
53
According To SAP 2000; Section = 600X600
% of Steel =3.6%
3.6
Area of Stell = ∗ 600 ∗ 600 = 12960𝑚𝑚2
100
Provide 12-32mm∅bars= 9651mm2

Provide 8-25∅ bars = 3927mm2
For Lateral the

∅𝑳 𝟑𝟐
Dia. Of bar ∅T = Not less than = = 𝟖𝒎𝒎
𝟒 𝟒
Dia. Of bar ∅T = Not less than 6 mm

Dia. Of bar ∅T= 8mm
Calculation of Pitch
P not grater than 16*32= 512mm
𝐻
Pitch P = 300 mm middle 3 height
For Earthquake condition, Pitch P = 150 mm c/c

𝑕
At top and bottom 3 height
54
CAHAPTER 9 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
9.1 STAIRCASE
Staircase is an inclined structural system for movement from one level to another
(from lower level to higher level or vice versa).
9.2 INTRODUCTION OF STAIRCASE

9.2.1. TYPES OF STAIRCASE
Different types of staircase can be designed according to the need and desire.
However some of the common types of staircase as follows:
a. Single flight staircase
b. Quarter turn staircase
c. Two flight staircase
d. Open newel staircase with half landing
STAIRCASE USED
For the analysis of the building used in the project, Dog legged staircase has been
used.
This type of staircase is suitable for commercial buildings.
9.3 DESIGN CONSIDERATION

 Height of riser is taken in the range of 150mm to 200mm.
 Tread should not be less than 240mm.
 The sum of the tread of a single step plus twice the rise should be between
550mm to 700mm.
 The slope or pitch of the staircase should not be more than 380.
 There should be at least 2m headroom measured vertically upward above any
step.
 Width of staircase is generally taken in the range of 1m to 1.5m, depending on
the use, however more width can be taken in commercial buildings.
 Width of the landing should not be less than width of the staircase.
55
9.4 Staircase design
size of staircase=6m * 3.25m

floor to floor height= 3.6 m
width of tread (G)= 0.3 m
height of riser (R)=0.15 m
fck =30 KN/m2
fy =415 KN/m2
live load =4 KN/m2
assume thickness of waist slab =200 mm
l = (0.152 +0.32 )0.5 = 0.335 m
56
1. Dead load of flight
Step section =1/2 * 0.3 *0.15 =0.023 m2
Inclined slab =0.335 * 0.2 =0.067 m2
Finish =(0.3+0.15) *0.030 = 0.014 m2
Total area = 0.104 m2
Density of concrete =25KN/m2
Dead load of step section , 1 m in width and 300 mm in length =25*0.104= 2.6 KN/m
Dead load per m2 on plan =2.6 *1000/300 =8.667 KN/m2
Live load per m2 on plan =4 KN/m2
Total load =12 667 m2
Factored load =1.5*12.667 =19.001 KN/m2
Taking 1.35 m width of slab,
Load=1.35*19.001 =25.651 KN/m
2. Landing A
Self weight of slab =0.2*25=5KN/m2
Finish =0.03*25 =0.75 KN/m2
Live load =4 KN/m2
Total load =9.75 KN/m2
Factored load =1.5 *9.75 =14.625 KN/m2
Load =1.35 * 14.625=19.744 KN/ m
3. For landing B
Width of beam= 350 mm
In a distance of 1025 mm ,the total factored load will be same as on landing A, that is
19.744 KN/m.In a distance of 150 mm from the wall, there will be no live load in
accordance with clause 33.2 of the code.In a distance equal to 150 mm from the wall
and a distance equal t o 75 mm inside the wall only dead load will be considered.
Total factored load =1.5*5.75*1.35 =11.644 KN/m
57
∑MA=0
RB *5.9=(19.744*1.352/2) +25.651*3.3* (1.35 +3.3/2)
+19.744*1.025*(1.35+3.3+1.025/2) +11.644*0.225*(1.35+3.3+1.025+0.225/2)
0r, RB =66.368 KN
Now, RA =19.744*1.35 +25.651*3.3 +19.744*1.025 +11.644*0.225 -RB
=67.792 KN
Let point of zero SF occurs at distance x from A
67.792 – 19.744*1.35 – 25.651*(x – 1.35) =0
or, 1.603=x -1.35
So, x= 2.953 m
Therefore, maximum BM occurs at distance 2.953 m from A.
Maximum BM=67.792*2.953 – 19.744*1.35*(2.953 – 1.35/2) – 25.651*1.6032/2
=200.189 – 60.718 – 32.956
=106.515 KNm
Effective depth of slab is given as,
BM=0.138*fck*b*d2
106.515∗10 6
d=
0.138∗30∗1350
=138.05 mm
58
Adopt effective depth of slab as 165 mm and overall depth as 190 mm.Area of tension
steel is given as
BM=0.87 *fy*Ast*(d – 0.42 xm)
=0.695*fy*Ast*d (xm = 0.48d)
106.515∗10 6
Ast=
0.695∗415∗165
=2238.17 mm2
Use 20 -12mm bars equally spaced in 1.35 m width.
Ast provided =113*20 =2260 mm2
Check for shear
𝑉𝑢 67.792∗1000
Nominal shear stress 𝜏v = = = 0.304 N/mm2
𝑏∗𝑑 1350 ∗165
100∗𝐴𝑠𝑡 100∗2260
Percent tension steel = = =1.015 %
𝑏∗𝑑 1350 ∗165
Shear strength for M30 concrete for 1.015 % steel,𝜏c= 0.66 N/ mm2
Shear strength for slab 𝜏c′ = k *𝜏c
=1.2 * 0.66 = 0.79 N/mm2>𝜏v Ok.

Development length for 12 mm bar(Ld)= 37.6ϕ =451 mm ≈ 500 mm
Moment of resistance of 20 -12mm bar,
2260
M1 =106.515* =107.56 KNm
2238
V = 66.368 KN
Let L0 =0
1.3∗𝑀1
Ld ≤ +LO
𝑉
1.3∗107.56∗1000
37.6 ϕ ≤
66.368
Φ ≤ 56.03 mm
12 ≤ 56.03 mm Ok.
Temperature reinforcement
Provide 1-10 mm bar as temperature reinforcement in each riser.In the waist slab
provide 0.12 % steel.
0.12
= *19*100 = 2.28 cm2/m
100
Provide 10 mm bars @ 300 mm c/c.
59
Design of landing slab A
𝑡(𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 ) 𝑡(𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 )
Effective span =2.75 + +
2 2
=2.75 +0.1+0.1
=2.95 m
Width = 1.35 m
Factored load per m2 = 14.625 KN/m2
Total load = 14.625 * 1.35 *2.95
= 58.244 KN
Reaction from one flight
25.651∗3.3∗2.9+9.744∗1.025∗0.737+11.644∗0.225 2 /2
=
5.9
=44.184 KN
∴Reaction from two flight = 2*44.184 = 88.36 KN

𝑊𝑢𝐿
Maximum BM =
8
88.36+58.244 ∗2.95
=
8
= 54.06 KNm
(88.36+58.244)
Maximum SF =
2
= 73.302 KN
Effective depth = 165 mm
𝑓𝑦 ∗𝐴𝑠𝑡
Area of steel is given by BM = 0.87*fy*Ast (d- )
𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗𝑏
415∗𝐴𝑠𝑡
Or, 54.06*106 = 0.87*415*Ast *(165 - )
30∗1350
Ast = 965.32mm2
Use 9-12mm bars in 1.35m width.
Ast = 1018mm2.
Check for landing slab
Shear check
𝑉𝑢 66.368∗1000
Nominal shear(𝜏𝑣 ) = = = 0.297 N/mm2
𝑏∗𝑑 1350 ∗165
100∗𝐴𝑠𝑡
Percentage of tension steel =
𝑏∗𝑑
60
100∗1018
=
1350 ∗165
= 0.457%
From IS 456, 𝜏𝑐 = 0.477N/mm2
% steel 𝜏𝑐 (N/mm2)
0.25 0.37
0.457 ?
0.5 0.5
0.5−0.37
𝜏𝑐 - 0.37 = *(0.457-0.25)
0.5−0.25
𝜏𝑐 = 0.477 N/mm2
Shear strength (𝜏𝑐 ′) = K𝜏𝑐
= 1.30*0.477
= 0.62 N/mm2>𝜏𝑣 ok.

4𝜏 𝑏𝑑 1.3∗𝑀1
Φ≤ ( +Lo)
0.87∗𝑓𝑦 𝑉
415∗1018
M1 = 0.87*415*1018*(165- )
30∗1350
= 56.811*106 Nmm
Lo = 12ϕ or d whichever is greater
= 12*12 = 144 or 165 mm
Hence take Lo = 165 mm
4∗1.6∗1.5 1.3∗56.811∗10 6
Φ≤ *( + 165)
0.87∗415 66.368∗10 3
= 312 mm ≥ 12 mm ok.
0.87∗𝑓𝑦 ∗𝜙
Ld =
4𝜏 𝑏𝑑
0.87∗415∗12
=
4∗1.6∗1.5
= 451.3 mm
61
9.5 Second staircase design
size of staircase=7m * 5m
floor to floor height= 3.6 m
width of tread (G)= 0.3 m
height of riser (R)=0.15 m
fck =30 KN/m2
fy =415 KN/m2
live load =4 KN/m2
assume thickness of waist slab =200 mm
l = (0.152 +0.32 )0.5 = 0.335 m
Dead load of flight
Step section =1/2 * 0.3 *0.15 =0.023 m2
Inclined slab =0.335 * 0.2 =0.067 m2
Finish =(0.3+0.15) *0.030 = 0.014 m2
Total area = (0.0225+0.067+0.01455) =0.10705m2
Density of concrete =25KN/m2
Dead load of step section , 1 m in width and 300 mm in length =25*0.1075= 22.7625
KN/m
Dead load per m2 on plan =2.67 *1000/300 =8.9 KN/m2
Live load per m2 on plan =4 KN/m2
Total load =12.9 KN/ m2
Factored load =1.5*12.9 =19.35 KN/m2
Load=1.85*19.35 =35.79 KN/m
62
Landing A
Self weight of slab =0.2*25=5KN/m2
Finish =0.03*25 =0.75 KN/m2
Live load =4 KN/m2
Total load =9.75 KN/m2
Factored load =1.5 *9.75 =14.625 KN/m2
Load =1.85 * 14.625=21.93 KN/ m
For landing B
Width of beam= 350 mm
In a distance of 1200 mm ,the total factored load will be same as on landing A, that is
21.93 KN/m.In a distance of 150 mm from the wall, there will be no live load in
accordance with clause 33.2 of the code.In a distance equal to 150 mm from the wall
and a distance equal t o 75 mm inside the wall only dead load will be considered.
Total factored load =1.5*5*1.85 =13.875KN/m
∑MA=0
RB *6.9=(21.93*1.852/2) +35.79*3.3* (1.85 +3.3/2)
+21.93*1.525*(1.85+3.3+1.525/2) +13.875*0.225*(1.85+3.3+1.525+0.225/2)
0r, RB =97.074 KN
Now, RA =21.93*1.85 +35.79*3.3 +21.93*1.525 +13.875*0.225 -RB
=98.168 KN
Let point of zero SF occurs at distance x from A
98.168 – 21.93*1.85 – 35.79*(x – 1.85) =0
or, 1.609=x -1.85
So, x= 3.459 m
Therefore, maximum BM occurs at distance 3.459 m from A.
63
Maximum BM=98.168*3.459 – 21.93*1.85*(3.459 – 1.85/2) – 35.79*1.6092/2
=339.59 – 102.80 – 46.32
=190.47 KNm
Effective depth of slab is given as,
BM=0.138*fck*b*d2
190.47∗10 6
d= 0.138∗30∗1850
=157.69 mm
Adopt effective depth of slab as 165 mm and overall depth as 190 mm.Area of tension
steel is given as
BM=0.87 *fy*Ast*(d – 0.42 xm)
=0.695*fy*Ast*d (xm = 0.48d)
190.47∗10 6
Ast= 0.695∗415∗165
=4002 mm2
Use 38 -12mm bars equally spaced in 1.85 m width.
Ast provided =4294 mm2
Check for shear
𝑉𝑢 98.168∗1000
Nominal shear stress 𝜏v = = = 0.32 N/mm2
𝑏∗𝑑 1850 ∗165
100∗𝐴𝑠𝑡 100∗4294
Percent tension steel = = 1850 ∗165 =1.406 %
𝑏∗𝑑
Shear strength for M30 concrete for 1.406 % steel, 𝜏c = 0.741 N/ mm2
Shear strength for slab 𝜏c′ = k *𝜏c
=1.2 * 0.741 = 0.88 N/mm2 > 𝜏v ok.
Development length for 12 mm bar(Ld)= 37.6ϕ =451.2 mm ≈ 500 mm
Moment of resistance of 38 -12mm bar,
4294
M1 =190.47*4002 =204.36 KNm
V = 97.074 KN
Let L0 =0
1.3∗𝑀1
Ld ≤ +LO
𝑉
1.3∗204.36∗1000
37.6 ϕ ≤ +0
97.074
Φ ≤ 72.78 mm
12 ≤ 72.78 mm Ok.
64
Temperature reinforcement
Provide 1-10 mm bar as temperature reinforcement in each riser.In the waist slab
provide 0.12 % steel.
0.12
= 100 *19*100 = 2.28 cm2/m
Provide 10 mm bars @ 300 mm c/c.

Design of landing slab A
𝑡(𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 ) 𝑡(𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 )
Effective span =4.5+ +
2 2
=4.5 +0.1+0.1
=4.7 m
Width = 1.85 m
Factored load per m2 = 14.625 KN/m2
Total load = 14.625 * 1.85 *4.7
= 127.164 KN
Reaction from one flight
35.79∗3.3∗3.4+21.93∗1.525∗0.9875+13.875∗0.225 2 /2
= 6.9
=63.03 KN
∴ Reaction from two flight = 2*63.03 = 126.06 KN
𝑊𝑢𝐿
Maximum BM = 8
126.06+127.164 ∗4.7
= 8
= 148.76 KNm
(126.06+127.164)
Maximum SF = 2
= 126.612 KN
Effective depth = 165 mm
Area of steel is given by
𝑓𝑦 ∗𝐴𝑠𝑡
BM = 0.87*fy*Ast (d- )
𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗𝑏
415∗𝐴𝑠𝑡
Or, 148.76*106 = 0.87*415*Ast *(165 - 30∗1380 )
Ast = 2870mm2
Use 26-12mm bars in 1.85m width.
Ast =113*26 = 2938mm2.
Provide 0.12% temperature reinfforcement in landing slab also.
65
CHAPTER 10 DESIGN OF FOOTING
Foundations are structural elements that transfer loads from the buildings or
individuals columns to the earth. Foundations must be designed to prevent excessive
settlement or rotation, to minimize differential settlement. Foundations are classified
as:
a. Isolated footing
b. Combined footing
c. Raft or mat foundation
d. Pile foundation
The type of foundations to be used in a given situation depends on a number of
factors,
a. Soil strata
b. Bearing capacity of soil
c. Type of structure
10.1 Raft foundation of one critical block was analyzed

Step 1: Calculating load c.g & geometrical c.g
B=30.30m
D=27.65m
A=B*D=30.30*27.65=837.795m2
𝐼 𝐵𝐷 3 30.30∗27.65 3
𝑋= = =53376 .09𝑀 4
12 12
𝐼 𝐷𝐵 3 27.65∗30.33
𝑌= = =64097 .06𝑀 4
12 12
30.3
X= = 15.15𝑚
2
27.65
X= = 13.825m
2
∈ 𝑃 = 141259 𝐾𝑁
Load at C.G
0.4∗18850 +4.9∗23592 +9.9∗21724 +14.9∗21318 +19.9∗21251 +24.9∗19671 +29.9∗14853
X= 141259
=14.2479
0.4∗25856 +6.4∗22709 +9.75∗21578 +16.75∗28130 +23.75∗27148 +27.25∗15838
Y= 141259
66
=13.54
𝑒𝑥 = 14.2479 − 15.15 = −0.9021
𝑒𝑦 = 13.54 − 13.825 = −0.85
𝑀𝑋 = 𝑃 ∗ 𝑒𝑦 = 141259 ∗ −0.285 = −40258.81
𝑀𝑦 = 𝑃 ∗ 𝑒𝑥 = 141259 ∗ (−0.9021) = −127429.74
𝑀𝑋 −40258.81
= = 0.7542
𝐼𝑋 53376.09
𝑀𝑦 −127429.75
= = 1.988
𝐼𝑦 64097.60
Stress Calculation
𝑃 𝑀𝑋 𝑀𝑦
𝜎= ± ∗𝑦± ∗𝑥
𝐴 𝐼𝑋 𝐼𝑦
𝑃 141259
= 837.795 = 168.60
𝐴
𝜎 = 168.60 ± 1.988𝑥 ± 0.7542𝑦

Assume soil bearing capacity (SBC) = 250 KN/m2
stress(𝜎)
SN Grid X (m) Y(m) KN/m2 Check(SBC=250)
1 A-1 15.151 13.825 209.145 < SBC=ok
2 B-1 15.151 7.425 204.32 < SBC=ok
3 C-1 15.151 4.075 201.79 < SBC=ok
4 D-1 15.151 -2.925 196.51 < SBC=ok
5 E-1 15.151 -9.925 191.28 < SBC=ok
6 F-1 15.151 -18.825 188.29 < SBC=ok
7 A-2 10.25 13.325 199.4 < SBC=ok

8 A-3 5.25 13.325 189.46 < SBC=ok
9 A-4 0.25 13.325 179.52 < SBC=ok
10 A-5 -4.75 13.325 169.58 < SBC=ok
11 A-6 -9.75 13.325 159.64 < SBC=ok
12 A-7 -15.15 13.325 148.9 < SBC=ok
13 F-2 10.25 -13.325 187.55 < SBC=ok
67
14 F-3 5.25 -13.325 168.61 < SBC=ok
15 F-4 0.25 -13.325 158.67 < SBC=ok
16 F-5 -4.75 -13.325 148.73 < SBC=ok
17 F-6 -9.75 -13.325 138.79 < SBC=ok
18 F-7 -15.15 -13.325 128.05 < SBC=ok
19 B-7 -15.15 7.425 144.082 < SBC=ok

20 C-7 -15.15 4.075 141.55 < SBC=ok
21 D-7 -15.15 -2.925 136.28 < SBC=ok
22 E-7 -15.15 -9.925 130.99 < SBC=ok
In Y- direction the raft is divided into six strip

I. Beam at 1-1 with 2.65m width and soil pressure 209.145 KN/m2
II. Beam at 2-B2with4.75 width and soil pressure = (209.145+199.4)/2=204
KN/m2
III. Beam at 3-3 with 5m width and soil pressure =(199.4+189.46)/2=194.4
KN/m2
IV. Beam at 4-4 with 5m width and soil pressure =(189.46+179.52)/2=184.5
KN/m2
V. Beam at 5-5 with 5m width and soil pressure
2
=(179.52+169.58)/2=174.55 KN/m
VI. Beam at 6-6 with 5m width and soil pressure =(169.58+159.64)/2=
164.62 KN/mIn X- direction the raft is divided into five strip
I. Beam at A-A with 3.4 m width and soil pressure =209.145 KN/m2
II. Beam at B-B with 4.675m width and soil pressure =(209.145 +204)/2=206.57
KN/m2
III. Beam at C-C with 5.175m width and soil pressure =(204+201.8)/2=202.9
KN/m2
IV. Beam at D-D with 7m width and soil pressure =(201.8+196)/2=198.9 KN/m2
V. Beam at E-E with 5.25m width and soil pressure =(196+191)/2=193.5 KN/m2
68
Moment Calculation
X-Direction
Moment(KN-
SN Strip stress(w)(KN/m2) Span(m) m)
1 A-A 209.145 5 522.8625
2 B-B 206.57 5 516.425
3 C-C 202.9 5 507.25
4 D-D 198.9 5 497.25
5 E-E 193.5 5 483.75
Y-Direction
SN strip stress(w) Span moment
1 1-1 209.145 7 1024.811
2 2-2 204.27 7 1000.923
3 3-3 194.4 7 952.56
4 4-4 184.5 7 904.05
5 5-5 174.55 7 855.295
6 6-6 164.62 7 806.638
Calculation of depth of raft footing

For a corner column
Shear stress 𝜏𝑣= 𝑉 𝑈 =𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 31.6.2 𝐼𝑆 456−2000
𝑏0𝑑
3812 ∗10 3
= 𝑑+1400 ∗𝑑
Equating 𝜏𝑣 = 𝜏𝑐
𝜏𝑣 = 0.25√20 =1.118 N/mm2
3812000
= 1.118
𝑑 2 + 1400𝑑
∴ d=1.274m
D=128+5=133cm=1330mm
Checking depth @ edge column
PU=4995KN
Perimeter (b0)=(200+2d)
69
Equating 𝜏𝑣 = 𝜏𝑐
𝜏𝑣 = 0.25√20 =1.118 N/mm2
4995000
= 1.118
2000 + 2𝑑 ∗ 𝑑
d=1076.04mm
Checking depth @ centre column
Pu=5300KN
Perimeter (b0)=(2400+4d)
5300000
= 1.118
2400 + 2𝑑 ∗ 𝑑
d =829.226mm
Conclusion : Highest depth is for corner column
SO,adopt d=1280mm+50mm=1330mm
∴ Over all depth =1330mm
Rebar Calculation
𝜎𝑦 Ast
Mmax at x- direction =507.25KNm=0.87𝜎𝑦 Ast (𝑑 − )
𝜎 𝑐𝑘 𝑏
𝜎𝑦 = Fe415, 𝜎𝑐𝑘 =20,b=1000mm,d=1280mm

A=1117.86mm2
∴ 6 nos 16mm bar 80mm c/c
Mmax=1024.81KN-m
𝜎𝑦 Ast
=0.87𝜎𝑦 Ast (𝑑 − )
𝜎 𝑐𝑘 𝑏
A =2303mm2
0.12 0.12
∴ 12 nos 16mm 80mm c/c , A min= ∗ 𝑏𝐷 = ∗ 1000 ∗1330=1536mm2 <2303
100 100
Ok.
70
CHAPTER 11 CONCLUSION
The project is entitled " DETAIL DESIGN AND ADVANCED ANALYSIS OF
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT HOSPITAL BUILDING AT LEKHNATH” was
carried out by the group of seven students of final year.The analysis of buildingwas
done using appropriate method of analysis.The detailing of structure was done as per
relevant IS Codes as well as building design codes.The tools used in this project are
SAP 2000 V14 ,AUTOCAD.The structural members are designed to restrain the dead
load, live load and earthquake loads.
This project has indeed widened our knowledge regarding the analysis and design of
multi-storied frame structures.This project work mainly focuses towards earthquake
resistant structural analysis and design only.The detail design and drawings are
presented as per the calculation.The principle and methodology applied while
analyzing and designing the multi-storied frame structure is universally valid for any
type of framed structures.
A continuous sincerity and devotion to the work by the project group and the valuable
suggestion and guidance of the supervisor made it possible to bring the project work
to this level.
Finally, we wish our project report will become the guidance to the junior students
and other designers.We hope that project work will prove much useful to us in our
carrer.
71
CHAPTER 12 DRAWINGS
72
CHAPTER 13 BIBLOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES
1. A.K. JAIN, “Reinforced Concrete (Limit State Design)”, Nem Chand &
Bros,6th Edition, Reprinted on 2010.
2. S.N. Singh, “Reinforced Concrete Design”, Tata Mc-Graw Hill Publishing
Company, New Delhi,India,2nd Edition,1996.
3. IS1893-2002 for seismic analysis.
4. SP-16
5. Bureau of Indian Standards,“Plain and Reinforced Concrete – Code of Practice
(IS-456:2000)”,Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi,India,2000.
6. Nepal Building Code (National Building Code)105 :1994
7. IS:875 (Part 1) – 1987 (for load calculation)
8. Previous Project Report
9. Civil Engineering Website:theconstructor.org
73

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CIVIL

"DETAIL DESIGN AND ADVANCED ANALYSIS OF

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

For the partial fulfillment of the Degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering

The project is entitled " DETAIL DESIGN AND ADVANCED ANALYSIS OF

Symbols and Description

1.2 Why Hospital Building

1.3 Literature Review

1.4 Objective of the project

The main objectives of the project are :

1. To design an earthquake resistant multistory hospital building.

1.5 Limitation of the Project

1.6 Project Description

1. Type of building : Hospital Building

Two ramp and four lift.

2.1 Preliminary design

2.2 Preliminary vertical load analysis

2.3 End-Moments in Beams

2.3.1 Mid-Span Moments in Beams

2.4 Preliminary lateral load analysis

2.4.1 Preliminary load analysis of beam and column

At the preliminary stage, detailed calculation of reinforcements may be superfluous,

2.6 Gravity load

2.7 Dead Loads

2.8 Live Loads

2.8.1 Eccentricity of Vertical Loads

2.8.2 Earthquake Load

2.8.3 Other Loads

2.8.4 Lateral Loads

2.8.5 Estimation of Earthquake Loads

The base shear, Vb= Ah *W

Z=Zone factor (Refer IS 1893 (part 1): 2002 table 2)

natural period of vibration(Ta).

According to IS 1893(Part 1):2002 CI. NO.7.6.1

Seismic Base shear for block (ii) (VB)=Ah*W =0.098*142720.3=13986.59 KN

Today we are challenging the assumption that earthquakes must present an

Also, Earthquake is a natural phenomenon and it can neither be prevented nor be

Global Occurrence of Earthquakes each year:

Group Magnitude Annual Avg. Number

Great 8 and Higher 1

Strong 6-6.9 120

Moderate 5-5.9 800

Light 4-4.9 6200(estimated)

Minor 3-3.9 49000(estimated)

3.3 Seismicity of a Region

Table 1 Zone factor as per IS 1893-2002(part1)

Zone Zone Factor(Z)

As per IS 1893-2002(Part 1) Nepal lies in Zone V

3.5 Magnitude of Earthquake

amplitude of the ground motion on a standard seismograph at a distance of 1000km

3.6 Centre of Mass (C.M.)

3.7 Centre of Stiffness (C.S)

Type Magnitude ' M' (Richter Scale)

3.8.1 Recent earthquake in Nepal

Date Latitude Longitude Epicenter Magnitude

2013/11/03 29.56 81.68 BAJURA 4.3

2013/10/18 27.36 87.37 SANKHUWASAVA 4.3

2013/10/13 30.08 81.74 HUMLA 4.5

2013/09/22 30.25 81.55 HUMLA 4.4

Seismic Base shear for block (ii) (VB)=AhW =0.098142720.3=13986.59 KN

IV Z =21.6 to Z 28 28@1.86.25=315 28@1.86.25=315 630