MODULE2: KINEMATICS

MODULE 2 UNIT 1: MOTION ON A STRAIGHT LINE

ENGAGE
Based on your learning from module 1, how can you apply vectors and scalar quantities in
the study of motion?

EXPLORE
Read Module 2 Unit 1: Motion on a straight line (pp 28 – 31)
EXPLAIN

MOTION
➢ Change in position of an object in a given time interval
➢ A continuous change in position

KINEMATICS
➢ A branch of mechanics concerned with the motion of objects regardless of the cause
of motion
PARTICLE
➢ “Idealized model” representing a moving body; no rotation or change in shape
occurs during motion
COORDINATES (Rectangular)
➢ The mathematical method of locating points in a space or plane will also be used for
locating bodies as they move

MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE (RECTILINEAR MOTION)

We start our study with the simplest type of motion a body can undergo. This is called
rectilinear motion or motion along a straight line. For the analysis, we will be considering the
line of motion as a coordinate axis, i.e. the x-axis if the line of motion is horizontal or inclined
or the y-axis if the line of motion is vertical.

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BASIC CONCEPTS:
1. Position, x

o indicate the location of the body at any time as it moves

o the distance from a given reference point along the path at any time
o usually given as a function of time like X = (10 m/s2) t2 or X = (5 m/s) t + 10 m, etc
o The form of the equation depends on how the body moves along the line.

• In cases where the line of motion is the y-axis, position is denoted by (y).

2. Displacement(x)
o the change in position of a body during a certain length of time or time interval

• Displacement is different from distance traveled in the sense that displacement is a

vector quantity directed from the initial to the final position. Distance is the length of
a path followed by a particle. However, in one directional rectilinear motion, the
magnitude of the displacement is the same as the distance traveled.

3. time instant vs time interval

timeinstant(t)
▪ the time at a certain point, i.e. at the time 3 secs after starting or time 5 secs before
stops, etc
timeinterval (t)
▪ a length of time, i.e. during the first 5 secs, or during the time from t1 = 4 secs to t2
= 7 secs, etc.

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 4. Speed vs velocity
Speed – defines how fast an object moves
Velocity (V) – the rate of change in position of an object; the speed of a body
including its direction of motion

a. Averagevelocity (Vave)
▪ velocity of a body taken during a time interval, or between two points along its
path
𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 ∆𝐱
𝐕𝐚𝐯𝐞 = =
𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐥 ∆𝐭

b. Instantaneous velocity (V)

▪ velocity of an object at a specific time, or specific point along its path
∆𝐱 𝐝𝐱
𝐕 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
∆𝐭 →𝟎 ∆𝐭 𝐝𝐭

Where x is the position of the given as a function of time

*velocity is the derivative of displacement

5. Acceleration – the rate of change in velocity of an object; a body is said to be

accelerating when the velocity is changing
a. Average acceleration (aave)
▪ acceleration of a body taken during a time interval, or between two points along
its path (displacement)
𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 ∆𝐕
𝐚𝐚𝐯𝐞 = =
𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐥 ∆𝐭
b. Instantaneous acceleration (a)
▪ acceleration of an object at a specific time, or specific point along its path
∆𝐕 𝐝𝐕 𝐝𝟐 𝐱
𝐚 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = =
∆𝐭 →𝟎 ∆𝐭 𝐝𝐭 𝐝𝐭 𝟐
*acceleration is the derivative of velocityAND the 2nd derivative of the displacement

UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED RECTILINEAR MOTION (UARM)

➢ A very common and simple type of one-dimensional motion where the acceleration is
constant.
➢ In such a case, at any instant within the interval, and the velocity changes at the same
rate throughout the motion.

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BASIC KINEMATIC EQUATIONS for UARM:
**To simplify the equations, it will be assumed here that at time t = 0, the position xi = 0,Thus
the time interval Δt will be the same as time instant t (Δt = t) because ti = 0 and tf = t.
The displacement Δx will also become same as position x (Δx = x) because xi = 0 and xf =
x at time instant t.

Derivation:
∆X X Take Vf from Eq 3.a and substitute in Eq 2
Vave = = → Eq a,
∆t t 2x
But − Vi = Vi + at
t
Vi + Vf 2x
Vave = → Eq b = 2Vi + at → 2x = 2Vi t + at 2
2 t
Equating Eq a and Eq b 𝟏
𝐗 = 𝐕𝐢 𝐭 + 𝐚𝐭 𝟐 → 𝐄𝐪 𝟑
𝐕𝐢 + 𝐕𝐟 𝟐
𝐗= 𝐭 → Eq 1
𝟐 Take Vi from Eq 1.a and substitute in Eq 2
Eq 1 can be written as 𝟏
𝐗 = 𝐕𝐟 𝐭 − 𝐚𝐭 𝟐 → 𝐄𝐪 𝟒
2x 𝟐
= Vi + Vf → Eq 1. a
t Take t from Eq 1.a and substitute in Eq 2
From acceleration: 2X
t=
𝐕𝐟 = 𝐕𝐢 + 𝐚𝐭 → Eq 2 Vi + Vf
2X 2X
Vf = Vi + a ( ) → Vf − Vi = a ( )
Vi + Vf Vi + Vf
(Vf − Vi )(Vi + Vf ) = 2aX
𝐕𝐟𝟐 = 𝐕𝐢𝟐 + 𝟐𝐚𝐗 → 𝐞𝐪 𝟓

FREE FALLING MOTION

➢ A freely falling body is one that moves vertically in air under the action of its weight
alone. Air resistance is neglected and there is no external additional factor that is causing
the body to move except gravity.
The specific equations for free fall are the following (based from Basic equations of UARM:

From UARM → Free Fall Sign convention:

1. 𝐗 =
𝐕𝐢 + 𝐕𝐟
𝐭 1. 𝐘 =
𝐕𝐢 + 𝐕𝐟
𝐭 Y is positive (+) if measured above the
𝟐 𝟐
starting point. It is negative (-) if measured
2. 𝐕𝐟 = 𝐕𝐢 + 𝐚𝐭 2. 𝐕𝐟 = 𝐕𝐢 + 𝐠𝐭 below the starting point.
Vi and Vfare positive (+) if directed upward,
𝟏 𝟏 negative (-) if directed downward.
3. 𝐗 = 𝐕𝐢 𝐭 + 𝟐 𝐚𝐭 𝟐 3. 𝐘 = 𝐕𝐢 𝐭 + 𝐠𝐭 𝟐
𝟐 Time t is always positive (+).
𝟏 𝟏
4. 𝐗 = 𝐕𝐟 𝐭 − 𝟐 𝐚𝐭 𝟐 4. 𝐘 = 𝐕𝐟 𝐭 − 𝟐 𝐠𝐭 𝟐 g is always negative (-):
(g=-9.8 m/s2; -980 cm/s2; -32 ft/s2)
5. 𝐕𝐟𝟐 = 𝐕𝐢𝟐 + 𝟐𝐚𝐗 5. 𝐕𝐟𝟐 = 𝐕𝐢𝟐 + 𝟐𝐠𝐘

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ELABORATE
HORIZONTAL MOTION
m
1. The motion of a particle along the x –axis is described by the equation x = (6 s ) t +
m
(0.5 3 ) t 3 where x is in meters, and t is in seconds. Determine the following:
s
a. Position of the particle 3 seconds after 2. Average acceleration during the
starting second 3 seconds
b. Displacement from 2 sec to 5 sec 3. Acceleration at t = 5 secs
c. Average velocity during first 5 seconds 4. Time the particle moves at 20m/s
d. Velocity at t= 4secs 5. The acceleration and velocity at start
of motion
SOLUTION:
m m
Given: X = (6 s ) t + (0.5 s3 ) t 3

a) The position of the particle 3 secs after starting

• To solve for the position of the body at any time t, simply substitute the value of t in
the given equation.
m m m m
Therefore at t = 3 secs ; X = (6 ) t + (0.5 3 ) t 3 = (6 ) (3s) + (0.5 3 ) (3s)3
s s s s
𝐗 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟓 𝐦

b) The displacement during the time interval from 2 sec to 5 secs

• Displacement is the change in the position of the body. That is ∆X = X 2 − X1. But
before ∆X can be solved, the values of X1 and X 2 should be solved first from the
equation of X.
Let t1 = 2 sec, and x1 = distance travelled at time 2 seconds
m m m m
X1 = (6 s ) t + (0.5 s3 ) t 3 = (6 s ) (2s) + (0.5 s3 ) (2s)3
𝐗 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟔 𝐦

Let t2 = 5 sec, and x2 = distance travelled at time 5 seconds

m m m m
X 2 = (6 ) t + (0.5 3 ) t 3 = (6 ) (5s) + (0.5 3 ) (5s)3
s s s s
𝐗 𝟐 = 𝟗𝟐. 𝟓 𝐦

Therefore: the displacement, ∆X = X 2 − X1 = 92.5 m − 16 m

∆𝐗 = 𝟕𝟔. 𝟓 𝐦 (occurs between t1 and t2)

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c) The average velocity during the first 5 secs
• Average velocity is the velocity of the body taken during a time interval. That is
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 ∆𝐗
𝐕𝐚𝐯𝐞 = =
𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐥 ∆𝐭
• The term during the first 5 secs means that the body starts from t 1 = 0 s and ends at t2
= 5 s.
Solve first for the values of X1 and X 2 from the equation of X.
m m m m
At t1 = 0 sec; X1 = (6 s ) t + (0.5 s3 ) t 3 = (6 s ) (0s) + (0.5 s3 ) (0s)3
𝐗 𝟏 = 𝟎𝐦

m m m m
At t2 = 5 sec; X 2 = (6 s ) t + (0.5 s3 ) t 3 = (6 s ) (5s) + (0.5 s3 ) (5s)3
𝐗 𝟐 = 𝟗𝟐. 𝟓 𝐦

𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 ∆𝐗 𝐗 𝟐 −𝐗 𝟏 𝟗𝟐.𝟓 𝐦−𝟎 𝐦

Therefore: 𝐕𝐚𝐯𝐞 = 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐥
= ∆𝐭
= 𝐭 𝟐 −𝐭 𝟏
= 𝟓 𝐬−𝟎 𝐬
𝐕𝐚𝐯𝐞 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟓 𝐦/𝐬

d) The velocity at time t = 4 secs

• Instantaneous velocity is the velocity of the body at a specific point in time. To get its
value, first determine the equation of instantaneous velocity by getting the derivative
of X with respect to time, and then simply substitute the value of time in the derived
equation.
m m
𝐝𝐗 𝐝 [(6 )t+(0.5 3)t3 ] 𝐦 𝐦
𝐕= 𝐝𝐭
= s
𝐝𝐭
s
=𝟔 𝐬
+ (𝟏. 𝟓 𝐬𝟑) 𝐭 𝟐
m m m m
Therefore at t = 4 sec; V=6 s
+ (1.5 s3 ) t 2 = 6 s
+ (1.5 s3 ) (4 s)2
𝐕 = 𝟑𝟎 𝐦/𝐬

e) The average acceleration during the second 3 seconds

• Average acceleration is the acceleration of the body taken during a time interval.
𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 ∆𝐕
That is 𝐚𝐚𝐯𝐞 = 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐥
= ∆𝐭
The term during the second 3 secs means that the body starts from t1 = 3 s and
ends at t2 = 6 s.
Solve first for the values of V1 and V2 from the equation of V.
m m m m
At t1 = 3 s; V1 = 6 s
+ (1.5 s3 ) t 2 = 6 s
+ (1.5 s3 ) (3 s)2 = 19.5 m/s
m m m m
At t2 = 6 s; V2 = 6 + (1.5 3 ) t 2 = 6 + (1.5 3 ) (6 s)2 = 60 m/s
s s s s

m m
Change in velocity ∆V V2 −V1 60 −19.5
Therefore: aave = time interval
= ∆t
= t2 −t1
= s
6 s−3 s
s

𝟐
𝐚𝐚𝐯𝐞 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟓 𝐦/𝐬

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f) What is the acceleration at time t = 5 secs?
• Instantaneous acceleration is the acceleration at a specific point in time. To get its
value, first determine the equation of instantaneous acceleration by getting the
derivative of V with respect to time, and then simply substitute the value of time in the
derived equation.
𝐦 𝐦
𝐝𝐕 𝐝 [𝟔 𝐬 + (𝟏. 𝟓 𝐬𝟑) 𝐭 𝟐 ] 𝐦
𝐚= = = (𝟑 𝟑 ) 𝐭
𝐝𝐭 𝐝𝐭 𝐬
𝐦 𝐦
• Therefore, at t = 5 secs; 𝐚 = (𝟑 𝟑) 𝐭 = (𝟑 𝟑) (𝟓 𝐬)
𝐬 𝐬
𝟐
𝐚 = 𝟏𝟓 𝐦/𝐬

g) At what time was it moving at 20 m/s?

• Given is an instantaneous velocity. Use the equation of instantaneous velocity
to solve for the value of time.
𝐦 𝐦
𝐕 = 𝟔 𝐬 + (𝟏. 𝟓 𝐬𝟑) 𝐭 𝟐
m m m
20 = 6 + (1.5 3 ) t 2 → = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟓𝟓 𝐬
s s s

h) What are the acceleration and velocity when it started?

• The term “when it started” means time t = 0. To solve for the value of
acceleration and velocity at
t = 0, use the equation of instantaneous acceleration and instantaneous
velocity, respectively.
m 𝐦
At t = 0 s; a = (3 s3 ) t = 𝟎 𝐬𝟐
m m 𝐦
• At t = 0 s; V=6 s
+ (1.5 s3 ) t 2 = 𝟔 𝐬

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UARM:
1. A car starting from rest moves with constant acceleration. after 10 sec, the velocity is now
30 m/s. Compute for (a) acceleration, (b) distance travelled after 10 sec, (c) time it took
to travel 100meters, and (d) its velocity after travelling 50 meters.
SOLUTION: First step of the solution is to identify the given values. Draw a simple diagram
representing the given.
Given:

Solution:
a) the acceleration
• To solve for the acceleration, choose an equation wherein the given values can
be substituted directly. Given are the Vi, Vf and t. Therefore, use equation (2).
m m
Vf = Vi + at → 30 = 0 + a (10 s) → 𝒂 = 𝟑 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
s s

b) the distance traveled after 10 secs

• To solve for the distance traveled given again Vi ,Vf and t, choose equation (1)
m m
Vi + Vf 0 + 30
s s
X= t= (10 s) → 𝑿 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒎/𝒔
2 2

c) the time it took to travel 100 meters

• This time the value of acceleration can be used to solve for the time the car took
to travel 100 m since the car is moving at constant acceleration. Given now are
Vi , X and 𝒂. Therefore, use equation (3) to solve for t.
1
X = Vi t + at 2
2
m 1 m
100m = (0 ) t + (3 2 ) t 2 → 𝒕 = 𝟖. 𝟏𝟔𝟓 𝒔
s 2 s

d) its velocity after traveling 50 meters.

• Use equation (5) to solve for Vf after traveling 50 m since the given are X, Vi and 𝒂.
𝒎 𝒎
𝑽𝟐𝒇 = 𝑽𝟐𝒊 + 𝟐𝒂𝑿 = ( 𝟎 )𝟐 + 𝟐 (𝟑 𝟐 ) (𝟓𝟎 𝒎) → 𝑽𝒇 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟑𝟐𝟏 𝒎/𝒔
𝒔 𝒔

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2. A subway train starts from rest at a station and accelerates at a rate of 1.6 m/s 2 for 14 s.
It runs at constant speed for 70 s and slows down at a rate of 3.5 m/s 2 until it stops at the
next station. Find the total distance covered.

GIVEN:

REQUIRED: Total distance traveled by the subway train, XT

SOLUTION:
The total distance traveled by the train is the sum of the distances it has traveled in the
different situations it has encountered.
Let X1 = distance traveled at 𝒂 =1.6 m/s2
X2 = distance traveled at constant velocity
X3 = distance traveled at 𝒂 = -3.5 m/s2

Therefore, 𝑋𝑇 = 𝑋1 + 𝑋2 + 𝑋3

Solve for 𝑿𝟏 : Given 𝑎, t and Vi , use equation (3) to solve for X1.
𝟏 𝑚 1 𝑚
𝑿𝟏 = 𝑽𝒊 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐 = (0 ) (14𝑠) + (1.6 2 ) (14𝑠)2 → 𝑿𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓𝟔. 𝟖 𝒎
𝟐 𝑠 2 𝑠

Solve for 𝑿𝟐 : Before 𝑋2 can be solved, the value of the constant velocity(let it be V1) should
be solved first.
Given 𝒂 =1.6 m/s2 ,t = 14 s and Vi = 0 m/s, use equation (2) to solve for V1.
𝑚 𝒎
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽𝒊 + 𝒂𝒕 = 0 + (1.6 2 ) (14 𝑠) = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒
𝑠 𝒔

At constant velocity, the only equation that is applied is 𝑿 = 𝑽𝒕

𝑚
𝑋2 = 𝑉1 𝑡 = (22.4 ) (70 𝑠) → 𝑿𝟐 = 𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟖 𝒎
𝑠

𝑚
Solve for 𝑿𝟑 : Given 𝒂 = -3.5 m/s2 , 𝑉1 = 22.4 𝑠
and Vf = 0, use equation (5) to solve for 𝑿𝟑 .
𝑉𝑓2 = 𝑉12 + 2𝑎𝑋3
0𝑚 2 22.4𝑚 2 𝑚
( ) =( ) + 2 (−3.5 2 ) (𝑋3 ) → 𝑿𝟑 = 𝟕𝟏. 𝟔𝟖 𝒎
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

Solving for 𝑋𝑇 : 𝑋𝑇 = 𝑋1 + 𝑋2 + 𝑋3 = 156.8 m + 1568 m + 71.68 m →𝑿𝑻 = 𝟏𝟕𝟗𝟔. 𝟒𝟖 𝒎

36
FREE FALL
1. A stone is thrown vertically downward with a velocity of 5 m/s from a window 50 meters
above ground level. (a) How much time will it take to travel to the ground? (b) With what
velocity will it strike the ground? (c) How far did it fall in 2?

Given: Solution:
a) Time for the stone to reach the ground
• Given are Vi , Y and g, hence, use equation (3) to solve for the
value of t, but don’t forget to use proper sign convention.
𝟏
𝒀 = 𝑽𝒊 𝒕 + 𝒈𝒕𝟐
𝟐
𝑚 1 𝑚 2
−50 𝑚 = (−5 ) 𝑡 + (−9.8 2 ) 𝑡
𝑠 2 𝑠
𝑚 2 𝑚
(4.9 2 ) 𝑡 + (5 ) 𝑡 − 50 𝑚 = 0
𝑠 𝑠
Use quadratic formula to solve for the values of t:
−𝟓 ± √(𝟓)𝟐 − 𝟒(𝟒. 𝟗)(−𝟓𝟎)
𝒕= → 𝒕 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟐𝟒𝟕 𝒔
𝟐(𝟒. 𝟗)
b) Velocity with which the stone strikes the ground
• Use equation (5) to solve for Vf.
𝒎 𝒎
𝑽𝟐𝒇 = 𝑽𝟐𝒊 + 𝟐𝒈𝒀 = (−𝟓 )𝟐 + 𝟐 (−𝟗. 𝟖 𝟐 ) (−𝟓𝟎 𝒎)
𝒔 𝒔
𝑽𝒇 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝟎𝟏𝟕 𝒎/𝒔

2. A ball is thrown vertically upward from the roof of a building. It just misses the roof on its
way down and passes a point 30 m below its starting point 5 s after it leaves the thrower’s
hand. Air resistance may be ignored. (a) What is the initial speed of the ball? (b) How
high does it rise above its starting point? (c) What is its velocity 5 s after it leaves the
thrower’s hand?
Given: Solution:
a) Initial speed of the ball
• Use equation (3) to solve for Vi , since Y, t
and g are given.
𝟏
𝒀 = 𝑽𝒊 𝒕 + 𝒈𝒕𝟐
𝟐
1 𝑚
−30 𝑚 = 𝑉𝑖 (5 𝑠) + (−9.8 2 )(5 𝑠)2
2 𝑠
𝑽𝒊 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟓 𝒎/𝒔

37
 b) Height, Y, the ball reached above its starting point
• When the ball reaches its highest point its velocity becomes zero. Knowing the
values of Vi, Vf and g, use equation (5) to solve for the value of Y.
𝑽𝟐𝒇 = 𝑽𝟐𝒊 + 𝟐𝒈𝒀
𝑚 2 𝑚 2 𝑚
(0 ) = (18.5 ) + 2 (−9.8 2 ) 𝑌
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
𝒀 = 𝟔𝟗. 𝟖𝟒𝟕 𝒎

c) Velocity of the ball 5 s after it leaves the thrower’s hand

• Use equation (2) to solve for the velocity, Vf, of the ball 5 s after it leaves the
thrower’s hand, since the given are Vi, t and g.
𝒎 𝒎
𝑽𝒇 = 𝑽𝒊 + 𝒈𝒕 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟓 + (−𝟗. 𝟖 𝟐 ) (𝟓𝒔)
𝒔 𝒔
𝑽𝒇 = −𝟑𝟎. 𝟓 𝒎/𝒔
( - ) negative means velocity is downward

3. A stone is dropped from a building 50 m high. At what time will the stone reach the
ground? What is the stone’s velocity upon hitting the ground? What is the stones velocity
at 1 sec? what is the stones position at t=2 secs and t= 3 secs?

4. At what velocity must an object be thrown vertically up to reach its maximum height in
2.5 seconds? How high is the peak from the starting point?

EVALUATE

HORIZONTAL MOTION
m
1. The motion of a particle along the x –axis is described by the equation v = (3 s2 ) t +
m
(0.5 s2 ) t 2 where x is in meters, and t is in seconds. Determine the following:
a. Position of the particle 3 seconds after e. Average acceleration during the
starting second 3 seconds
b. Displacement from 2 sec to 5 sec f. Acceleration at t = 5 secs
c. Average velocity during first 5 seconds g. Time the particle moves at 20m/s
d. Velocity at t= 4secs h. The acceleration and velocity at start
of motion
UARM:
1. A car is moving at uniform acceleration. Its velocity after traveling for 2 seconds is 4m/s
and is found 12 meters from where it started. If the car’s velocity at 5 seconds is 10 m/s,
determine (a) the car’s acceleration, (b) its displacement at t = 5 seconds measured
from its starting point and (c) its velocity at the start.

38
2. A ball is rolled on a flat surface with an initial velocity of 2 m/s. what is the ball’s
acceleration if it was found 15 meters away from its starting position after 5 seconds?
What is the ball’s velocity at a distance 20m? how long will the ball travel to achieve a
velocity of 20 m/s?

FREE FALL:
1. If the stone in example problem 3 was initially thrown downwards at 4 m/s, how much
time will it take to reach the ground? At what velocity will it hit the ground? At what time
will it reach a velocity of 12m/s? Where is the stone at v=6 m/s?

2. Resolve practice problem number 1, if the stone was thrown upwards instead. Use the
same given values. How high will the stone reach?

KINEMATICS UNIT 2: MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS

ENGAGE
From Module 2 Unit 2, what concepts can be applied in two- dimensional motion?

What factors would affect the motion of objects in two dimensions?

EXPLORE
Read Module 2 Unit 2: Motion in Two Dimensions (pp 39 - 41)
EXPLAIN

MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS

Motion in two dimensions can be modelled as two independent motions in each of
the two perpendicular directions associated with the x and y axes. That is, any influence in
the y direction does not affect the motion in the x direction and vice versa.

➢ PROJECTILE MOTION
o A curvilinear motion which moves under the sole effect of gravity. Air resistance is
neglected just like in free falling motion. The difference is that for a projectile, the
initial velocity called the velocity of projection is not vertical. It is directed either
horizontally, at an angle below the horizontal, or at anangle above the horizontal.
o the path is that of an inverted parabola, symmetric about a vertical line that
passes thru the vertex (highest point)

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 TRAJECTORY
o curved path followed by a projectile and is always in the form of an inverted
Parabola
HORIZONTAL COMPONENTS VERTICAL COMPONENTS
Displacement R = range Y
Velocity Vx = constant (Vix = Vfx) Vy (under free fall)
acceleration ax=0 ay = g = -9.81 m/s2

Equations for Projectile Motion:

Vertical: Sign convention:
1. 𝐘 =
𝐕𝐢𝐲 + 𝐕𝐟𝐲
𝐭 Y is positive (+) if measured above the starting point. It is negative
𝟐
(-) if measured below the starting point.
2. 𝐕𝐟𝐲 = 𝐕𝐢𝐲 + 𝐠𝐭
Viy and Vfyare positive (+) if directed upward, negative (-) if
𝟏 directed downward.
3. 𝐘 = 𝐕𝐢𝐲 𝐭 + 𝐠𝐭 𝟐
𝟐
Time t is always positive (+).
𝟏
4. 𝐘 = 𝐕𝐟𝐲 𝐭 − 𝐠𝐭 𝟐 g is always negative (-). (g=-9.8 m/s2; -980 cm/s2; -32 ft/s2)
𝟐

5. 𝐕𝐟𝐲
𝟐 𝟐
= 𝐕𝐢𝐲 + 𝟐𝐠𝐘

Horizontal:
6. 𝐑 = 𝐗 = 𝐕𝐱 𝐭

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x and y components of Initial Velocity
𝐯𝐱 = 𝐯𝐢𝐱 = 𝐯𝐢 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 𝐯𝐢𝐲 = 𝐯𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
𝒗𝒊𝒚 𝒗𝒇𝒙 = 𝒗𝒙 2 2
𝒗𝒊 𝑉𝑓 = √𝑉𝑓𝑥 + 𝑉𝑓𝑦
𝛉
𝑉𝑓𝑦
𝜃 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1
θ 𝑉𝑓𝑥
𝒗𝒇𝒚 𝒗𝒇
𝒗𝒊𝒙

CASES:
1. Projectile launched HORIZONTALLY

θ at initial is zero
vi = vix = vx = vfx
Y is negative

2. Projectile launched at an angle BELOWthe horizontal

vi = vix = vx = vfx
Viy is negative
Y is negative

3. Projectile launched at an angle ABOVEthe horizontal

vi = vix = vx = vfx
Viy is positive
V approaches zero as it
reaches Ymax

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ELABORATE
1. A ball is thrown horizontally with a velocity of 30 m/s from a window 40 m above ground
level. Solve for (a) the time it takes to travel to the ground, (b) the velocity 2 secs after
being thrown, (c) the horizontal displacement or range.
Given: SOLUTION:
a) The time it takes to travel to the ground
Use equation (3) to solve for the time the ball
takes to travel to the ground since 𝑉𝑖 , Y and g are
given. But 𝑉𝑖𝑦 is zero since 𝑉𝑖 is horizontal.
𝟏
𝒀 = 𝑽𝒊𝒚 𝒕 + 𝒈𝒕𝟐
𝟐
1 𝑚
−40 𝑚 = 0 + (−9.8 2 )𝑡 2
2 𝑠
𝒕 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟓𝟕𝟏 𝒔

b) The velocity 2 secs after being thrown

To solve for the velocity after 2 s, use the equation

𝑉 = √𝑉𝑥2 + 𝑉𝑦2 ; 𝑉𝑖𝑥 = 𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑥 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒎/𝒔

To solve for 𝑉𝑦 at t = 2 s use equation (2) since Vi , t and g are given. But 𝑉𝑖𝑦 is again zero
since 𝑉𝑖 is horizontal.
𝑚 𝒎
𝑉𝑦 = 𝑉𝑖𝑦 + 𝑔𝑡 = 0 + (−9.8 2
) (2 𝑠)2 = −𝟑𝟗. 𝟐 ↓
𝑠 𝒔
𝑚 𝒎
Therefore: 𝑉 = √𝑉𝑥2 + 𝑉𝑦2 = √(30 𝑠 )2 + (−39.2 𝑚/𝑠)2 → 𝑽 = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟑𝟔𝟐𝟑 𝒔

2. An airplane was diving at an angle of 30o below the horizontal when it dropped a bomb
from a height of 1000 meters. The bomb hits the ground 5 sec later. (a) What was the
velocity of the airplane? (b) With what velocity did the bomb hit the ground?

Given: SOLUTION:
a) The velocity of the airplane
• The velocity of the plane V is the same as the initial
velocity of the bomb Vi which is dropped from the plane
with an initial velocity that is 30o below the horizontal. To
solve for Vi of the plane use equation (3) since Y, t and g
are given. Use the correct sign convention.

𝟏 1 𝑚
𝒀 = 𝑽𝒊𝒚 𝒕 + 𝒈𝒕𝟐 → −1000 𝑚 = (−𝑉𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛30𝑜 )(5 𝑠) + (−9.8 2 )(5 𝑠)2 → 𝑽𝒊 = 𝟑𝟓𝟏 𝒎/𝒔
𝟐 2 𝑠

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 b) With what velocity did the bag of sand hit the ground
𝑽𝒇 = √𝑽𝟐𝒇𝒙 + 𝑽𝟐𝒇𝒚
𝑚 𝒎
But 𝑉𝑖𝑥 = 𝑉𝑓𝑥 = 𝑉𝑥 = 351 𝑠
𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30𝑜 → 𝑽𝒇𝒙 = 𝟑𝟎𝟑. 𝟗𝟕𝟒𝟗 𝒔
Use equation (2) to solve for Vfy.
𝑚 𝑚
𝑉𝑓𝑦 = 𝑉𝑖𝑦 + 𝑔𝑡 = (−351 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛30𝑜 ) + (−9.8 2 ) (5 𝑠)
𝑠 𝑠
𝑽𝒇𝒚 = − 𝟐𝟐𝟒. 𝟓 𝒎/𝒔 ↓

𝑚 2
𝑉𝑓 = √(303.9749 ) + (− 224.5 𝑚/𝑠)2 → 𝑽𝒇 = 𝟑𝟕𝟕. 𝟖𝟗 𝒎/𝒔
𝑠

3. A cannonball is fired with a velocity of 40 m/s 30o above the horizontal from the top of a
cliff 50 meters high. (a) How much time will it take to travel to ground level? (b) What is
the highest point reached measured from ground level? (c) What is the range of the
cannonball? (d) With what velocity did the cannonball strike the ground?

Given: SOLUTION:
a) Time t the cannonball will take to travel to ground
level
• Use equation (3) to solve for t since Y, Viy and g are
𝟏
given :𝒀 = 𝑽𝒊𝒚 𝒕 + 𝟐 𝒈𝒕𝟐
𝑚 1 𝑚
− 50 𝑚 = (40 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛30𝑜 ) 𝑡 + (−9.8 2 ) 𝑡 2
𝑠 2 𝑠
2
4.9 𝑡 − 20 𝑡 − 50 = 0
Use quadratic formula to solve for the value of t:
𝒕 = 𝟓. 𝟖𝟑𝟏𝟒 𝒔

b) the highest point reached measured from ground level

• The height reached by the cannonball measured from the ground level, Yt, is the
sum of 50 m and height Y as shown from the diagram. To solve for the value of Y,
use equation (5). The velocity
y-component Vy of the cannonball at the highest point is zero.
𝑽𝒚𝟐 = 𝑽𝒊𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒈𝒀
𝑚 𝑚
0 = (40 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛30)2 + 2 (−9.8 ) 𝑌
𝑠 𝑠
𝒀 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝒎

Solving for the total height Yt from the ground level:

𝑌𝑡 = 50 𝑚 + 𝑌 = 50 𝑚 + 20.4082 𝑚
𝒀𝒕 = 𝟕𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝒎

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 c) The range of the cannonball
𝑚
𝑅 = 𝑉𝑥 𝑡 = (40 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠30𝑜 ) (5.8314 𝑠) → 𝑹 = 𝟐𝟎𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟔 𝒎
𝑠

d) The velocity the cannonball strike the ground ,Vf

𝑽𝒇 = √𝑽𝟐𝒇𝒙 + 𝑽𝟐𝒇𝒚
𝑚
𝑽𝒇𝒙 = 𝑽𝒊𝒙 = 40 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠30𝑜 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟔𝟒𝟏 𝐦/𝐬
𝑠
𝑚
To solve for 𝑽𝒇𝒚 use equation (5): 𝑽𝟐𝒇𝒚 = 𝑽𝟐𝒊𝒚 + 𝟐𝒈𝒀 = (40 𝑠 𝑥 sin 300 )2 +
𝑚
2 (−9.8 𝑠2 ) (−50 𝑚)
𝑽𝒇𝒚 = −𝟑𝟕. 𝟏𝟒𝟖𝟒 𝒎/𝒔 ↓

2 2
𝑚
𝑉𝑓 = √𝑉𝑓𝑥 + 𝑉𝑓𝑦 = √(34.641 + (37.1484 𝑚/𝑠)2 → 𝑽𝒇 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟕𝟗𝟑𝟕 𝒎/𝒔
𝑠)2

4. During a fireworks display, a shell is shot into air at an initial speed of 70 m/s at Angie of
75 above the horizontal. The shell ignites once it reaches its highest point. (a) Calculate
the height at which the shell explodes. (b) how much time has passed between the
launch and explosion? (c) What is the horizontal displacement of the shell at explosion?

EVALUATE
1. In a game war, one team sets base on a cliff 15m high and 60m away from the
opponent’s base. At what velocity must the attack be launched so that the lower base
will be hit? The initial launch is at 20 degrees below the horizontal?

2. A baseball is hit at a velocity of 100fps at an angle 20 above the horizontal. Will the ball
hit a fence 20ft high and 200ft away from the batter’s plate? How far will the ball land
from the fence?

3. A boulder rolls over a 50m high cliff. How fast was the boulder moving if it was found 180
m on the ground? At what time did the boulder hit the ground? At what velocity was it
approaching the ground?

4. Graph the trajectory of a particle for every 1 sec, if it is moving at an initial velocity of 25
m/s from a height of 20 m, if (a) it is launched horizontally, (b) it is launched 15 above
the horizontal, and (c) it is launched 10 below the horizontal. Mark the highest point it
reaches, and its maximum horizontal displacements.

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 CONTACT INFORMATION OF THE FACILITATOR

CIVIL /GEODETIC ENGINEERING CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Engr. Yuriko Lyn M. Abalos-Suba Engr. Normalita L. Escalante
FB account/messenger: Ym Abalos FB account/messenger:
E-mails: ylasuba@slu.edu.ph E-mails: nlescalante@slu.edu.ph

Engr. Joana Marie F. Casandra - Obfan Engr. Mylene M. Occasion

FB account/messenger: Jei-Em Cee-Oh FB account/messenger:
E-mails: jmcobfan@slu.edu.ph E-mails: mmocasion@slu.edu.ph

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Engr. Blanche Rosaida P. Mallar Engr. Marc Gabriel M. Labagnoy
FB account/messenger: FB account/messenger:marclabagnoy
E-mails: brpmallare@slu@.edu.ph E-mails: mgmlabagnoy@slu.edu.ph

THIS MODULE PREPARED BY: THIS MODULE WAS COMPILED AND EDITED
Engr. Normalita L. Escalante BY:
Engr. Blanche Rosaida P. Mallare Engr. Mylene M. Ocasion
Engr. Mylene M. Ocasion Engr. Joana Marie C. Obfan
Engr. Joana Marie C. Obfan
Engr. Yuriko Lyn A. Suba

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