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    Measurement & Units: 1 Dr. Loai Afana / 2012-2013

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    Raghda Jouda
    1) The document discusses fundamental and derived physical quantities in mechanics, with the fundamental quantities being length, mass, and time. 2) It describes the SI units for length, mass, time, and other derived units like velocity and acceleration. The SI units for length is meters, mass is kilograms, and time is seconds. 3) Examples of unit conversions between meters, feet, inches, miles, and other units are provided to demonstrate converting between different systems of units.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Measurement & Units: 1 Dr. Loai Afana / 2012-2013

    Uploaded by

    Raghda Jouda
    30 views16 pages
    1) The document discusses fundamental and derived physical quantities in mechanics, with the fundamental quantities being length, mass, and time. 2) It describes the SI units for length, mass, time, and other derived units like velocity and acceleration. The SI units for length is meters, mass is kilograms, and time is seconds. 3) Examples of unit conversions between meters, feet, inches, miles, and other units are provided to demonstrate converting between different systems of units.

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    Lec._01_Measurement_Units

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    1) The document discusses fundamental and derived physical quantities in mechanics, with the fundamental quantities being length, mass, and time. 2) It describes the SI units for length, mass, time, and other derived units like velocity and acceleration. The SI units for length is meters, mass is kilograms, and time is seconds. 3) Examples of unit conversions between meters, feet, inches, miles, and other units are provided to demonstrate converting between different systems of units.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    30 views16 pages

    Measurement & Units: 1 Dr. Loai Afana / 2012-2013

    Uploaded by

    Raghda Jouda
    1) The document discusses fundamental and derived physical quantities in mechanics, with the fundamental quantities being length, mass, and time. 2) It describes the SI units for length, mass, time, and other derived units like velocity and acceleration. The SI units for length is meters, mass is kilograms, and time is seconds. 3) Examples of unit conversions between meters, feet, inches, miles, and other units are provided to demonstrate converting between different systems of units.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 16

    Lecture 1

    Measurement & Units

    Dr. Loai Afana / 2012-2013 1


    Physical quantities (in mechanica)

    Basic quantities : in mechanics the three fundamental


    quantities are
    Length (L), mass (M), time (T)

    Derived quantities : all other physical quantities in mechanics can


    be expressed in term of basic quantities

    Velocity
    Area
    Volume
    Acceleration
    Force
    $..
    $..

    Dr. Loai Afana / 2012-2013 2


    Units

    Time > Second (s)


    The SI unit of time is the Second, which is the time required for a
    cesium-133 atom to undergo 9192631770 vibrations.

    Length > Meter (M)


    The SI unit of length is Meter, which is the distance traveled by light
    in vacuum during a time of 1/2999792458 second.

    Mass > Kilogram (kg)


    The SI unit of mass is the Kilogram, which is defined as the mass of
    a specific platinum-iridium alloy cylinder.

    Dr. Loai Afana / 2012-2013 3


    Systems of Units

    * SI units (International System of Units):

    length: meter (m), mass: kilogram (kg), time: second (s)


    *This system is also referred to as the mks system for meter-kilogram-second.

    * Gaussian units

    length: centimeter (cm), mass: gram (g), time: second (s)


    *This system is also referred to as the cgs system for centimeter-gram-second.

    * British engineering system:

    Length: inches, feet, miles, mass: pounds, time: seconds

    We will use mostly SI units, but you may run across some problems using
    British units. You should know how to convert back & forth.

    Dr. Loai Afana / 2012-2013 4


    Conversions

    1 mile = 1609 m = 1.609 km


    1 ft = 0.3048 m = 30.48 cm
    1 in = 0.0254 m = 2.54 cm
    1m = 39.37 in = 3.281 ft
    1 mile = 5280 ft
    Example:
    Convert miles per hour to meters per second !!??
    1mile 1609m
    = = 0.447 m / s
    1hour 3600s
    Questions:
    1. Convert 500 millimeters into meters. 500/1000 = 0.5m
    2. Convert 4.2 liters into milliliters. 4.2 * 1000 = 4200 mil.L
    3. Convert 1.45 meters into inches. 1.45 * 39.37 = 57.086 inch
    4. Convert 65 miles per hour into kilometers per second.
    65mil/1H * 1609m/3600s =0.029 Km/s = 29 m/s 5
    Prefixes

    Prefixes correspond to powers of 10


    Each prefix has a specific name/abbreviation

    Power Prefix Abbrev.

    1015 peta P
    109 giga G
    106 mega M
    103 kilo k
    10-2 centi c
    10-3 milli m
    10-6 micro µ
    10-9 nano n
    10-12 pico p
    10-15 femto f

    Dr. Loai Afana / 2012-2013 6


    Example :
    Newton’s law of universal gravitation is shown by
    Mm
    F = G
    r2
    What are the SI units of the proportionality constant G?
    Here F is the magnitude of the gravitational, M and m are the masses of the objects,
    and r is a distance.
    Force F has the SI units kg ·m/ s2.

    Solution:

    Mm Fr 2
    F=G 2 ⇒G=
    r Mm

    kg.m / s 2 × m 2 m3 N.m 2
    G≡ = 2
    =
    kg × kg kg.s kg 2

    Dr. Loai Afana / 2012-2013 7


    Density
    M
    Every substance has a density, designated ρ ≡
    V
    M
    Dimensions of density are, ρ ≡ units (kg/m3)
    L3
    Some examples:
    Substance ρ (103 kg/m3)

    Gold 19.3
    Aluminum 2.70
    Water 1.00

    Dr. Loai Afana / 2012-2013 8


    Example :

    A solid piece of lead has a mass of 23.94 g and a volume of 2.10 cm3.
    From these data, calculate the density of lead in SI units .

    Solution

    m 23.94 × 10 −3 3 3
    ρ= = = 11.4 × 10 kg / m
    V 2.10 × 10 −6

    Dr. Loai Afana / 2012-2013 9


    Dimensional Analysis
    Definition: The Dimension is the qualitative nature of
    a physical quantity (length, mass, time).

    brackets [ ] denote the dimension or units of a physical quantity:


    Quantity Dimension
    Length [L]=L
    Mass [M]=M
    time [T]=T
    area [A] = L2
    volume [V]=L3
    velocity [v]= L/T
    Acceleration [a] = L/T2
    force [f]=M L/T2

    Dr. Loai Afana / 2012-2013 10


    Idea: Dimensional analysis can be used to derive or check formulas by treating
    dimensions as algebraic quantities.
    Quantities can be added or subtracted only if they have the same dimensions,
    and quantities on two sides of an equation must have the same dimensions.

    Example :
    Using the dimensional analysis check this equation is correct:

    x = ½ at 2
    where: x, is the distance, a, is the acceleration and t, is the time.

    Solution left side [x] = L


    1 2 L
    righ side [ at ] = 2 × T 2 = L
    2 T

    This equation is correct because the dimension of the left and right side of the
    equation have the same dimensions.
    Dr. Loai Afana / 2012-2013 11
    Problem:
    Show that the expression x = vt +1/2 at2 is dimensionally correct ,
    where x is coordinate and has unit of length, v is velocity,
    a is acceleration, and t is the time.

    The left side [ x] = L


    L L
    The right side [vt + 1 2 at 2 ] = T +1/ 2 2 T 2
    T T
    [ L] = [ L]

    Dr. Loai Afana / 2012-2013 12


    Example:
    Which of the following equations are dimensionally correct?
    (a ) v f = v i + ax
    (b ) y = (2m ) cos(kx ), where k = 2m −1
    Solution 1:
    (a) This is incorrect:

    L L L L L2
    = + .L = + 2
    T T T2 T T

    (b) This is correct:

    2
    L = 2 L. cos .L
    L
    L = 2L

    Dr. Loai Afana / 2012-2013 13


    Example:
    Suppose that the acceleration (a) of a particle moving in circle of
    radius r with uniform velocity v is proportional to the rn and vm.
    Use the dimensional analysis to determine the power n and m.

    Solution
    Let us assume a is represented in this expression
    a = k rn v m
    Where k is the proportionality constant of dimensionless unit.

    The left side [a] = L/T2

    The right side

    Therefore  LT −2 = Lm + n T − m 

    1=n +m 2=m  n = -1
    and the acceleration a is: a = k r -1 v2 = kv2/r
    Dr. Loai Afana / 2012-2013 14
    The position of a particle moving under uniform acceleration is some function of
    time and the acceleration. Suppose we write this position:

    x = kam tn
    where , k is a dimensionless constant.
    Show by dimensional analysis that this expression is correct if m = 1 and n = 2
    Solution

    [ x] = [ka mt n ]

    L = Lm T −2 m × T n = Lm T n −2 m

    The powers must be the same on each side of the equation

    m =1 and n − 2m = 0 ⇒ n = 2

    Dr. Loai Afana / 2012-2013 15


    Problem:
    The period T of a simple pendulum is measured in time unit given by : T = 2 π l
    g
    Show that this equation is dimensionally correct.

    l
    [T ] = [ 2 π ]
    g
    L L
    T = = .T
    L L
    2
    T

    T = T

    Dr. Loai Afana / 2012-2013 16

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