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    General Physics (Phy 101)

    Uploaded by

    Adewale Peter Olowatosin

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    General Physics (Phy 101)

    Uploaded by

    Adewale Peter Olowatosin
    4 views6 pages

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    GENERAL PHYSICS (PHY 101)[1]

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    4 views6 pages

    General Physics (Phy 101)

    Uploaded by

    Adewale Peter Olowatosin

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    GENERAL PHYSICS (PHY 101)

    COURSE OUTLINE

    1. Space, Time, Units Dimension


    2. scalars Vectors
    3. differentiation of vectors – Displacement, Velocity and acceleration

    SPACE

    Space is a three-dimensional continuum in which objects and event occur and have relative
    position and direction. In classical physics, physical space is often conceived in three linear
    dimensions (Distance, Area & Volume).

    In physics, spacetime is any mathematical model that fuses the three dimension of space
    and the one dimension of time into single four dimensional continuum. Spacetime diagram
    are useful in visualizing and understanding relativistic effect such as how different observer
    perceive where and when event occur.

    For an inverse to exist there is need for three ingredients which include time, space and
    energy.

    QUANTITY UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

    Quantity is a property that can be measured e.g density of a substance as well as


    resistance of a conductor can be measured but not all the quantity can be measured e.g
    beauty.

    Physics, the term units refers to the quantity of a constant magnitude, used to measure the
    magnitude of other quantities of an identical type.

    In order to communicate the result of a measurement of a physical quantity, units for the
    quantity must be define:

    There are two types of units which include

    (a) Fundamental Units i.e units that cannot be defined in terms f other units in Kg and S
    (b) Derived Units i.e units that can be defined in terms f other units, most especially in terms
    of fundamental units e.g Speed (m/s), Density, (kgm-3), force (kgm-2) or (N)

    Exercise

    Define and state the unit of density, Acceleration, Impulse, Energy and Power

    Measurement: Measurement is the assignment of a number to a characteristic of an object or


    event which can be compared with other objects or event

    1
    Some of the most frequently used metric prefixes responding powers of 10 as shown below

    Approximate values of some

    S/N MASS (KG)


    1 OBSERVABLE INVERSE 1 x 1052
    2 Milky way Galaxy 7 x 1041
    3 Sun 2 x 1030
    4 Earth 6 x 1024
    5 Moon 7 x 1052
    6 Shark 1 x 1022
    7 Human 7 x 102
    8 Frog 1 x 101
    9 Mosquito 1 x 10-1
    10 Bacterium 1 x 10-5
    11 Hydrogen atom 1 x 10-27
    12 Electron 9 x 10-31

    INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS

    In 1971, the 14th General Conference on weights and measures picked seven quantities as
    base which is from the basis of the International System of Units, (SI) from its French name
    and popularly known as the metric system:

    • Many Sl derived Units are defined in terms of these base units. e.g SI unit for Power is
    called watt. •1I watt = 1W = 1kg.m2/S3.

    • Scientific notation: This employs power of 10

    It can also be associated with factor for very high or Very flow values.

    MEASUREMENT

    • Meter is defined as the distance travelled by light in vacuum during the interval of 1/299

    792 458 seconds.

     Kilogram is defined as the mass of a specific platinum-iridium alloy cylinder (kept at the
    International Bureau of Weights & Measures).

    • Second is defined as 9 192 631 700 times the period of oscillation of radiation from the
    cesium atom

    CONVERSION OF UNITS

    • Often, we need to change the units in which a quantity is expressed.

    2
    • Chain-link conversion method, multiplying by a 'conversion factor', is used.

     Converting units is a matter Of multiplying & the by a fraction, with one unit in the

    numerator and its equivalent in the other units in the denominator, arranged unwanted units
    in the given quantity are cancelled out in favor of the desired units.

    DIMENSIONS:

    Definition

    Dimension is the physical nature f a quantity

    • All Mechanical quantities can be expressed in terms of the fundamental quantities: Symbols
    used to specify the dimensions of the length (m)) mass(kg) & time(s) are [M] & [T]
    respectively.

     Other physical quantities can be expressed as a combination of these 3 terms '


     The resultant combination is called the dimensions of that physical quantity
     We use square bracket [ ]to denote "the dimension of

    [Area] = L2, [Speed] = IT-1 ; [density] F ML¯3

    [Angle] = LL- 1 = LO, [force] F MLT-2

    • NOTE: dimensions are independent" of the units used.

    DIMENSIONS: FULL DIMENSIONAL LIST

    • Mass — M, Length —L, Time —T, Electric Charge Q, Temperature - θ , Number of moles
    MOL, and Luminosity - ?

    • Any sensible equation must be dimensionally consistent i.e [left - hand side] = [right - hand
    side]

    • It is a good idea to carry out this check on all the equations appearing in a model

    • This reveals any modeling errors

    Addition of terms only makes sense if each term has the same dimensions.

    • For a proposed equation, each term must be checked for consistency e.g A = B + (C X D)

    • A, B and (CX D) must have the same dimensions

    DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

    3
     This is a means of simplifying a physical problem by appealing to dimensional
    homogeneity to reduce the number of relevant variables
     It is useful for:

    (1) Presenting and interpreting experimental data

    (2) Attacking problems not amenable to a direct theoretical solution

    (3) Checking equations

    (4) Derive equations

    (5) Establishing the relative importance of particular physical phenomena.

    DETERMINE THE UNITS FOR CONSTANTS

     Any constants appearing in equations can be:

    (i) Either be dimensionless (pure numbers)

    (ii) Or can have dimensions

    e.g

     Supposed that we are modeling the force of a moving object due to air resistance. If we
    assume the magnitude of the force F is proportional to the square of the •speed v, then
     F = kv2
     In dimensions: [F] = [kv2]
     MLT--2 = [k] [LT-1]2 = [k] L2T--2
     For consistency, we require
     [k] = ML-I
     K is measured in kgm-l

    Example : Deduce the dimension of :

    Force = mass × acc

    velocity distance /time L/T −2


    M× = = =
    time time T ¿

    Force Dimension of force m× acc


    (c) Pressure = = = 2
    Area Dimension of Area L

    4
    −2
    MLT
    = 2 = ML−1 T −2
    L
    −2
    MLT
    Pressure = = 2 = ML−1 T −2
    L

    Tutorial 1

    What are the dimensions of the following quantities

    Work,Energy,Impulse, coeff of viscosity,density,modulous of elasticity.

    (a) Use of dimensions to check equations


    The dimensions of the quantities of each side os am equation must match each other ie
    those on left must match those on the right.
    Example consider the equation S=ut+1/2at 2 writing this in dimensional form we have
    L=(L)(T )−1 T + (L)(T )−2 T 2
    L= L+L
    This prove the equation since the length on the left hnd side of equation is obtained by
    adding the two length on the right hand side
    1
    Note( ) is a pure member having no dimensions and is therefore omitted in the
    2
    dimension eq.

    Tutoril 2 show tat the equation for impulse


    Ft =mv –mU is dimensionally correct
    Sol
    Writing in dimensional form, we have:
    (M)(L)(T )−2 = (M)(L)(T )−1- (M)(L)(T )−1
    (M)(L)(T )−1= ML(T )−1-(M)(L)(T )−1

    UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT

     No physical quantity can be determined with complete accuracy.


     The concept of significant figures affords a basic method of handling these uncertainties.

    5
     A significant figure is a reliably known digit, other than a zero, used to locate the decimal
    point. The two rules of significant figures are as follows:
     When multiplying or dividing using two or more quantities, the result should have the
    same number of significant figures as the quantity having the fewest significant figures.
     When quantities are added or subtracted, the number of decimal places in the result
    should be the same as in the quantity with the fewest decimal places.

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