UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCES

ASSIGNMENT NO.1

Submitted To: Sir Nadeem Arif

Submitted By: Husnain Murtaza

Roll No: 20011515-020

 COMPUTER

A computer is a machine or device that performs processes, calculations and operations based on
instructions provided by a software or hardware program. It has the ability to accept data (input),
process it, and then produce outputs. Computers can also store data for later uses in appropriate
storage devices, and retrieve whenever it is necessary. Modern computers are electronic devices
used for a variety of purposes ranging from browsing the web, writing documents, editing
videos, creating applications, playing video games, etc. They are designed to execute
applications and provide a variety of solutions by combining integrated hardware and software
components.

 HISTORY OF COMPUTER

The computer as we know it today had its beginning with a 19th century English mathematics
professor name Charles Babbage. He designed the Analytical Engine and it was this design that
the basic framework of the computers of today are based on. Computers can be classified into
three generations. Each generation lasted for a certain period of time and each gave us either a
new and improved computer or an improvement to the existing computer.

 First Generation
The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based.
 Second Generation
The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based.
 Third Generation

The period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based.

 Fourth Generation
The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based.
 Fifth Generation
The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards. ULSI microprocessor based.
 USES OF COMPUTER
Computers play a role in every field of life. They are used in homes, business, educational
institutions, research organizations, medical field, government offices, entertainment, etc.
  Home
Computers are used at homes for several purposes like online bill payment, watching movies or
shows at home, home tutoring, social media access, playing games, internet access, etc. They
provide communication through electronic mail.
 Medical Field
Computers are used in hospitals to maintain a database of patients’ history, diagnosis, X-rays,
live monitoring of patients, etc. Surgeons nowadays use robotic surgical devices to perform
delicate operations, and conduct surgeries remotely.
 Entertainment
Computers help to watch movies online, play games online; act as a virtual entertainer in
playing games, listening to music, etc. MIDI instruments greatly help people in the
entertainment industry in recording music with artificial instruments.
 Industry
Computers are used to perform several tasks in industries like managing inventory, designing
purpose, creating virtual sample products, interior designing, video conferencing, etc. Online
marketing has seen a great revolution in its ability to sell various products to inaccessible
corners like interior or rural areas.
 Education
Computers are used in education sector through online classes, online examinations, referring e-
books, online tutoring, etc. They help in increased use of audio-visual aids in the education field.
 Government
In government sectors, computers are used in data processing, maintaining a database of citizens
and supporting a paperless environment. The country’s defense organizations have greatly
benefitted from computers in their use for missile development, satellites, rocket launches, etc.
 Banking
In the banking sector, computers are used to store details of customers and conduct transactions,
such as withdrawal and deposit of money through ATMs. Banks have reduced manual errors and
expenses to a great extent through extensive use of computers.
 Business
Nowadays, computers are totally integrated into business. The main objective of business is
transaction processing, which involves transactions with suppliers, employees or customers.
Computers can make these transactions easy and accurate.
  Training
Many organizations use computer-based training to train their employees, to save money and
improve performance. Video conferencing through computers allows saving of time and
travelling costs by being able to connect people in various locations.
 Science and Engineering
Computers with high performance are used to stimulate dynamic process in Science and
Engineering. Supercomputers have numerous applications in area of Research and Development
(R&D). Topographic images can be created through computers. Scientists use computers to plot
and analyze data to have a better understanding of earthquakes.
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER

Advantages of Using A Computer

 Multitasking

Multitasking is one of the major advantages of computer. Person can perform multiple task,
multiple operation, calculate numerical problems within few seconds. Computer can perform
trillion of instructions per second.
 Speed

Now computer is not just a calculating device. Now a day’s computer has very important role in
human life. One of the main advantages of computer is its incredible speed, which helps human
to complete their task in few seconds. All the operations can be performed very fast just because
of its speed elsewise it takes a long time to perform the task.
 Accuracy

One of the root advantages of computer is that can perform not only calculations but also with
accuracy.
 Data Security

Protecting digital data is known as data security. Computer provide security from destructive
forces and from unwanted action from unauthorized users like cyber-attack or access attack.
Disadvantage of Computer

As we know advantage comes with disadvantage.

 Virus and hacking attacks

Virus is a worm and hacking is simply an unauthorized access over computer for some illicit
purpose. Virus is being transferred from email attachment, viewing an infected website
advertise.
For example: Huge portion of internet was going down including Twitter, Netflix, Reddit and
CNN in October 2016 because the largest DDoS attack was launched on service provider DYN
using IoT Botnet.
 Online Cyber Crimes

Online cyber-crime means computer and network may have used in order to commit crime.
Cyberstalking and Identity theft are the points which comes under online cyber-crimes. For
example: one may get the access of the access to your shopping account like amazon account
now that person will be able to know your personal details like debit card or credit card number
which can be than misused.
 Reduction in employment opportunity

Mainly past generation was not used of the computer or they have the knowledge of computer
they faced a big problem when computer came in field. As we have seen in banking sector
senior bank employees faced this problem when computer came to the banking. Above were the
main disadvantage of computer, no IQ, Dependency, no feeling, break down are the basic
disadvantages of computer.
 WORKING AND COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
The computer does its primary work in a part of the machine we cannot see, a control center that
converts data input to information output. This control center, called the central processing unit
(CPU), is a highly complex, extensive set of electronic circuitries that executes stored program
instructions.
Following are some main components of computer
Whether it's a gaming system or a home PC, the five main components that make up a
typical, present-day computer include:

 A motherboard
 A Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 A Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), also known as a video card
 Random Access Memory (RAM), also known as volatile memory
 Storage: Solid State Drive (SSD) or Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

In terms of construction, each of these main components are attached to the motherboard
and then put into a protective case—resembling the clean, polished look most of us are
accustomed to seeing.
1. The motherboard
All components of a computer communicate through a circuit board called the motherboard,
What it does: Think of the motherboard as the glue that holds everything else together.(The
Raspberry Pi, like the one featured in our summer course for kids, Build and Code Your
Own Take-Home Laptop, is a motherboard.)The motherboard’s video card and Central
Processing Unit are contained in an integrated (built-in) chipset.

2. The Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The CPU is often called the "brain" of a computer, thanks to its direct plug connection to the
motherboard, and communication with all of the computer’s other components. What it
does: Whenever you write a line of code (in Python, Java, C++, or any other programming
language), it's broken down into assembly language—which is a language that the
processor can understand. It fetches, decodes, and executes these instructions. And that’s
where the CPU comes in—all the processes a computer handles are taken care of by the
CPU.

3. The Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

It's not uncommon to hear gamers obsess over the next new graphics card, as these graphic
cards make it possible for computers to generate high-end visuals like those found in the
many different types of video games . In addition to video games, though, good graphics
cards also come in handy for those who rely on images in order to execute their craft, like
3D modelers using resource-intensive software. What it does: Graphics cards often
communicate directly with the display monitor, meaning a $1,000 graphics card won't be of
much use if there isn't a high-end monitor connected to it.

4. Random Access Memory (RAM)

RAM, also known as volatile memory, stores data regarding frequently accessed programs
and processes. (It's called volatile memory because it gets erased every time the computer
restarts.) What it does: RAM helps programs and games start up and close quickly.

5. Storage
What it is: All computers need somewhere to store their data. Modern computers either use
a Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or Solid-State Drive (SSD). What it does: HDDs are made of an
actual disk onto which data is stored. The disk is read by a mechanical arm. (HDDs are
cheaper than SSDs, but are slowly becoming more and more obsolete.) SSDs (think SIM
cards) have no moving parts and are faster than a hard drive, because no time is spent
waiting for a mechanical arm to find data on a physical location on the disk.
 WHAT ARE THE IMPACTS IF COMPUTER ARE NOT IN IUR LIFE?

Computer has changed our lives a lot. Here I will discuss some of says that computer has
changed our lives a lot. Rather than that our lives would not be so easy.

1. Change the way we work

The fear that the job market might be destroyed due to the onset of technology is not new, but
with the development of new technology, automation might happen a lot faster than before.
Automation is reshaping workplaces and will in years to come bring fundamental changes to
almost every industry. Schmidt does not predict that human workers will be replaced by robots,
but envisages cooperation between humans and robots in the workplace. Highly repetitive and
mundane tasks will be automated, and give humans more time to focus on creative and
interesting tasks. He sees robots as a tool to increase performance and productivity, and eliminate
the mind crushing, boring tasks that many workers deal with every day.

2. Help us solve global challenges

According to the Google boss it is only our own creativity and innovation that limits the possible
use of computer technology. Climate change is one area in which he envisions that technology
can help, by using computers to help increase energy efficiency. He also envisions a large role of
technology in healthcare by directing the resources to more accurate healthcare solutions and the
use of robots in medical research.

3. Smarter education

Although computer science is already widely used in education, Schmidt envisions a new way of
using computers to make education smarter. Recognizing that everyone learns differently, he
suggests using computers to monitor the different ways students learn. This will give teachers the
ability to identify the most successful teaching models and augment their teaching to make
education more effective.

4. More entrepreneurs

Schmidt is convinced that we need to produce more entrepreneurs everywhere, and calls upon
universities and governments all over the world to encourage entrepreneurship and new ideas. He
firmly believes that entrepreneurship and innovation will be the great business narrative for the
next decade, pointing out that entrepreneurs not only boost our economy but can contribute to
solving some of humanity’s largest issues.
 5. Digitalization of Everything

No one can afford not to digitize services, according to Schmidt. Claiming that he discusses the
issue of how to digitize every single day, Schmidt says that the question is no longer ‘do we need
it?’ but ‘how do we achieve it?’ He believes that digitization is the only way forward, whether it
is a business or a government, and that there has to be a plan (at the very least) to digitize
services.

6. More Benefits for More People

Schmidt is a firm believer that technological innovation will ensure more benefits for more
people – giving them access better products, services and information. He believes that computer
technology will continue to improve the standard of living and create opportunities for everyone.
At the same time, he questions if our addiction to technology is making us happier, pointing to
the fact that 97 per cent of people sleep with their smartphones plugged in next to their bed, and
touch their smartphones on average 1500 times (!) every week.

7. Machines Teaching Themselves

The past five years have been the years of the mobile, yet according to Schmidt the next
generation is machine learning – i.e., the use of machine intelligence to make the mobile smarter.
Instead of programming a computer, you teach a computer to learn something and it does what
you want. Making the devices smarter is key, as their role in society is becoming increasingly
important. He illustrated this by pointing out that smartphones are an increasingly important tool
in all professions, even for nurses in the NHS.