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BCOM(CA/GEN/HONS) UNIT-I BCS

UNIT-1: UNDERSTANDING OF COMPUTER AND WORD PROCESSING

1Q) What is a COMPUTER?


A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability
to store, retrieve, and process data. You may already know that you can use a computer to type
documents, send email, play games, and browse the Web. You can also use it to edit or
create spreadsheets, presentations, and even videos.

2Q) What are the basic Applications of Computer?

Computers play a role in every field of life. They are used in homes, business, educational
institutions, research organizations, medical field, government offices, entertainment, etc.

Home

Computers are used at homes for several purposes like online bill payment, watching movies or
shows at home, home tutoring, social media access, playing games, internet access, etc. They
provide communication through electronic mail. They help to avail work from home facility for
corporate employees. Computers help the student community to avail online educational
support.

Medical Field

Computers are used in hospitals to maintain a database of patients’ history, diagnosis, X-rays,
live monitoring of patients, etc. Surgeons nowadays use robotic surgical devices to perform
delicate operations, and conduct surgeries remotely. Virtual reality technologies are also used
for training purposes. It also helps to monitor the fetus inside the mother’s womb.
Entertainment
Computers help to watch movies online, play games online; act as a virtual entertainer in
playing games, listening to music, etc. MIDI instruments greatly help people in the entertainment

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industry in recording music with artificial instruments. Videos can be fed from computers to full
screen televisions. Photo editors are available with fabulous features.

Industry

Computers are used to perform several tasks in industries like managing inventory, designing
purpose, creating virtual sample products, interior designing, video conferencing, etc. Online
marketing has seen a great revolution in its ability to sell various products to inaccessible
corners like interior or rural areas. Stock markets have seen phenomenal participation from
different levels of people through the use of computers.

Education

Computers are used in education sector through online classes, online examinations, referring
e-books, online tutoring, etc. They help in increased use of audio-visual aids in the education
field.

Government

In government sectors, computers are used in data processing, maintaining a database of


citizens and supporting a paperless environment. The country’s defense organizations have
greatly benefitted from computers in their use for missile development, satellites, rocket
launches, etc.

Banking

In the banking sector, computers are used to store details of customers and conduct
transactions, such as withdrawal and deposit of money through ATMs. Banks have reduced
manual errors and expenses to a great extent through extensive use of computers.

Business

Nowadays, computers are totally integrated into business. The main objective of business is
transaction processing, which involves transactions with suppliers, employees or customers.
Computers can make these transactions easy and accurate. People can analyze investments,
sales, expenses, markets and other aspects of business using computers.

Training

Many organizations use computer-based training to train their employees, to save money and
improve performance. Video conferencing through computers allows saving of time and
travelling costs by being able to connect people in various locations.

Arts

Computers are extensively used in dance, photography, arts and culture. The fluid movement of
dance can be shown live via animation. Photos can be digitized using computers.

Science and Engineering

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Computers with high performance are used to stimulate dynamic process in Science and
Engineering. Supercomputers have numerous applications in area of Research and
Development (R&D). Topographic images can be created through computers. Scientists use
computers to plot and analyze data to have a better understanding of earthquakes.

3Q) Write briefly about Components Of Computer Systems?


Components of computer are classified into three types
• Internal Unit Components.
• Peripherals.
• Backing Storage.
Internal system unit components

Processors; Motherboard BIOS; Power supply; Fan and heat sink or cooling; Hard drive
configuration and controllers e.g. SATA, IDE, EIDE; Master, slave ports e.g. USB, parallel, serial;
Internal memory e.g. RAM, ROM, cache; Specialized cards e.g. network, graphic cards.

Processors (Internal system) A Processor is a small chip which is kept in the on the
motherboard of the computer. It is the main part of the computer system as it controls everything
that goes on.

Motherboard. (Internal system) The motherboard of the computer is the most important part.
Without this the computer would not be able to function. This is a printed circuit board (PCB) and
this many of the essential parts of the computer. It is where all of the different components of the
computer are connected, such as peripherals.

BIOS. (Internal system) The BIOS is usually on a ROM chip that comes with the computer,
called the ROM BIOS. It is a collection of software and it forms part of the operation system. The
Bios… -starts up the PC every time it is turned on. -is a very important diagnosis tool as it,
checks the hardware configuration with the configuration data, and ensures the integrity of the
computer

Power Supply . (Internal system) The PSU is usually a black or silver box and contain a fan
inside with wires coming out of it. The most important job of the PSU is to supply the PC and
components of the PC with power. Internal and external are both different types of power used.
The external power provides 110-220V of AC via the socket, and internal power provides 5 or
12V of DC power to the other computer components.

Fan and heat sink or cooling.(Internal system) The airflow and cooling system in the
computer may never seem as important as it actually is. It plays a major part in making sure the
computer system doesn’t crash or fail when being used

Hard drive configuration and controllers. (Internal system) The computers hard drive is
usually placed with the CDs and DVDs inside the processor box. Although, external hard drives
are often used and provide secondary storage and can be used for back up

USB, Parallel, Serial ports. (Internal system) USB – A high speed serial connection which
means low-speed and high-speed devices can be connected to the computer. This includes,
mice, keyboards, scanners, printers, and digital cameras. Parallel – On the PC the it offers a 25

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pin DB (data bus). This means the computer is able to connect to other devices such as printers
or scanners. Serial – This requires a 25 pin male port, but PCs only use 9 of the pins. This
means 9 pin male ports can also replace them. This also allows other devices to connect to the
computer

Internal Memory (RAM, ROM, CACHE). (Internal system)


RAM - Short for ‘Random access memory’. This is stored data that can be accessed in any
random order. It is the most common type of memory used in computers and devices such as
printers. It also means that any byte of memory can be accessed without touching any other
preceding bytes. This is volatile which means it is only remember while it is being used. This
doesn’t last forever and will be forgotten after a while.
ROM - Short for ‘Read Only Memory’. This is data that has been stored on the computer
previously. This means the data can not be deleted, or edited and can only be read by a user.
This is non-volatile which means this is always remembered and never forgotten or deleted.
CACHE - Cache is where information is kept in the computer so that it can be accessed very
quickly and easily when it is needed. This is the easiest way for the user to access the
information they need. This is only stored temporarily on the computer

Peripherals
Output Devices- This is things like, monitor, printer or potter present the result of any
processing to the user.
Input Devices - These are devices such as keyboards, mice, camera’s or scanners. They’re
ways that the user can put data into the processor or give commands to the computer.
Cabling - Different types of cabling that are used as part of the computer so that different
peripherals are able to be process and transfer information between each other and the system.
Tom Steptoe Task 1 P1
Output Devices. (Peripherals)
Monitor – A computer monitor is an output device because it connects to the computer, which
means it can have an output which is the image that you get on you r screen.
Printer – A printer is also an output device because it is given commands by the user and then
gives an output which has been converted by the computers processor. You can get different
kinds of printers which means they can vary depending on what and where they are being used.
Plotter- A plotter is similar to a printer as it prints images depending on commands made by the
computer user, but used for jobs that need a lot more precision. This usually means jobs such as
engineering. It uses a pen which means it can draw lines rather than just a series of dots. This
also means it can use many different colours.
Input devices. (Peripherals)
Camera –A camera usually used for an input device on a computer is commonly known as a
web camera. This is usually quite small and connected to the PC through the USB port. This
allows the user of the computer to take pictures while it is connected to the PC, view them and
then upload, save or print them as they want.
Scanner –A computer scanner is also an input device of a computer because it can be
connected to the computer and then used to scan images or documents on to the computer to
then again, save, print or upload them. These can be wirelessly connected to a PC or connected
through a USB port.
Cabling. (Peripherals)
Coaxial –A type of wire that consists of a centre wire and surrounded by installation and a
grounded shield of wire. This minimizes electrical and radio interference. It I commonly used in
cabling televisions and for computer networks, such as Ethernet.

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Optical –Optical cables can be used used to, transmit a large amount of data for communication,
or transmit large amounts of electricity. It is a Fibre cable and coated with a tough layer of resin,
and a layer of plastic which gives the cable extra strength and doesn't’t stop the fibre of
maintaining it’s properties.
Twisted Pair –This is a type of cable the consists of two wires, independently insulated and
twisted around one another. This is generally used in old telephones and network cable. It
generally seems to do the same job as coaxial and fibre optic cables.

4Q) EXPLAIN CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT(CPU) ?

Central Processing Unit (CPU) consists of the following features −


• CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.
• CPU performs all types of data processing operations.
• It stores data, intermediate results, and instructions (program).
• It controls the operation of all parts of the computer.

processor
CPU itself has following three components.
• Memory or Storage Unit
• Control Unit
• ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)

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Memory or Storage Unit
This unit can store instructions, data, and intermediate results. This unit supplies information to
other units of the computer when needed. It is also known as internal storage unit or the main
memory or the primary storage or Random Access Memory (RAM).
Its size affects speed, power, and capability. Primary memory and secondary memory are two
types of memories in the computer. Functions of the memory unit are –
• It stores all the data and the instructions required for processing.
• It stores intermediate results of processing.
• It stores the final results of processing before these results are released to an output device.
• All inputs and outputs are transmitted through the main memory.

Control Unit
This unit controls the operations of all parts of the computer but does not carry out any actual
data processing operations.
Functions of this unit are –
• It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions among other units of a
computer.
• It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.
• It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them, and directs the operation of the
computer.
• It communicates with Input/Output devices for transfer of data or results from storage.
• It does not process or store data.

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)


This unit consists of two subsections namely,
• Arithmetic Section
• Logic Section

Arithmetic Section
Function of arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division. All complex operations are done by making repetitive use of the
above operations.

Logic Section
Function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as comparing, selecting, matching,
and merging of data.

5Q) Write about VDU?

Stands for "Visual Display Unit ." or “video terminal”. A VDU displays images generated by a
computer or other electronic device. The term VDU is often used synonymously with "monitor,"
but It can also refer to another type of display, such as a digital projector. Visual display units
may be peripheral devices or may be integrated with the other components.

It is an output device which gives feedback to the user from the computer. Each time the user
presses the key, its corresponding character gets displayed on the screen. Right after this a
cursor moves to the next position or next character.
Computer memory receives a coded series of electric pulses each time the user presses the key
on keyboard.

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Today, it is common for computers to come with VDUs that are 20" to 30" in size. Thanks to the
recent growth in LCD, plasma, and LED technology, manufacturing large screens is much more
cost effective than before.

6Q)What are INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES?


The important input devices which are used in a computer −
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Joy Stick
• Light pen
• Track Ball
• Scanner
• Graphic Tablet
• Microphone
• Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR)
• Optical Character Reader(OCR)
• Bar Code Reader
• Optical Mark Reader(OMR)

KEYBOARD AND MOUSE:

Keyboard
Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps to input data to the
computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter, although there are
some additional keys provided for performing additional functions.

Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now keyboards with 104 keys or 108
keys are also available for Windows and Internet.
The keys on the keyboard are as follows −
S.No Keys & Description

Typing Keys
1 These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digit keys (09)
which generally give the same layout as that of typewriters.

Numeric Keypad
2
It is used to enter the numeric data or cursor movement.

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Generally, it consists of a set of 17 keys that are laid out in the


same configuration used by most adding machines and
calculators.

Function Keys
The twelve function keys are present on the keyboard which
3 are arranged in a row at the top of the keyboard. Each function
key has a unique meaning and is used for some specific
purpose.

Control keys
These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes four
4 directional arrow keys. Control keys also include Home, End,
Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Control(Ctrl),
Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc).

Special Purpose Keys


Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as
5
Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print
Screen.

Uses of Keyboard
Here we have pointed out the uses of the keyboard.

• Users can type the letters and numbers using the keyboard. Also, some special
commands can be done using the keyboard. Only with the keyboard, we can input data.
• Most of the functions can be performed by a keyboard without the help of the mouse.
Function keys and control keys are used for special functions done by mouse.
• Shortcut keys are used to access any files from the system so that mouse use can be
avoided.
• Control key and escape key can be used in most of the functions for various purposes.

The Different Types of Computer Keyboards


1. Mechanical Keyboards
2. Membrane Keyboards
3. Flexible Keyboards
4. Gaming Keyboards
5. Wireless Keyboards
6. Multimedia Keyboards
7. Handheld Keyboards
8. Vertical Keyboards
9. Virtual Keyboards
10. Projection Keyboards

Mouse
Mouse is the most popular pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device having a
small palm size box with a round ball at its base, which senses the movement of the mouse and
sends corresponding signals to the CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.

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Generally, it has two buttons called the left and the right button and a wheel is present between
the buttons. A mouse can be used to control the position of the cursor on the screen, but it
cannot be used to enter text into the computer.
Advantages
• Easy to use
• Not very expensive
• Moves the cursor faster than the arrow keys of the keyboard
Following are some of the important output devices used in a computer.
• Monitors
• Graphic Plotter
• Printer

Different Types of Computer Mouse Models

• Wired Mouse. A wired mouse connects directly to your desktop or laptop, usually through
a USB port, and transmits information via the cord. ...
• Bluetooth Mouse
• Trackball Mouse
• Optical Mouse
• Laser Mouse
• Magic Mouse
• USB Mouse
• Vertical Mouse

7Q)Explain about COMPUTER MEMORY and its types?

A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions. Computer memory
is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be processed and instructions required for
processing are stored. The memory is divided into large number of small parts called cells. Each
location or cell has a unique address, which varies from zero to memory size minus one. For
example, if the computer has 64k words, then this memory unit has 64 * 1024 = 65536 memory
locations. The address of these locations varies from 0 to 65535.
Memory is primarily of three types −
• Cache Memory
• Primary Memory/Main Memory
• Secondary Memory
Cache Memory
Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed up the CPU. It
acts as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory. It is used to hold those parts of data
and program which are most frequently used by the CPU. The parts of data and programs are
nsferred from the disk to cache memory by the operating system, from where the CPU can
access them.

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The advantages of cache memory are as follows −


• Cache memory is faster than main memory.
• It consumes less access time as compared to main memory.
• It stores the program that can be executed within a short period of time.
• It stores data for temporary use.
Disadvantages
The disadvantages of cache memory are as follows −
• Cache memory has limited capacity.
• It is very expensive.

Primary Memory (Main Memory)


Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which the computer is currently
working. It has a limited capacity and data is lost when power is switched off. It is generally made
up of semiconductor device. These memories are not as fast as registers. The data and
instruction required to be processed resides in the main memory. It is divided into two
subcategories RAM and ROM.

Characteristics of Main Memory


• These are semiconductor memories.
• It is known as the main memory.
• Usually volatile memory.
• Data is lost in case power is switched off.
• It is the working memory of the computer.
• Faster than secondary memories.
• A computer cannot run without the primary memory.

Secondary Memory
This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. It is slower than the main
memory. These are used for storing data/information permanently. CPU directly does not access
these memories, instead they are accessed via input-output routines. The contents of secondary
memories are first transferred to the main memory, and then the CPU can access it. For
example, disk, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

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Characteristics of Secondary Memory
• These are magnetic and optical memories.
• It is known as the backup memory.
• It is a non-volatile memory.
• Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off.
• It is used for storage of data in a computer.
• Computer may run without the secondary memory.
• Slower than primary memories

8Q) EXPLAIN CONCEPTS OF HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ?

Hardware represents the physical and tangible components of a computer, i.e. the components
that can be seen and touched.
Examples of Hardware are the following −
• Input devices − keyboard, mouse, etc.
• Output devices − printer, monitor, etc.
• Secondary storage devices − Hard disk, CD, DVD, etc.
• Internal components − CPU, motherboard, RAM, etc.

Software is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a well-defined function. A program


is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular problem.
There are two types of software −
• System Software
• Application Software
System Software
The system software is a collection of programs designed to operate, control, and extend the
processing capabilities of the computer itself. System software is generally prepared by the
computer manufacturers. These software products comprise of programs written in low-level
languages, which interact with the hardware at a very basic level. System software serves as the
interface between the hardware and the end users.
Some examples of system software are Operating System, Compilers, Interpreter, Assemblers,
etc.
Here is a list of some of the most prominent features of a system software −
• Close to the system
• Fast in speed
• Difficult to design
• Difficult to understand
• Less interactive
• Smaller in size
• Difficult to manipulate
• Generally written in low-level language

Application Software
Application software products are designed to satisfy a particular need of a particular
environment. All software applications prepared in the computer lab can come under the
category of Application software.
Application software may consist of a single program, such as Microsoft's notepad for writing and
editing a simple text. It may also consist of a collection of programs, often called a software
package, which work together to accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet package.

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Examples of Application software are the following −
• Payroll Software
• Student Record Software
• Inventory Management Software
• Income Tax Software
• Railways Reservation Software
• Microsoft Office Suite Software
• Microsoft Word
• Microsoft Excel
• Microsoft PowerPoint

9Q)EXPLAIN THE CONCEPT OF COMPUTING,DATA AND INFORMATION?

Data can be defined as a representation of facts, concepts, or instructions in a formalized


manner, which should be suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing by human or
electronic machine.
Data is represented with the help of characters such as alphabets (A-Z, a-z), digits (0-9) or
special characters (+,-,/,*,<,>,= etc.)

What is Information?
Information is organized or classified data, which has some meaningful values for the receiver.
Information is the processed data on which decisions and actions are based.
For the decision to be meaningful, the processed data must qualify for the following
characteristics −
• Timely − Information should be available when required.
• Accuracy − Information should be accurate.
• Completeness − Information should be complete.

Data Processing Cycle


Data processing is the re-structuring or re-ordering of data by people or machine to increase
their usefulness and add values for a particular purpose. Data processing consists of the
following basic steps - input, processing, and output. These three steps constitute the data
processing cycle.

• Input − In this step, the input data is prepared in some convenient form for processing. The form
will depend on the processing machine. For example, when electronic computers are used, the
input data can be recorded on any one of the several types of input medium, such as magnetic
disks, tapes, and so on.
• Processing − In this step, the input data is changed to produce data in a more useful form. For
example, pay-checks can be calculated from the time cards, or a summary of sales for the month
can be calculated from the sales orders.
• Output − At this stage, the result of the proceeding processing step is collected. The particular
form of the output data depends on the use of the data. For example, output data may be pay-
checks for employees
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10Q) Explain IECT?

IECT stands for Information Electronics and Communication Technology. The applications of
IECT are as follows −
• E-governance
• Multimedia and Entertainment
E-governance
Electronic governance is application of Information Electronics and Communication Technology
in running an effective governance system for people. Communication refers to sharing of
information between parties like common people, government, business, etc. Almost every
government sector has changed to IECT like rail reservation system, gas subsidy disbursal, etc.
There are some important objectives of E-Governance:
1.To Enhance Public Services: One of the important objectives of E-Governance is to be
enhancing the services that are provided to public by the government. By providing all the
services online, it reduces human effort as well as enhancing the public services as well.

2. To Increase Interplay between Government and Citizen: In today‘s speedy world,


everyone needs to communicate in lightning fast speed as well as they need fast interaction with
government as well. So using E-Governance platform, it provides all the services at lightning fast
speed and they gets all information in certain time span.

3. Availability of Information at any place: Due to Internet, we can easily provide government
related information to any citizen at anywhere they want using E-Governance. It is also very easy
to E-Business stakeholders to participate in Auction from anywhere.

4. To promote citizen participation in government: With increased in population day by day,


it is also an important thing that each and every people of any country should have to participate
in Government of their countries. E-Governance plays vital role while participating each and
everyone in government process, by improving overall participation of citizens in the decision
making.

5. To Reduces the Corruption: One of the most important objectives of E-Governance is to


reduce the corruption from governing system. By all things related to government becomes
digitalise including information transfer, online auction, providing All certificates to the people
online, it just reduces the corruption from the system.

6. To Reduce The Cost Of Services: By using E-Governance services our aim to reduce the
cost of services. By reducing the expenditures on physical transfer of information and services.
By using digital transfer of all the information related to government using E-mails we can cutting
down the expenditures of government by reducing the cost on stationeries used for information
transfer.

Different models of E-Governance: There are basic four types of e-Governance models are
present, which includes:

1. Government to Government
2. Government to citizen

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3. Government to Business
4. Government to employee
1. Government to Government Model(G2G): In this case, the flow of information and
communication flows only between the different governments bodies. This model is used
for the government by government, where all information related to government has
transfer between government bodies using E-Governance. Main objective of this model is
to be increased the speed of work and performance of government.
2. Government to Citizen Model(G2C): In this case, this model creates an interface
between government and citizens. This model is used for efficient transfer of services of
government to citizen in the form of E-Governance model. Where it provides 24 hours and
7 days services to citizen for interacting with government without any time bound, which
also reduces the citizens effort for accessing the government services.
3. Government to Business model(G2B): In this case, government provides easy access
to business community for accessing the government services for different business
purposes, including permits, license, tax payments services directly through online
gateways. The main goal of this model is to be increased transparency and speed of work
between different government bodies and business community.
4. Government to Employee model(G2E): In this model, Government provides online tools
and resources to employee to maintain the communication between government and their
own community. It Provides e-benefits to employee to pay their tax, bills and other
payments online using online gateways. It also benefits to employee to communicate with
their colleagues via email and other communication mediums provided by E-Governance
model. G2E is adopted in many foreign countries for efficient transfer of information.

Multimedia and Entertainment


Multimedia refers to combination of text, audio, video, graphics, animation, etc. It is one of
applications of IECT. Multimedia is used to improve quality of presentation by incorporating
information sharing, usage of graphics and animation, motion capture, etc.

11Q) Write notes on


I. Connecting keyboard
II. Connecting mouse
III. Connecting monitor
IV. Connecting Printer to cpu and
V. Checking power supply
1.Connecting keyboard
How do I connect my keyboard to my computer?
1. you will need a USB A to B cable. ...
2. Plug the USB B end of the cable (squire-ish in shape) into the USB port on your keyboard. ...
3. Plug the USB A end of the cable into your computer. ...
4. Launch Playground. ...
5. Click on Next and complete the set up. ...
6. you will need a MIDI to USB cable.
2.Connecting mouse
Enabling a USB Mouse
1. Verify that the mouse you're thinking of purchasing is compatible with your laptop model. ...
2. Plug the mouse's USB cable into the matching port on the side of your laptop.
3. Restart your computer while the mouse is connected. ...
Move your mouse a few times to confirm that the cursor responds.
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How to Pair a Wireless Mouse to a PC
1. Slide off the battery cover in the bottom of the mouse and push the batteries into
your wireless device. ...
2. Purchase a wireless adapter that is compatible with the type of mouse you own. ...
3. Install the driver software that was provided with the mouse. ...
4. Turn on the mouse and allow the computer to recognize the device.
3.Connecting monitor
if your monitor has a VGA connection, and so does your computer, then use a VGA cable
to connect the two. If it has HDMI, then use an HDMI cable to connect the monitor to the HDMI
port on the computer.0
4.Connecting printer
How to add a network printer to your PC desktop or laptop:
1. Make sure your computer is on and connected to the network via an Ethernet cable. ...
2. Go to the start menu.
3. Click on “Devices and Printers” located on the right side of the menu.
4. Click on “Add a printer” located on the upper left hand side of the window.
5.checking power supply
Unplug the power supply from any of the components inside the computer (or just remove it from
the computer completely).
USE CAUTION HERE (Though you’d only be shocked with a max of 24 volts)

1. Plug the power supply into the wall.


2. Find the big 24-ish pin connector that connects to the motherboard.
3. Connect the GREEN wire with the adjacent BLACK wire.
4. The power supply’s fan should start up. If it doesn’t then it’s dead.
5. If the fan starts up, then it could be the motherboard that’s dead. You can use a multimeter to
check if there is power output from the power supply.

OPERATING COMPUTER USING GUI BASED OPERATING SYSTEM

12Q) DEFINE OPERATING SYSTEM AND WRITE ITS FUNCTIONS.

Basics of Operating System


Operating System
Operating system is a software that controls system’s hardware and interacts with user and
application software.
In short, an operating system is computer’s chief control program.

Functions of Operating System


The operating system performs the following functions −
• It offers a user interface.
• Loads program into computer’s memory.
• Coordinates how program works with hardware and other software.
• Manages how information is stored and retrieved from the disk.
• Saves contents of file on to disk.

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• Reads contents of file from disk to memory.
• Sends document to the printer and activates the printer.
• Provides resources that copy or move data from one document to another, or from one program
to another.
• Allocates RAM among the running programs.
• Recognizes keystrokes or mouse clicks and displayes characters or graphics on the screen.

WHAT IS USER INTERFACE ?


While working with a computer, we use a set of items on screen called "user interface". In simple
terms, it acts as an interface between user and software application or program. It accepts inputs
from input devices like keyboard, mouse and displays output to computer monitor.

13Q) EXPLAIN MOUSE ACTION AND ITS TERMINOLOGY?

The conventions used in this manual to describe actions that you take with the mouse are as
follows:

Action Definition

Click Press and release the left mouse button, without moving the mouse.

Click-and- Press and do not release the left mouse button.


hold

Left-click Same as click. Left-click clarifies the action when there might be confusion
with right-click.

Middle- Press and release the middle mouse button, without moving the mouse.
click

Right-click Press and release the right mouse button, without moving the mouse.

Double- Press and release the left mouse button twice in rapid succession without moving
click the mouse.

Drag Click-and-hold a mouse button, then move an object. For example, you can drag a
window or an icon. The left and middle mouse buttons can perform drag actions.

Drag-and- Click-and-hold a mouse button, then move an object. For example, you can drag-
drop and-drop a window or an icon. Release the mouse button to place the object in a
new location.

Grab Point to an item that you can move, and click-and-hold on the mouse button. For
example, you can grab the titlebar of a window, then drag the window to a new
location.

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Task Bar
• Task bar appears at bottom of the Windows desktop.
• It is used to launch and manage programs.
• It also shows icons of currently running programs.

Components of task bar


A task bar consists of following three components −
• Start menu
• Quick launch bar
• Notification area
Start Menu
Start menu contains shortcuts for launching programs and opening folders on computer.
Quick Launch Bar
It is a special section at left end of task bar where we can add icons to quickly start programs.
Notification Area
Notification area displays icons for system and program features. It also displays system volume
and a clock.
Icons
A small pictogram displayed on the desktop is called an "icon". It represents links to the
resources on PC or network. Icons actually are tiny graphical symbols that represent programs,
files, folders, printers, documents, etc. Icons are also called as "shortcuts". Using mouse pointer,
we can click the icon and then corresponding resource will be launched.
Start Menu
Start menu consists of shortcuts for launching programs and folders. It also consists a list of
most recently used documents and provides ‘search’ option and supports ‘help’ feature.
Launching Start Menu
• Start menu can be set in motion by clicking (⊞ Win) windows button on a keyboard.
• It can also be launched by pressing CTRL+ESC on a keyboard.
• By clicking on the visual Start button, it can be launched

14Q) EXPLAIN RUNNING AN APPLICATION?


The operating system offers an interface between programs and user, as well as programs and
other computer resources such as memory, printer and other programs.

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Process
Step 1 − Application sends request to operating system.
Step 2 − On encountering the request from an application, operating system sends a response
to requested service.

14Q) Explain concepts of File and Directory Management ?


File
File is nothing but a collection of information. The information can be of numbers, characters,
graphs, images, etc. Every file should be stored under a unique name for its future reference.
Every file should be saved along with an extension
Representation
File should be represented in address bar along with path of the file, filename and extension.
For example: C:\Windows\system32\Hello.html
In which C:\Windows\system32 → path
Hello → filename
.html → extension.
Directory Management
Directory is a place/area/location where a set of file(s) will be stored. It is a folder which contains
details about files, file size and time when they are created and last modified. The different types
of directories are discussed below −
Root Directory
Root Directory is created when we start formatting the disk and start putting files on it. In this, we
can create new directories called "sub-directories". Root directory is the highest level directory
and is seen when booting a system.
Subdirectory
Subdirectory is a directory inside root directory, in turn, it can have another sub-directory in it.
The file management system is a software which is used to create, delete, modify and control
access and save files.

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Responsibilities of File Management System


The responsibilities of File Management System are as follows −
Operation
This provides user to work with or manipulate the files. Manipulation includes open, close, save,
copy, delete, move, rename, share, etc.
Security
By supporting authorization, it restricts unauthorized user to log into system and access files.
Username and password are required for authorization purpose. It supports file encryption
feature and asks for authorization to access those encrypted files.
Integrity
In support of integrity, file management system will keep track of data manipulations like deletion,
modification, addition of data, etc. If the data gets modified, deleted or added, then those
changes should be reflected in all the files.
Press Storage
This allocates memory for storing files, deallocates memory of deleted or unused files and
maintains backups.

Opening and Closing Windows


1. Press Alt+Tab to move the keyboard focus to the Front Panel.
2. Press the arrow keys to move the highlight within the Front Panel and select a control.
3. Return or the Spacebar to choose the control and open the application's window.

USING HELP
Help is a term used to describe the process of assisting another person with a problem. With
computers and most products, help is often handled by technical support through a website, like
Computer Hope, a company's website, e-mail, or over the phone.

To create a desktop icon or shortcut, do the following:


1. Browse to the file on your hard disk for which you want to create a shortcut. ...
2. Right-click the file for which you want to create a shortcut.
3. Select Create Shortcut from the menu. ...
4. Drag the shortcut to the desktop or any other folder.
5. Rename the shortcut.

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15Q) WRITE ABOUT OPERATING SYSTEM SETUP AND COMMON UTILITIES ?

Operating System Installation Tasks


1. Set up the display environment. ...
2. Erase the primary boot disk. ...
3. Set up the BIOS. ...
4. Install the operating system. ...
5. Configure your server for RAID. ...
6. Install the operating system, update the drivers, and run operating system updates, as
necessary.
Utility software helps to manage, maintain and control computer resources. Examples of utility
programs are antivirus software, backup software and disk tools. A device driver is a
computer program that controls a particular device that is connected to your computer

WORD PROCESSING

Suite of products developed by Microsoft Corporation that includes Microsoft Word, Excel,
Access, Publisher, PowerPoint, and Outlook. Each program serves a different purpose and is
compatible with other programs included in the package.
• MS-WORD (DOCUMENTS)
• MS-EXCEL (Excel Sheet/Spread sheet/Sheet)
• MS-POWER POINT (Slides)
• MS –ACCESS (Database- Tables/Query/Forms/Reports)

Q:-What is Word processor(or) word processing.

Word Processing: -
A word processor is a software program capable of creating, storing, and printing typed
documents. Today, the word processor is one of the most frequently used software programs on
a computer, with Microsoft Word being the most popular word processor.
Word processors can be used to create multiple types of files, including Text files (.txt), Rich Text
files (.rtf), HTML files (.htm & .html), and Word files (.doc & .docx). Some word processors can
also be used to create XML files (.xml).

Q.Explain Various Features of Word processing?


(OR)
Explain the characteristics of MS-Word?

1. File management.
An advanced word-processor contains file management capabilities. It can be used to create,
delete, move and search files.

2. Font specification
The appearance of text in the document is called font or typeface. Fonts are used to create
the text of different styles and sizes. The user can specify bold, italic and underline.

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3. Graphics
Full-featured word processor is used to insert images and graphs in a document.

4. Header, footer and page numbering


Header is the text that is added to the top of every page. It may include document title or
page number. Footer is the text that is added at the bottom of the every page.

5. Spell checker

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Spell checker features in full-featured word processor help the user to correct any spelling in the
document. The misspelled words are highlighted.

6. Table of contents and indexes


Full-featured word processor can also generate a table of contents and index. It is based on
special code inserted in the document. It is very helpful in writing books.

7. Merges
It is used merge text from one file into another file. It is useful to generate many files that has
same format but different data. Generating mailing labels is an example of merges.

9. Thesaurus
Thesaurus feature provides the appropriate word or alternate words.

Auto correct
Word processor automatically corrects many commonly misspelled words and punctuation
marks with the autocorrect feature.

10. Document window


Word processor can be used to edit two or more documents at the same time. Each
document appears in a separate window. It is very useful if a user is working on a large project
that consists of several files.

11. Footnotes and cross-reference.


Word processor can generate footnotes at the bottom of the page. Footnotes are used to
cross-reference other section of the document easily.

12. WYSIWYG
It stands for what you see is what you get. It means that the printed copy of the document will be
similar as appears in the word processor.

13. Macros
A macro is a character or word that represents a series of keystrokes. The keystrokes may
represent text or commands. The macros are defined to save a lot of time for repeating the same
task.

Q. Explain various advantages and disadvantages of word processing.


Advantages
o It is faster and easier than writing by hand.
o Easily correct any mistakes which are made.
o You can store documents on your computer which you cannot do on a typewriter.
o You can review and rewrite your documents

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o Spell and grammar checking


o Format the text and general page layout so that you can make the page look more
appealing or easier to read
o Mail merge from a database so that you can easily send out letters to multiple
people at a time
o You can print copies of your documents.
Disadvantages

→ It is not easy to read long documents on a computer screen.


→ Sometimes the printer does not print an exact copy of what you see on the
screen
→ Word Processors do not always work well with e-mail. If you paste a word-
processed letter into an e-mail it may lose a lot of its formatting.

Q. Explain:
a) How to create new document in MS-WORD?
b) How to save a document?

A. How to create a new blank document:


1. Click the Microsoft Office button.
2. Select New. The New Document dialog box appears.
3. Select Blank document under the Blank and recent section. It will be highlighted by
default.

Click Create. A new blank document appears in the Word window.

B. How to Save a document in MS-word

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a. Click the Microsoft Office button.


b. Select Save As Word Document. The Save As dialog box appears.

➢ Select the location where you want to save the document using the drop-down menu.
➢ Enter a name for the document.

➢ Click the Save button.

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Q. How do you edit a document? Explain the various editing Options.


1. Adding Text:
2. Deleting Text:
3. CUT, COPY and PASTE operation:
4. Find Text
5. Find and Replace text:
Editing a document refers to changing or modifying the contents of an existing file. Editing deals
with:
a. Adding additional contents into an existing document
b. Deleting some contents from an existing document.
c. Modifying contents by replacing them with some other contents.
1. Adding Text: -
The basic steps to insert text or to create a new document in Word are listed below;
→ Go to the start menu and look for Microsoft Word icon
→ Click the icon to open the Microsoft Word
→ You will see a blinking cursor or insertion point in the text area below the ribbon
→ Now, as you start typing, the words will appear on the screen in the text area
→ To change the location of insertion point press spacebar, Enter or Tab keys
2. Deleting Text: -
You can easily delete the text in Word including characters, paragraphs or all of the content of
your document. Word offers you different methods to delete the text; some of the commonly
used methods are given below;
→ Place the cursor next to the text then press Backspace key
→ Place the cursor to the left of the text then press Delete key
→ Select the text and press the Backspace or Delete key
→ Select the text and type over it the new text

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3. CUT, COPY and PASTE operation:


To cut Text
→ Select the text you want to cut.
→ Click on Cut icon located on the Home tab in the Clipboard group or press
CTRL+X from keyboard.
To Copy Text
→ Select the text you want to copy.
→ Click on the Copy Icon located on home tab in the Clipboard group or Press
CTRL+C from keyboard.
To Paste Text:
→ Click in the area of the document where you want to paste your text.
→ Click on the paste icon located on home tab in the Clipboard group or press
CTRL+V from keyboard
4. Find Text in a Document
The Find and Replace feature in Word 2007 allows you to find all occurrences of text in a
document and replace it with something else.
→ Click the Find button in the Editing group of the Home tab Or
Or press Ctrl + F
→ The Find and Replace dialogue box appears

→ Type the text you want to find in the Find what: text box
→ Choose the action you want to perform on finding the text

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Reading Highlight Highlights each instance of the


word in the document

Current Selection: Find the text in


the currently selected text
Find in Main Document: Search for the
text throughout the whole
document

Find Next Find each occurence of the text at


a time

→ Click Close
5. Find and Replace text
Replace is a very powerful feature in Word that replaces each occurrence of text in a document.
You can replace text that matches a particular format, and even replace hidden characters such
as page breaks and tabs.
→ Click the Replace button in the Editing group of the Home tab Or
Or press Ctrl + H
→ Enter the text you want to replace in the Find what: box
→ Enter the text you want to replace it with in the Replace with: box
→ Click the More>> button and select any necessary options to help when searching for
the text

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→ Click the Find Next button. The first occurrence of the text is highlighted.
→ Click Replace to replace the current text, or Replace All to replace all occurrences of the
text within the document
→ Word will return the number of replacements made in the document

→ Click Ok

Formatting the Document


Q. How do you format a document? Explain the various Formatting
Option.
Formatting Text
1. To change Font Face
2. To change the font size
3. To change text as Bold, Italic and to give Underline
4. To change the Text Color
5. To highlight the text

1. To change Font Face


The font face is the type in which the text is written. The default type is Calibri, a new
font to Word 2007.
→ Select the text you want to format
→ Click the Font list arrow in the Font group of the Home tab on the Ribbon
→ A list of fonts appears. As you point to the different fonts available, the selected
text on the page will change to show
→ how it would appear when the font is applied.

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iv. Select the font you want to use


2. Change the Font Size
→ Text can be made larger for more emphasis or smaller to make it more subtle.
Select the text you want to format
Click the Font Size list arrow and select a size from the list that appears
Or
→ Click the Grow Font or Shrink Font buttons until you achieve the required text
size

3. To change text as Bold, Italic and to give Underline

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1. Select the desired text that you want to format.


2. Notice that mini toolbar appears dimly next to cursor. Move the cursor towards it, and it will
become active. (In case the mini toolbar does not appear, fetch it by right clicking inside the
selected area.)
3. To make text bold click on Bold Button or press CTRL+B.
4. To make text italic, click on Italic Button or press CTRL+I.
5. To make text Underline, click on Underline Button or press
CTRL+U.Underline(with options)

NOTE: For more fonts Formatting options click on the Dialog Box Launcher in the lower-right
corner of the group. This will launch the Font Dialog Box. or press Ctrl+D.

• Choose the options you want for your text

4. To Change Font Color (Text Color)


Select the text that you'd like to change the font color.
Then select the Home tab in the toolbar at the top of the screen.

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Then click on the arrow to the right of the Font Color button in the Font group. A popup
window should appear.
Select the color that you'd like your text to be. In this example, we've selected a Red color.

Now when you view your document, the color of the text should be changed.

5. Highlight multiple parts of a document

On the Home tab, click the arrow next to Text Highlight Color.
Click the color that you want. ...
Select the text or graphic that you want to highlight.
To stop highlighting, click the arrow next to Text Highlight Color and click Stop Highlighting, or
press Esc.

Q. Creating a Table in Microsoft Word

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A table is made up of rows and columns. The intersection of a row and column is called a cell.
Tables are often used to organize and present information, but they have a variety of uses as
well.

You can use tables to align numbers and create interesting page layouts. Click the New File icon
to create a new document if necessary.

To Create a Table:
1) Click the Insert tab
2) Click the Table button
3) Select Insert Table, Insert table dialog box will appear.

4) Click the arrows to select the desired number of columns


5) Click the arrows to select the desired number of rows
6) Click OK
Navigating in a Table

Please see below to learn how to move around inside a table.

To Insert a Row:
→ Position the cursor in the table where you would like to insert a row
→ Select the Layout tab on the Ribbon

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→ Click either the Insert Row Above or the Insert Row Below button in the Rows
& Columns group

To Insert a Column
→ Position the cursor in the table where you would like to insert a column
→ Select the Layout tab on the Ribbon
→ Click either the Insert Columns to Left button or the Insert Columns to Right
button in the Rows & Columns group

To Delete a Row
→ Position your cursor in the row that you would like to delete
→ Select the Layout tab on the Ribbon
→ Click the Delete button in the Rows & Column group
→ Select Delete Rows

To Delete a Column
→ Position your cursor in the column that you would like to delete
→ Select the Layout tab on the Ribbon
→ Click the Delete button in the Rows & Column group
→ Select Delete Columns
Language setting
→ Open an Office program, such as Word. Click File > Options > Language.
→ In the Set the Office Language Preferences dialog box, under Choose Display
and Help Languages, choose the language that you want to use, and then
select Set as Default.
Thesaurus
→ In addition to the spell checking and grammar checking tools that Microsoft Word
offers, there is also the Word thesaurus we can take advantage of to improve our
documents. Using the thesaurus, you can find synonyms (different words with
the same meaning) and antonyms (words with the opposite meaning).
→ In Microsoft Office Word you can look up a word quickly if you right-click
anywhere in your document, and then click Synonym on the shortcut menu.
→ Let's have a look at the thesaurus in Word now: click Review > Proofing >
Thesaurus. The Research pane opens on the right hand side of the workspace.
→ Type in a word into the Search for box and press Enter. Alternatively, press AL

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