BCS Unit1
BCS Unit1
BCS Unit1
Computers play a role in every field of life. They are used in homes, business, educational
institutions, research organizations, medical field, government offices, entertainment, etc.
Home
Computers are used at homes for several purposes like online bill payment, watching movies or
shows at home, home tutoring, social media access, playing games, internet access, etc. They
provide communication through electronic mail. They help to avail work from home facility for
corporate employees. Computers help the student community to avail online educational
support.
Medical Field
Computers are used in hospitals to maintain a database of patients’ history, diagnosis, X-rays,
live monitoring of patients, etc. Surgeons nowadays use robotic surgical devices to perform
delicate operations, and conduct surgeries remotely. Virtual reality technologies are also used
for training purposes. It also helps to monitor the fetus inside the mother’s womb.
Entertainment
Computers help to watch movies online, play games online; act as a virtual entertainer in
playing games, listening to music, etc. MIDI instruments greatly help people in the entertainment
Industry
Computers are used to perform several tasks in industries like managing inventory, designing
purpose, creating virtual sample products, interior designing, video conferencing, etc. Online
marketing has seen a great revolution in its ability to sell various products to inaccessible
corners like interior or rural areas. Stock markets have seen phenomenal participation from
different levels of people through the use of computers.
Education
Computers are used in education sector through online classes, online examinations, referring
e-books, online tutoring, etc. They help in increased use of audio-visual aids in the education
field.
Government
Banking
In the banking sector, computers are used to store details of customers and conduct
transactions, such as withdrawal and deposit of money through ATMs. Banks have reduced
manual errors and expenses to a great extent through extensive use of computers.
Business
Nowadays, computers are totally integrated into business. The main objective of business is
transaction processing, which involves transactions with suppliers, employees or customers.
Computers can make these transactions easy and accurate. People can analyze investments,
sales, expenses, markets and other aspects of business using computers.
Training
Many organizations use computer-based training to train their employees, to save money and
improve performance. Video conferencing through computers allows saving of time and
travelling costs by being able to connect people in various locations.
Arts
Computers are extensively used in dance, photography, arts and culture. The fluid movement of
dance can be shown live via animation. Photos can be digitized using computers.
Processors; Motherboard BIOS; Power supply; Fan and heat sink or cooling; Hard drive
configuration and controllers e.g. SATA, IDE, EIDE; Master, slave ports e.g. USB, parallel, serial;
Internal memory e.g. RAM, ROM, cache; Specialized cards e.g. network, graphic cards.
Processors (Internal system) A Processor is a small chip which is kept in the on the
motherboard of the computer. It is the main part of the computer system as it controls everything
that goes on.
Motherboard. (Internal system) The motherboard of the computer is the most important part.
Without this the computer would not be able to function. This is a printed circuit board (PCB) and
this many of the essential parts of the computer. It is where all of the different components of the
computer are connected, such as peripherals.
BIOS. (Internal system) The BIOS is usually on a ROM chip that comes with the computer,
called the ROM BIOS. It is a collection of software and it forms part of the operation system. The
Bios… -starts up the PC every time it is turned on. -is a very important diagnosis tool as it,
checks the hardware configuration with the configuration data, and ensures the integrity of the
computer
Power Supply . (Internal system) The PSU is usually a black or silver box and contain a fan
inside with wires coming out of it. The most important job of the PSU is to supply the PC and
components of the PC with power. Internal and external are both different types of power used.
The external power provides 110-220V of AC via the socket, and internal power provides 5 or
12V of DC power to the other computer components.
Fan and heat sink or cooling.(Internal system) The airflow and cooling system in the
computer may never seem as important as it actually is. It plays a major part in making sure the
computer system doesn’t crash or fail when being used
Hard drive configuration and controllers. (Internal system) The computers hard drive is
usually placed with the CDs and DVDs inside the processor box. Although, external hard drives
are often used and provide secondary storage and can be used for back up
USB, Parallel, Serial ports. (Internal system) USB – A high speed serial connection which
means low-speed and high-speed devices can be connected to the computer. This includes,
mice, keyboards, scanners, printers, and digital cameras. Parallel – On the PC the it offers a 25
Peripherals
Output Devices- This is things like, monitor, printer or potter present the result of any
processing to the user.
Input Devices - These are devices such as keyboards, mice, camera’s or scanners. They’re
ways that the user can put data into the processor or give commands to the computer.
Cabling - Different types of cabling that are used as part of the computer so that different
peripherals are able to be process and transfer information between each other and the system.
Tom Steptoe Task 1 P1
Output Devices. (Peripherals)
Monitor – A computer monitor is an output device because it connects to the computer, which
means it can have an output which is the image that you get on you r screen.
Printer – A printer is also an output device because it is given commands by the user and then
gives an output which has been converted by the computers processor. You can get different
kinds of printers which means they can vary depending on what and where they are being used.
Plotter- A plotter is similar to a printer as it prints images depending on commands made by the
computer user, but used for jobs that need a lot more precision. This usually means jobs such as
engineering. It uses a pen which means it can draw lines rather than just a series of dots. This
also means it can use many different colours.
Input devices. (Peripherals)
Camera –A camera usually used for an input device on a computer is commonly known as a
web camera. This is usually quite small and connected to the PC through the USB port. This
allows the user of the computer to take pictures while it is connected to the PC, view them and
then upload, save or print them as they want.
Scanner –A computer scanner is also an input device of a computer because it can be
connected to the computer and then used to scan images or documents on to the computer to
then again, save, print or upload them. These can be wirelessly connected to a PC or connected
through a USB port.
Cabling. (Peripherals)
Coaxial –A type of wire that consists of a centre wire and surrounded by installation and a
grounded shield of wire. This minimizes electrical and radio interference. It I commonly used in
cabling televisions and for computer networks, such as Ethernet.
processor
CPU itself has following three components.
• Memory or Storage Unit
• Control Unit
• ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)
Control Unit
This unit controls the operations of all parts of the computer but does not carry out any actual
data processing operations.
Functions of this unit are –
• It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions among other units of a
computer.
• It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.
• It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them, and directs the operation of the
computer.
• It communicates with Input/Output devices for transfer of data or results from storage.
• It does not process or store data.
Logic Section
Function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as comparing, selecting, matching,
and merging of data.
Stands for "Visual Display Unit ." or “video terminal”. A VDU displays images generated by a
computer or other electronic device. The term VDU is often used synonymously with "monitor,"
but It can also refer to another type of display, such as a digital projector. Visual display units
may be peripheral devices or may be integrated with the other components.
It is an output device which gives feedback to the user from the computer. Each time the user
presses the key, its corresponding character gets displayed on the screen. Right after this a
cursor moves to the next position or next character.
Computer memory receives a coded series of electric pulses each time the user presses the key
on keyboard.
Today, it is common for computers to come with VDUs that are 20" to 30" in size. Thanks to the
recent growth in LCD, plasma, and LED technology, manufacturing large screens is much more
cost effective than before.
Keyboard
Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps to input data to the
computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter, although there are
some additional keys provided for performing additional functions.
Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now keyboards with 104 keys or 108
keys are also available for Windows and Internet.
The keys on the keyboard are as follows −
S.No Keys & Description
Typing Keys
1 These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digit keys (09)
which generally give the same layout as that of typewriters.
Numeric Keypad
2
It is used to enter the numeric data or cursor movement.
Function Keys
The twelve function keys are present on the keyboard which
3 are arranged in a row at the top of the keyboard. Each function
key has a unique meaning and is used for some specific
purpose.
Control keys
These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes four
4 directional arrow keys. Control keys also include Home, End,
Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Control(Ctrl),
Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc).
Uses of Keyboard
Here we have pointed out the uses of the keyboard.
• Users can type the letters and numbers using the keyboard. Also, some special
commands can be done using the keyboard. Only with the keyboard, we can input data.
• Most of the functions can be performed by a keyboard without the help of the mouse.
Function keys and control keys are used for special functions done by mouse.
• Shortcut keys are used to access any files from the system so that mouse use can be
avoided.
• Control key and escape key can be used in most of the functions for various purposes.
Mouse
Mouse is the most popular pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device having a
small palm size box with a round ball at its base, which senses the movement of the mouse and
sends corresponding signals to the CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.
• Wired Mouse. A wired mouse connects directly to your desktop or laptop, usually through
a USB port, and transmits information via the cord. ...
• Bluetooth Mouse
• Trackball Mouse
• Optical Mouse
• Laser Mouse
• Magic Mouse
• USB Mouse
• Vertical Mouse
A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions. Computer memory
is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be processed and instructions required for
processing are stored. The memory is divided into large number of small parts called cells. Each
location or cell has a unique address, which varies from zero to memory size minus one. For
example, if the computer has 64k words, then this memory unit has 64 * 1024 = 65536 memory
locations. The address of these locations varies from 0 to 65535.
Memory is primarily of three types −
• Cache Memory
• Primary Memory/Main Memory
• Secondary Memory
Cache Memory
Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed up the CPU. It
acts as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory. It is used to hold those parts of data
and program which are most frequently used by the CPU. The parts of data and programs are
nsferred from the disk to cache memory by the operating system, from where the CPU can
access them.
Secondary Memory
This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. It is slower than the main
memory. These are used for storing data/information permanently. CPU directly does not access
these memories, instead they are accessed via input-output routines. The contents of secondary
memories are first transferred to the main memory, and then the CPU can access it. For
example, disk, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
Hardware represents the physical and tangible components of a computer, i.e. the components
that can be seen and touched.
Examples of Hardware are the following −
• Input devices − keyboard, mouse, etc.
• Output devices − printer, monitor, etc.
• Secondary storage devices − Hard disk, CD, DVD, etc.
• Internal components − CPU, motherboard, RAM, etc.
Application Software
Application software products are designed to satisfy a particular need of a particular
environment. All software applications prepared in the computer lab can come under the
category of Application software.
Application software may consist of a single program, such as Microsoft's notepad for writing and
editing a simple text. It may also consist of a collection of programs, often called a software
package, which work together to accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet package.
What is Information?
Information is organized or classified data, which has some meaningful values for the receiver.
Information is the processed data on which decisions and actions are based.
For the decision to be meaningful, the processed data must qualify for the following
characteristics −
• Timely − Information should be available when required.
• Accuracy − Information should be accurate.
• Completeness − Information should be complete.
• Input − In this step, the input data is prepared in some convenient form for processing. The form
will depend on the processing machine. For example, when electronic computers are used, the
input data can be recorded on any one of the several types of input medium, such as magnetic
disks, tapes, and so on.
• Processing − In this step, the input data is changed to produce data in a more useful form. For
example, pay-checks can be calculated from the time cards, or a summary of sales for the month
can be calculated from the sales orders.
• Output − At this stage, the result of the proceeding processing step is collected. The particular
form of the output data depends on the use of the data. For example, output data may be pay-
checks for employees
SWAPNA ARROJU Page 12
BCOM(CA/GEN/HONS) UNIT-I BCS
IECT stands for Information Electronics and Communication Technology. The applications of
IECT are as follows −
• E-governance
• Multimedia and Entertainment
E-governance
Electronic governance is application of Information Electronics and Communication Technology
in running an effective governance system for people. Communication refers to sharing of
information between parties like common people, government, business, etc. Almost every
government sector has changed to IECT like rail reservation system, gas subsidy disbursal, etc.
There are some important objectives of E-Governance:
1.To Enhance Public Services: One of the important objectives of E-Governance is to be
enhancing the services that are provided to public by the government. By providing all the
services online, it reduces human effort as well as enhancing the public services as well.
3. Availability of Information at any place: Due to Internet, we can easily provide government
related information to any citizen at anywhere they want using E-Governance. It is also very easy
to E-Business stakeholders to participate in Auction from anywhere.
6. To Reduce The Cost Of Services: By using E-Governance services our aim to reduce the
cost of services. By reducing the expenditures on physical transfer of information and services.
By using digital transfer of all the information related to government using E-mails we can cutting
down the expenditures of government by reducing the cost on stationeries used for information
transfer.
Different models of E-Governance: There are basic four types of e-Governance models are
present, which includes:
1. Government to Government
2. Government to citizen
The conventions used in this manual to describe actions that you take with the mouse are as
follows:
Action Definition
Click Press and release the left mouse button, without moving the mouse.
Left-click Same as click. Left-click clarifies the action when there might be confusion
with right-click.
Middle- Press and release the middle mouse button, without moving the mouse.
click
Right-click Press and release the right mouse button, without moving the mouse.
Double- Press and release the left mouse button twice in rapid succession without moving
click the mouse.
Drag Click-and-hold a mouse button, then move an object. For example, you can drag a
window or an icon. The left and middle mouse buttons can perform drag actions.
Drag-and- Click-and-hold a mouse button, then move an object. For example, you can drag-
drop and-drop a window or an icon. Release the mouse button to place the object in a
new location.
Grab Point to an item that you can move, and click-and-hold on the mouse button. For
example, you can grab the titlebar of a window, then drag the window to a new
location.
Task Bar
• Task bar appears at bottom of the Windows desktop.
• It is used to launch and manage programs.
• It also shows icons of currently running programs.
Process
Step 1 − Application sends request to operating system.
Step 2 − On encountering the request from an application, operating system sends a response
to requested service.
USING HELP
Help is a term used to describe the process of assisting another person with a problem. With
computers and most products, help is often handled by technical support through a website, like
Computer Hope, a company's website, e-mail, or over the phone.
WORD PROCESSING
Suite of products developed by Microsoft Corporation that includes Microsoft Word, Excel,
Access, Publisher, PowerPoint, and Outlook. Each program serves a different purpose and is
compatible with other programs included in the package.
• MS-WORD (DOCUMENTS)
• MS-EXCEL (Excel Sheet/Spread sheet/Sheet)
• MS-POWER POINT (Slides)
• MS –ACCESS (Database- Tables/Query/Forms/Reports)
Word Processing: -
A word processor is a software program capable of creating, storing, and printing typed
documents. Today, the word processor is one of the most frequently used software programs on
a computer, with Microsoft Word being the most popular word processor.
Word processors can be used to create multiple types of files, including Text files (.txt), Rich Text
files (.rtf), HTML files (.htm & .html), and Word files (.doc & .docx). Some word processors can
also be used to create XML files (.xml).
1. File management.
An advanced word-processor contains file management capabilities. It can be used to create,
delete, move and search files.
2. Font specification
The appearance of text in the document is called font or typeface. Fonts are used to create
the text of different styles and sizes. The user can specify bold, italic and underline.
3. Graphics
Full-featured word processor is used to insert images and graphs in a document.
5. Spell checker
7. Merges
It is used merge text from one file into another file. It is useful to generate many files that has
same format but different data. Generating mailing labels is an example of merges.
9. Thesaurus
Thesaurus feature provides the appropriate word or alternate words.
Auto correct
Word processor automatically corrects many commonly misspelled words and punctuation
marks with the autocorrect feature.
12. WYSIWYG
It stands for what you see is what you get. It means that the printed copy of the document will be
similar as appears in the word processor.
13. Macros
A macro is a character or word that represents a series of keystrokes. The keystrokes may
represent text or commands. The macros are defined to save a lot of time for repeating the same
task.
Q. Explain:
a) How to create new document in MS-WORD?
b) How to save a document?
➢ Select the location where you want to save the document using the drop-down menu.
➢ Enter a name for the document.
→ Type the text you want to find in the Find what: text box
→ Choose the action you want to perform on finding the text
→ Click Close
5. Find and Replace text
Replace is a very powerful feature in Word that replaces each occurrence of text in a document.
You can replace text that matches a particular format, and even replace hidden characters such
as page breaks and tabs.
→ Click the Replace button in the Editing group of the Home tab Or
Or press Ctrl + H
→ Enter the text you want to replace in the Find what: box
→ Enter the text you want to replace it with in the Replace with: box
→ Click the More>> button and select any necessary options to help when searching for
the text
→ Click the Find Next button. The first occurrence of the text is highlighted.
→ Click Replace to replace the current text, or Replace All to replace all occurrences of the
text within the document
→ Word will return the number of replacements made in the document
→ Click Ok
NOTE: For more fonts Formatting options click on the Dialog Box Launcher in the lower-right
corner of the group. This will launch the Font Dialog Box. or press Ctrl+D.
Then click on the arrow to the right of the Font Color button in the Font group. A popup
window should appear.
Select the color that you'd like your text to be. In this example, we've selected a Red color.
Now when you view your document, the color of the text should be changed.
On the Home tab, click the arrow next to Text Highlight Color.
Click the color that you want. ...
Select the text or graphic that you want to highlight.
To stop highlighting, click the arrow next to Text Highlight Color and click Stop Highlighting, or
press Esc.
You can use tables to align numbers and create interesting page layouts. Click the New File icon
to create a new document if necessary.
To Create a Table:
1) Click the Insert tab
2) Click the Table button
3) Select Insert Table, Insert table dialog box will appear.
To Insert a Row:
→ Position the cursor in the table where you would like to insert a row
→ Select the Layout tab on the Ribbon
→ Click either the Insert Row Above or the Insert Row Below button in the Rows
& Columns group
To Insert a Column
→ Position the cursor in the table where you would like to insert a column
→ Select the Layout tab on the Ribbon
→ Click either the Insert Columns to Left button or the Insert Columns to Right
button in the Rows & Columns group
To Delete a Row
→ Position your cursor in the row that you would like to delete
→ Select the Layout tab on the Ribbon
→ Click the Delete button in the Rows & Column group
→ Select Delete Rows
To Delete a Column
→ Position your cursor in the column that you would like to delete
→ Select the Layout tab on the Ribbon
→ Click the Delete button in the Rows & Column group
→ Select Delete Columns
Language setting
→ Open an Office program, such as Word. Click File > Options > Language.
→ In the Set the Office Language Preferences dialog box, under Choose Display
and Help Languages, choose the language that you want to use, and then
select Set as Default.
Thesaurus
→ In addition to the spell checking and grammar checking tools that Microsoft Word
offers, there is also the Word thesaurus we can take advantage of to improve our
documents. Using the thesaurus, you can find synonyms (different words with
the same meaning) and antonyms (words with the opposite meaning).
→ In Microsoft Office Word you can look up a word quickly if you right-click
anywhere in your document, and then click Synonym on the shortcut menu.
→ Let's have a look at the thesaurus in Word now: click Review > Proofing >
Thesaurus. The Research pane opens on the right hand side of the workspace.
→ Type in a word into the Search for box and press Enter. Alternatively, press AL