Addis Ababa University

Addis Ababa Institute of Technology

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering

BSc thesis Proposal on

Title
Structural Analysis and Design of a B+G+15 Apartment Building as Per the
Requirements of ES-EN 2015

Advisor :- Tsigereda G.

Prepared by: - Name ID. No.

Brook Ayano ATR/5243/08

Dawit Shewangzaw ATR/9535/07

Henock Tamru ATR/7886/07

Hikma Ibrahim ATR/0083/09

Table of content Page no

Contents
Introduction.............................................................................................................................................3
Background..............................................................................................................................................3
Statement of the problem.......................................................................................................................3
Objectives:...............................................................................................................................................3
Scope of the study.......................................................................................................................................5
Chapter 2.................................................................................................................................................5
Literature review.....................................................................................................................................5
Introduction.........................................................................................................................................5
Material Properties..............................................................................................................................7
Basis of Design.....................................................................................................................................8
Limit States..........................................................................................................................................9
Analysis..............................................................................................................................................10
Yield Line Method..............................................................................................................................13
Chapter 3 Research Design....................................................................................................................11
Methodology:........................................................................................................................................11
3.1 Analysis: Elastic analysis for all members...................................................................................11
3.2 Design: Will use the software tools stated below.......................................................................11
3.3 Code: ES-EN 2015 Eurocode........................................................................................................11
Tools:.....................................................................................................................................................11

Figure 1: coarse aggregate..........................................................................................................................6

Figure 2: Fine Aggregate.............................................................................................................................6
Figure 3: Fine Aggregate (sand)...................................................................................................................6
Figure 4: Cement and water reaction binds the aggregates......................................................................6
Figure 5: Reinforced concrete beam in tension and compression...............................................................7
Figure 6: Schematic stress-strain relation of concrete.................................................................................7
Figure 7: Schematic stress-strain relation of reinforcing steel in tension....................................................8
Figure 8: Example of ULS.............................................................................................................................9
Figure 9: Example of SLS..............................................................................................................................9
Figure 10: Illustration of a Yield Line.........................................................................................................13
Figure 11: Examples of yield line patterns.................................................................................................14
 Introduction

As we all know there is a significant shortage of urban land in the city of Addis Ababa Ethiopia. This has
caused an increase in the price of land creating the desire to use the small amount of space still available
in an economical manner. This demand has increased the height of the average building in the city
center therefore we have come to understand that graduating students need the skills required for
executing such designs now more than ever. This project focuses on said skills which will enable us to at
least be familiar and able to match our capabilities with the current design trends and parallelly progress
them as the requirements change in the future.

Background
The Ethiopian standards for building design and construction published by the ministry of work and
urban developments, it comprises a model set of minimum requirements for Apartment buildings in
matters affecting human health, fire safety and structural sufficiency.

SAFE -The geoengineering software suite covering a wide range of applications in geotechnical
design, site investigation and laboratory analysis. We intend of using this software for the design
and analysis of the sub-structure of the building.

ETABS- is software package for the structural analysis and design of buildings. It has a 3D
object based modeling and visualization tools, linear and nonlinear analytical power,
comprehensive design capabilities for a wide-range of materials, and insightful graphic
displays, reports, and schematic drawings that allow users to quickly and easily decipher
and understand analysis and design results.

Statement of the problem

The housing problem of cities in Ethiopia is a problem that has been affecting the life standards of
many for a long time and it has only increased through time. This problem has affected the capital
city, Addis Ababa more than anywhere else in the country which made the construction of high rise
apartment buildings a necessity.

We have been able to observe that the civil engineers graduating from the Universities throughout the
country face difficulty in assimilating to the requirements of the design market. Following this
observation we began to evaluate our own skills and practice. We soon discovered that although we
have studied and to some extent implemented most of the components of the structural design of G+15
and above structures we have not yet combined them and created a feasible and comprehensive design.
Therefore we believe that this project will both evaluate and strengthen our practical design skills.

Objectives:
General objective

This proposed Thesis will present a full and economical design of an apartment building in Ethiopia as
per the requirements of ES-EN 2015. The design will be of a G+15 Apartment building including the
Analysis, Quantity Survey, Cost Estimation and Contract, Specification and Construction
Schedule Preparation.

We hope this thesis will help us assess our short comings and help us overcome them and help
us develop our software and analytical skills for design and analysis of buildings as per the
requirements of the Ethiopian standards for design and construction of structures.

Specific objective

2.1 The main goal of this thesis paper is to summarize the essential civil engineering courses
taken throughout the 5 year stay into one project.
This includes:
From Reinforced Concrete (RC) I and II Courses

 Using the different types of concrete slabs to design the building and compare the
analysis outputs of each.
From Foundation Engineering I and II Courses

 Design of the Foundation

From Steel and Timber Structures Course

 Design and analysis of a steel truss roof

From Structural Design (SD) Course

 Performing a wind, seismic and stability analysis of the concrete frame

From Contract, Specification and Quantity Survey and From Construction Equipment Courses

 Performing a complete quantity survey and cost estimation using current market prices
 Preparing a specification, tender and contract document
From Construction Management

 Preparing a construction schedule based on current productivity rates

2.2 To create a reference document for engineers working on building projects using the current
revised code, ES EN 2015.
2.3 To create templates for the analysis and design of the different structural members, Slabs,
Beams, Stair, Columns, Foundations and Lateral Loading and others in between.
2.4 To prepare full contractual documents ready for tendering stage (Including Bill of
quantities).
2.5 To perform a complete cost estimation of the designed building.
2.6 To prepare a full construction schedule based on the quantity schedule and current labor and
productivity rates.
 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The thesis project will include most of the structural engineering courses encountered throughout
the five-year stay. It will also introduces the general reinforced concrete concepts and the
analysis and design methods available while also laying out the real-life design situations like
location and material data considered in the design of the building. It will also involve cover
determination for all the structural members. It will include the design of the slab, the loading,
depth and design methodologies used along with the stair design. Wind load determination, roof
slab design as well as earthquake design, modelling techniques used, stability analysis, global
imperfection load determination, damage limitation and frame element analysis will be included.
The design of mat foundation and the partial design of one of the structural walls used in the
building will also be included.

Chapter 2
Literature review
Introduction
Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world today, and its rise to this
position has played a major part in the shaping of civilization from as long as 7000 BC. It was
known to the Romans, the Egyptians and even to the earlier Neolithic civilizations.

Concrete is the result of mixing together specific quantities of sand, cement, aggregates, and
water.

i. Pieces of inert hard material (such as gravel or crushed rock are used to give the concrete
its basic strength, providing stability against volume changes and influencing strength
and stiffness. These pieces of gravel or rock are referred to as coarse aggregate.
 Figure 1: coarse aggregate
ii. Smaller pieces of gravel or crushed rock are added to fill the gaps between the larger
pieces. This component is referred to as fine aggregate.

Figure 2: Fine Aggregate

iii. Sand is added to fill the gaps still further

Figure 3: Fine Aggregate (sand)

iv. When the cement and water react together the resulting reaction products bind the gravel
and sand, this hardens over a period of time forming an extremely durable solid mass
called concrete. This reaction process is known as hydration and it continues throughout
the life of the concrete, provided the temperature is high enough and moisture is present.
The reaction is a chemical one and not drying out process as it is commonly thought.

Figure 4: Cement and water reaction binds the aggregates

A hunk of concrete consists of about three-quarters fine and coarse
aggregates by volume. When it has just been mixed, concrete is fluid and
will take on the shape of any mold into which it is poured. The concrete
hardens rapidly at first, after a day or so it is usually strong enough to remove the mold. After 28
days it reaches its design strength but continues to gain strength at a rapidly reducing rate for
years.

Concrete can either be cast on site or in a factory. If it is cast on site, it can either be mixed on
site or delivered by a truck mixer from ready-mixed concrete suppliers. The alternative to casting
on site (in-situ) is to cast the concrete elements in a factory (precast). This enables the production
of complex architectural surface finishes and mass production of members.

Material Properties
Concrete can be functional and aesthetically pleasing, strong and durable, economical, fire
resistant and versatile, used to reduce noise, used to save energy (i.e. the thermal mass of
concrete enables it to absorb, store and later radiate heat) and more. However, a major drawback
of this material is explained below
Due to its small strength in tension concrete is a material with important limitations.

Figure 5: Reinforced concrete beam in tension and compression

Note the high compressive capacity and very low tensile capacity

The concrete at the bottom of the beam is in tension and the concrete at the top of the beam is in
compression. Concrete is likely to crack where there is tension and must be reinforced. Ordinary
reinforcing steel has a tensile strength at yield, fy, of about 500 MPa which can be compared to
the tensile strength of concrete which is about 1.6-5.0 MPa dependent on concrete class, the
solution, therefore, is to cast reinforcing bars into the wet concrete in areas where tension is
known to occur. Once it dries, the concrete bonds to the steel and the steel then resists the
tension.

.
Figure 6: Schematic stress-strain relation of concrete.
Note the large tensile capacity. In contrast
 Figure 7: Schematic stress-strain relation of reinforcing steel in tension.
Basis of Design
The aims of design are:
- To achieve an acceptable probability that the structure will perform satisfactorily during
its intended life.
- With an appropriate degree of safety, the structure should sustain all the loads and
deformations of normal construction and use, have adequate durability, and resistance to
the effects of misuse and fire.
- Calculations alone do not produce safe, serviceable and durable structures. Equally
important are the suitability of the materials, quality control and supervision of
workmanship during construction.
- To produce a structure which is economical to construct, maintain and service throughout
its design life.
- The structure should also be designed such that it will not be damaged by events like
explosions, impact or accidents “to an extent disproportionate to the original cause
(robustness)”, meaning damage to small areas or failure of a single element, will not lead
to progressive collapse.
These requirements can be achieved by following the code, Eurocode 2, Section 2, Part .1 states
that concrete structures should be designed in accordance with the general rules of ES EN1990
and with actions defined in ES EN 1991. ES EN 1992 has some additional requirements as well.
In particular, the basic requirements of ES EN1990 Section 2 are deemed to be satisfied for all
concrete structures if limit state design is carried out with the partial factor method in accordance
with ES EN 1990, and finally if resistance, durability, and serviceability are dealt with in
accordance with ES EN1992.

Limit States
Limit states are defined as states beyond which the structure no longer satisfies the performance
requirements of the design and are classified as the Ultimate Limit States and the Serviceability
Limit States.

i. Ultimate Limit States (ULS): are associated with collapse or other forms of structural
damage likely to endanger life. This includes loss of equilibrium of the structure, failure
by excessive deformation, transformation, rupture, loss of stability of the structure and
fatigue or other time-dependent effects.
 Figure 8: Example of ULS
ii. Serviceability Limit States (SLS): are associated with the poor performance of the
structure which even though not life-threatening, must be avoided. This includes
deformations, vibrations, and cracking of the concrete affecting appearance, user’s
comfort or effective use of the structure. They are often the controlling limit state in
design. For example, it is deflection limits and not strength that controls how far most
slabs can span.

Figure 9: Example of SLS

Limit State Design admits that there is inherent variability in load, materials, and methods of
design and construction which makes it practically impossible to achieve complete safety against
all possible shortcomings. Therefore, partial factors for safety and serviceability are defined for
each type of material and for each type of load. This is a logical procedure enabling a more
realistic design model of the structure to be derived than say the use of a global safety factor.

One of the design requirements mentioned above was for the structure to be robust, to be robust
the layout of the structure should follow the following:
i. Internal ties should be in two directions approximately at right-angles, effectively
continuous throughout their length and anchored to the peripheral ties at each end
(unless continuing as horizontal ties to columns or walls.)
ii. Continuous vertical ties from foundation to roof level in all columns and walls
carrying loads.
iii. Effectively continuous peripheral ties at each floor level.
 iv. External column and wall ties anchored or tied horizontally into the structure at each
floor and roof level.
Analysis
There are two types of analysis: -
A. Structural Analysis and
B. Cross-sectional Analysis
Structural Analysis:- is performed when the shape of the structure, cross-section, material
property, load, support condition etc. is given and one is asked to establish the distribution of
internal forces/action effects (Bending Moment, Shear Force, Axial Force, Torsion etc.) over the
whole or part of the structure and to identify the critical design conditions at all sections.

Cross-sectional Analysis: - is performed when the cross-section, material properties,

reinforcement amount, detailing is given and one is asked to determine the section capacity
(Moment Capacity, Load capacity etc.)

Determinate Structures only require equilibrium conditions to be satisfied to be solved, without

depending on the material properties (E, G, ) and geometrical properties (A, I). This can be
illustrated by solving for the midspan moment of a simply supported beam loaded uniformly in

Wl 2
which only equilibrium equations are applied and the answer is always going to be 12 . On
the other hand, indeterminate structures can not be solved using only equilibrium equations and
need additional compatibility equations.

According to ES-EN 1992-1-1

The analysis approaches possible to use for design in the ultimate limit state are:
 Linear elastic analysis (Section 5.4)
 Linear elastic analysis with limited redistribution (Section 5.5)
 Plastic analysis (Section 5.6)
 Non-linear analysis (Section 5.7)
The analysis approaches possible to use for design in the service limit state are:
 Linear elastic analysis (approximate)
 Non-linear analysis
The analysis method used should be based on the material response
i. Linear Elastic Analysis: -
Linear elastic analysis, which is based on the theory of elasticity, maybe used for verification of
both ULS and SLS limit states. The action effects determined using this method may be
determined assuming:
 Uncracked cross-sections: Concrete is assumed uncracked
 Linear Stress-strain Relationships
 Mean Values of elastic modulus

ii. Linear elastic analysis with limited redistribution

Linear elastic analysis with limited redistribution may be used for verification of ULS limit
states. Under this method, the moments at ULS calculated using linear analysis may be
redistributed, provided the redistributed moments are in equilibrium with the applied loads. For
the application of this method, there has to be sufficient rotational capacity to allow
redistribution of moments. Verification of this requirement can be explicit or using a Eurocode
provided check (ES EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 5.5(5)). The coefficient method, which is the first method
used for the design of slabs in this project, is a good example of this analysis method, even
though there is some ambiguity on the issue.
iii. Plastic Analysis
The plastic theory assumes that when the stresses in a member of ridged-plastic material are
below the yield point not deformation occurs. When the loading is increased to a point where it
can only be carried by stresses at the yield point, unlimited deformations are possible without a
change in loading, provided the strains are consistent with displacements that are geometrically
possible.

The member will then collapse by general yielding, and the load is called the collapse load or
load carrying capacity of the member. Although a rigid-plastic material doesn’t exist in reality,
and concrete is not is not a perfectly plastic material, and low tensile strength of concrete causes
a discontinuous distribution of cracks, rather than the continuous distribution assumed in the
theory, it has been demonstrated that the plastic theory, in many cases, is able to predict quite
accurately the load carrying capacity of concrete structures.

To determine the load carrying capacity of rigid-plastic members, two principles are used:
 the lower bound theorem which states that if for any load a stress distribution can be
found which both satisfies all equilibrium conditions and nowhere violates yield
conditions, then the load cannot cause collapse.
 The upper bound theorem states that if a load is found which corresponds to any assumed
collapse mechanism, then the loads must be equal to or greater than the true collapse
load.
Finding a load which may be greater than the collapse load may be considered to be an unsafe
method, however, because of membrane action in the slab the strain hardening of the
reinforcement after yielding, the actual collapse load tends to much higher.

It follows that if a load can be found that satisfies both the lower and upper bound theorems and
the assumed collapse mechanism is the actual collapse mechanism, then the load is the true
collapse load. This is called the uniqueness theorem.

Solutions using the lower bound theorem are referred to as static methods, whereas solutions
using the upper bound theorem are referred to as kinematic methods.
 Often only part of the member is deformed at collapse, the remaining parts are called
rigid regions.
 There is no standard method to find the load carrying capacity using plastic theory. The
problem cannot be reduced to set of equations because the part of the member involved in
the collapse is not known at the outset.
 Neither the failure mechanism nor the stress fields can be uniquely determined for a
ridged plastic body, only the load carrying capacity.
 Plastic analysis can only be used to determine the collapse load due to general yielding of
the reinforcement. Therefore, shear failures, bond failures and primary compression
failures in flexure must be prevented.
 Plastic analysis determines the failure load, it has not relevance to serviceability limit
state, which must be determined by other means.
To prevent high stress in the reinforcement over continuous edges the code requires that the ratio
of the moment over a continuous edge to the span moment should be in the range 0.5-2.0

Two plastic methods yield line and strip method are described and discussed in this paper. The
strip method is used for the design of the slab.

iv. Non-linear Analysis

Non-linear methods of analysis may be used for both ULS and SLS, provided that equilibrium
and compatibility are satisfied and an adequate non-linear behaviour for materials is assumed.
The analysis may be first or second order. (ES EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 5.7(1)). At the ultimate limit
state, the ability of local critical sections to withstand any inelastic deformations implied by the
analysis shall be checked, taking appropriate account of uncertainties. The use of material
characteristics which represent the stiffness in a realistic way but take account of the
uncertainties of failure shall be used when using non-linear analysis. Only those design formats
which are valid within the restricted fields of application shall be used.

Yield Line Method

The yield line method, first formulated by Ingerslev and later developed by Johansen, is an upper
bound method of determining the load carrying capacity of a slab. An assumed collapse
mechanism is defined by a pattern of yield lines along which the reinforcement has yielded, and
whose location depends on the loading and boundary conditions.

A yield line pattern is effectively a series of plastic hinges which indicates how the slab will
collapse. Generally, the work method is used to find the load carrying capacity of the slab. This
equates to external work done by the applied loads to the internal energy dissipation along the
yield lines. Alternatively, the equilibrium method can be used.

Figure 10: Illustration of a Yield Line

The selection of geometrically possible yield line patterns is important because this method gives
an upper bound solution. The aim is to find the pattern which gives the lowest load carrying
capacity, but because of membrane action, an exhaustive search is rarely necessary, selecting a
few simple and obvious patterns is generally sufficient. Yield line patterns must satisfy the
following criteria: -
 The yield lines divide the slab into rigid regions, which are assumed to remain plane, so
that all rotations take place in the yield lines.
 Yield lines are straight and end at a slab boundary.
 A yield line between two ridged regions must pass through the intersection of the axes of
rotation of the two regions.
 Axes of rotation lie along supported edges, pass over columns, or cut unsupported edges.
Some simple examples are shown in
Figure 11: Examples of yield line patterns
 Chapter 3 Research Design
Methodology:
3.1 Analysis: Elastic analysis for all members.
3.2 Design: Will use the software tools stated below.
: Ultimate Limit State Design

: Will include SLS check for viable members

3.3 Code: ES-EN 2015 Eurocode

C. Gravity Loads
- Will be calculated according to EC Standards
D. Lateral Load
- Seismic Load: Using Equivalent Lateral Force Method (Static, Linear)
- Wind Load
E. Slab
- Solid Beam Slab: Using Coefficient method
F. Foundation
- Foundation type selected depending on the load and soil condition taken from
actual soil report data.
G. Shear Wall
H. Roof
- Steel Truss Analysis and Design if slab is not used
I. Connections
- Truss and Top Tie Beam Connection Design
Tools:
 SAFE- for analysis and design of slabs and mat foundations
 ETABS- for analysis and design of superstructure frame
 SAP- for analysis and design steel trusses
 eTakeoff- for takeoff preparation
 CutLogic- for rebar optimization
 Primavera- for schedule preparation
 Excel- data processing and calculations
 AutoCAD- reading drawings and taking dimensions.