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    Threaded Fasteners 2: Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design

    Uploaded by

    arda akkaya
    The document discusses bolted joint design and analysis. It describes how bolted joints can be modeled as springs and discusses methods to calculate bolt and member stiffness. It provides equations for determining preload based on applied torque and discusses factors like lubrication that influence preload distribution. Design considerations like required preload levels and factors of safety are presented. Examples show how to apply the concepts to calculate preloads, loads in the bolt and members, and check factors of safety.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Threaded Fasteners 2: Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design

    Uploaded by

    arda akkaya
    175 views52 pages
    The document discusses bolted joint design and analysis. It describes how bolted joints can be modeled as springs and discusses methods to calculate bolt and member stiffness. It provides equations for determining preload based on applied torque and discusses factors like lubrication that influence preload distribution. Design considerations like required preload levels and factors of safety are presented. Examples show how to apply the concepts to calculate preloads, loads in the bolt and members, and check factors of safety.

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    MAE322Bolts2.pdf

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    The document discusses bolted joint design and analysis. It describes how bolted joints can be modeled as springs and discusses methods to calculate bolt and member stiffness. It provides equations for determining preload based on applied torque and discusses factors like lubrication that influence preload distribution. Design considerations like required preload levels and factors of safety are presented. Examples show how to apply the concepts to calculate preloads, loads in the bolt and members, and check factors of safety.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    175 views52 pages

    Threaded Fasteners 2: Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design

    Uploaded by

    arda akkaya
    The document discusses bolted joint design and analysis. It describes how bolted joints can be modeled as springs and discusses methods to calculate bolt and member stiffness. It provides equations for determining preload based on applied torque and discusses factors like lubrication that influence preload distribution. Design considerations like required preload levels and factors of safety are presented. Examples show how to apply the concepts to calculate preloads, loads in the bolt and members, and check factors of safety.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 52

    Threaded Fasteners 2

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Bolted Joint Stiffnesses

     During bolt preload


    ◦ bolt is stretched
    ◦ members in grip are
    compressed
     When external load P is
    applied
    ◦ Bolt stretches further
    ◦ Members in grip Fig. 8–13
    uncompress some
     Joint can be modeled as a
    soft bolt spring in parallel
    with a stiff member spring

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Bolt Stiffness

     Axially loaded rod,


    partly threaded and
    partly unthreaded
     Consider each portion as
    a spring
     Combine as two springs
    in series

    threaded unthreaded

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Effective Grip Length for Tapped Holes

     For screw in tapped hole,


    effective grip length is

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Procedure to Find Bolt Stiffness

    Nut

    Tapped hole

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Procedure to Find Bolt Stiffness
    Procedure to Find Bolt Stiffness

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Member Stiffness

     Stress distribution spreads from face of


    bolt head and nut
     Model as a cone with top cut off
     Called a frustum

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Member Stiffness

     Model compressed members as if they are frusta spreading


    from the bolt head and nut to the midpoint of the grip
     Each frustum has a half-apex angle of a
     Find stiffness for frustum in compression

    Fig. 8–15
    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
    Member Stiffness

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Member Stiffness

     With typical value of a = 30º,

     Use Eq. (8–20) to find stiffness for each frustum


     Combine all frusta as springs in series

    Fig. 8–15b Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Member Stiffness for Common Material in Grip

     If the grip consists of any number of members all of the same


    material, two identical frusta can be added in series. The entire
    joint can be handled with one equation,

     dw is the washer face diameter


     Using standard washer face diameter of 1.5d, and with a = 30º,

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Finite Element Approach to Member Stiffness

     For the special case of common material within the grip, a finite
    element model agrees with the frustum model

    Fig. 8–16
    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
    Finite Element Approach to Member Stiffness

     Exponential curve-fit of finite element results can be used for


    case of common material within the grip

    Note: Entire joint is made up of the same material

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 8–2

    Fig. 8–17 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 8–2 (continued)

    Fig. 8–17
    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
    Example 8–2 (continued)

    Fig. 8–17b Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 8–2 (continued)

    Fig. 8–17b Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 8–2 (continued)

    Fig. 8–17b Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 8–2 (continued)

    Fig. 8–17b Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 8–2 (continued)

    Fig. 8–17b Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 8–2 (continued)

    Fig. 8–17a Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Bolt Materials

     Grades specify material, heat treatment, strengths


    ◦ Table 8–9 for SAE grades
    ◦ Table 8–10 for ASTM designations
    ◦ Table 8–11 for metric property class
     Grades should be marked on head of bolt

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Bolt Materials

     Proof load is the maximum load that


    a bolt can withstand without
    acquiring a permanent set
     Proof strength is the quotient of proof
    load and tensile-stress area
    ◦ Corresponds to proportional limit
    ◦ Slightly lower than yield strength
    ◦ Typically used for static strength of
    bolt
     Good bolt materials have stress-strain
    curve that continues to rise to fracture

    Fig. 8–18
    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
    Tension Loaded Bolted Joints

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Tension Loaded Bolted Joints

     During bolt preload


    ◦ bolt is stretched
    ◦ members in grip are compressed
     When external load P is applied
    ◦ Bolt stretches an additional
    amount d
    ◦ Members in grip uncompress same
    amount d Fig. 8–13
    km
    kb

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Stiffness Constant
     Since P = Pb + Pm,

     C is defined as the stiffness constant of the joint

     C indicates the proportion of external load P that the bolt will


    carry. A good design target is around 0.2.

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Bolt and Member Loads

     The resultant bolt load is

     The resultant load on the members is

     These results are only valid if the load on the members remains
    negative, indicating the members stay in compression.

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Relating Bolt Torque to Bolt Tension
     Best way to measure bolt preload is by relating measured bolt
    elongation and calculated stiffness
     Usually, measuring bolt elongation is not practical
     Measuring applied torque is common, using a torque wrench
     Need to find relation between applied torque and bolt preload

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Relating Bolt Torque to Bolt Tension
     From the power screw equations, Eqs. (8–5) and (8–6), we get

     Applying tanl = l/pdm,

     Assuming a washer face diameter of 1.5d, the collar diameter is


    dc = (d + 1.5d)/2 = 1.25d, giving

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Relating Bolt Torque to Bolt Tension

     Define term in brackets as torque coefficient K

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Typical Values for Torque Coefficient K

     Some recommended values for K for various bolt finishes is


    given in Table 8–15
     Use K = 0.2 for other cases

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Distribution of Preload vs Torque

     Measured preloads for 20 tests at same torque have considerable


    variation
    ◦ Mean value of 34.3 kN
    ◦ Standard deviation of 4.91
    Table 8–13

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Distribution of Preload vs Torque

     Same test with lubricated bolts


    ◦ Mean value of 34.18 kN (unlubricated 34.3 kN)
    ◦ Standard deviation of 2.88 kN (unlubricated 4.91 kN)
    Table 8–14

     Lubrication made little change to average preload vs torque


     Lubrication significantly reduces the standard deviation of
    preload vs torque

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 8–3

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 8–3 (continued)

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 8–3 (continued)

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Bolt and Member Loads

     The resultant bolt load is

     The resultant load on the members is

     These results are only valid if the load on the members remains
    negative, indicating the members stay in compression.

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Tension Loaded Bolted Joints: Static Factors of Safety

    Axial Stress:

    Yielding Factor of Safety:

    Load Factor:

    Joint Separation Factor:

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Recommended Preload

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 8–4

    Fig. 8–19
    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
    Example 8–4 (continued)

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 8–4 (continued)

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 8–4 (continued)

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 8–4 (continued)

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Tension Loaded Bolted Joints: Static Factors of Safety

    Axial Stress:

    Yielding Factor of Safety:

    Load Factor:

    Joint Separation Factor:

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Fatigue Loading of Tension Joints

     Fatigue methods of Ch. 6 are directly applicable


     Distribution of typical bolt failures is
    ◦ 15% under the head
    ◦ 20% at the end of the thread
    ◦ 65% in the thread at the nut face
     Fatigue stress-concentration factors for threads and fillet are
    given in Table 8–16

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Endurance Strength for Bolts
     Bolts are standardized, so endurance strengths are known by
    experimentation, including all modifiers discussed in chapter 6.
    See Table 8–17.
     Fatigue stress-concentration factor Kf should not be applied to
    the nominal bolt stresses.
     Ch. 6 methods can be used for cut threads.

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Fatigue Stresses
     With an external load on a per bolt basis fluctuating between Pmin
    and Pmax,

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Yield Check with Fatigue Stresses

     As always, maximum stress must be checked for static yielding,


    using Sp instead of Sy.
     In fatigue loading situations, since sa and sm are already
    calculated, it may be convenient to check yielding with

     This is equivalent to the yielding factor of safety from Eq. (8–28).

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Fatigue Factor of Safety

     Fatigue factor of safety based on Goodman line and constant


    preload load line,

     Other failure theories can be used, following the same approach.

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Repeated Load Special Case
     Fatigue factor of safety equations for repeated loading, constant
    preload load line, with various failure curves:
    Goodman:

    Gerber:

    ASME-elliptic:

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

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