Mark Scheme (Results)

October 2019

Pearson International Advanced Level

In Chemistry (WCH11)
Paper 01 Structure, Bonding and Introduction
to Organic Chemistry
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October 2019
Publications Code WCH11_01_1910_MS
All the material in this publication is copyright
© Pearson Education Ltd 2019
General Marking Guidance

• All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must

mark the first candidate in exactly the same way as they mark the
last.
• Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be
rewarded for what they have shown they can do rather than
penalised for omissions.
• Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not
according to their perception of where the grade boundaries may
lie.
• There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark scheme
should be used appropriately.
• All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be awarded.
Examiners should always award full marks if deserved, i.e. if the
answer matches the mark scheme. Examiners should also be
prepared to award zero marks if the candidate’s response is not
worthy of credit according to the mark scheme.
• Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will provide
the principles by which marks will be awarded and exemplification
may be limited.
• When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the
mark scheme to a candidate’s response, the team leader must be
consulted.
• Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate has
replaced it with an alternative response.
Using the Mark Scheme

Examiners should look for qualities to reward rather than faults to penalise. This does
NOT mean giving credit for incorrect or inadequate answers, but it does mean allowing
candidates to be rewarded for answers showing correct application of principles and
knowledge. Examiners should therefore read carefully and consider every response: even
if it is not what is expected it may be worthy of credit.

The mark scheme gives examiners:

• an idea of the types of response expected
• how individual marks are to be awarded
• the total mark for each question
• examples of responses that should NOT receive credit.

/ means that the responses are alternatives and either answer should receive full
credit.
( ) means that a phrase/word is not essential for the award of the mark, but helps the
examiner to get the sense of the expected answer.
Phrases/words in bold indicate that the meaning of the phrase or the actual word is
essential to the answer.
ecf/TE/cq (error carried forward) means that a wrong answer given in an earlier part of a
question is used correctly in answer to a later part of the same question.

Candidates must make their meaning clear to the examiner to gain the mark. Make sure
that the answer makes sense. Do not give credit for correct words/phrases which are put
together in a meaningless manner. Answers must be in the correct context.
Section A (Multiple Choice)

Question Answer Mark

number
1 (1)
The only correct answer is C (iron)

A is incorrect because argon is in the p-block

B is incorrect because chlorine is in the p-block
D is incorrect because sodium is in the s-block

Question Answer Mark

number
2 (1)
The only correct answer is C (Al2+(g) → Al3+(g) + e−)

A is incorrect because ionisation energies are successive so only one electron is lost at a time
B is incorrect because the state symbols are incorrect and ionisation energies are successive so only one electron is
lost at a time
D is incorrect because the state symbols are incorrect
Question Answer Mark
number
3 (1)
The only correct answer is B (6200)

A is incorrect because successive ionisation energies always increase

C is incorrect because this is too big an increase
D is incorrect because this very large value indicates a new quantum shell

Question Answer Mark

number
4 (1)
The only correct answer is B (600)

A is incorrect because the first ionisation energy of aluminium is greater than that of sodium
C is incorrect because the first ionisation energy of aluminium is less than that of magnesium
D is incorrect because the first ionisation energy of aluminium is less than that of magnesium

Question Answer Mark

number
5 1
The only correct answer is D (shielding of the outer electron from the nuclear charge)

A is incorrect because the force of attraction between the nucleus and outer electron decreases
B is incorrect because neutrons do not affect ionisation energy
C is incorrect because if this were the only reason, the ionisation energies would increase

Question Answer Mark

number
6 (1)
The only correct answer is D (392)

A is incorrect because this does not include 6H2O

B is incorrect because this only includes one H2O
C is incorrect because this includes 6H2 but only one O

Question Answer Mark

number
7 (1)
The only correct answer is D (3.612 x 1024)

A is incorrect because this is the number of molecules in 0.5 mol of water

B is incorrect because this is the number of molecules of water
C is incorrect because this is the answer if there are 2 atoms in a molecule

Question Answer Mark

number
8 (1)
The only correct answer is A (sodium fluoride)

B is incorrect because the strongest ionic bonding is between the smallest ions
C is incorrect because the strongest ionic bonding is between the smallest ions
D is incorrect because the strongest ionic bonding is between the smallest ions
Question Answer Mark
number
9 (1)
The only correct answer is A (Ca2+ and S2−)

B is incorrect because K+ has 18 electrons and Br− has 36 electrons

C is incorrect because Li+ has 2 electrons and F− has 10 electrons
D is incorrect because Mg2+ has 10 electrons and Cl− has 18 electrons

Question Answer Mark

number
10 (1)
The only correct answer is B (covalent and dative covalent bonding)

A is incorrect because there is a dative bond between the nitrogen atom and H+ ion
C is incorrect because dative bonding is missing and ionic bonding is between ions, not within an ion
D is incorrect because ionic bonding is between ions, not within an ion

Question Answer Mark

number
11 The only correct answer is C (1)

A is incorrect because this is the electron density map showing two ions
B is incorrect because this is the electron density map with a polarised anion
D is incorrect because this is the electron density map of a covalent molecule with two identical atoms
Question Answer Mark
number
12 (1)
The only correct answer is C (polar bond, non-polar molecule)

A is incorrect because the Al-Cl bond is polar

B is incorrect because the Al-Cl bond is polar and the molecule is symmetrical so the bond polarities cancel
D is incorrect because the molecule is symmetrical so the bond polarities cancel

Question Answer Mark

number
13 (1)
The only correct answer is B (45.8 %)

A is incorrect because the relative atomic mass of Fe on the right-hand side has not been multiplied by 2
C is incorrect because the relative atomic mass of Fe has not been multiplied by 2 and the relative molecular mass of
CO2 has not been multiplied by 3
D is incorrect because the relative molecular mass of CO2 has not been multiplied by 3

Question Answer Mark

number
14 (1)
The only correct answer is A (8 x 10−2)

B is incorrect because 2000 has been divided by 40 instead of 40 by 2000

C is incorrect because 2 kg has not been converted to 2000 g
D is incorrect because 2 kg has not been converted to 2000 g and 2 has been divided by 40

Question Answer Mark

number
15 (1)
The only correct answer is B (2)
 A is incorrect because the ratio of CaSO4 to H2O is the wrong way round
C is incorrect because this is 3.405 x 0.900 to the nearest whole number and masses have not been converted to
moles
D is incorrect because this is 3.405 /0.900 to the nearest whole number and masses have not been converted to moles

Question Answer Mark

number
16 (1)
The only correct answer is B (C6H14)

A is incorrect because this would show the loss of two ethane molecules
C is incorrect because this would show the loss of one ethane molecule
D is incorrect because this would show the loss of one ethene molecule

Question Answer Mark

number
17 (1)
The only correct answer is D (a pair of electrons from a bond to an atom, forming ions)

A is incorrect because movement of an electron is represented by a curly arrow with a half arrow-
head and ions are formed when a pair of electrons moves
B is incorrect because movement of an electron is represented by a curly arrow with a half arrow-head
C is incorrect because ions are formed when a pair of electrons moves

Question Answer Mark

number
18 The only correct answer is C (9 σ bonds and 2 π bonds) (1)

A is incorrect because all single bonds are σ bonds, one of each double bond is a σ bond and one of
 each double bond is a π bond
B is incorrect because all single bonds are σ bonds, one of each double bond is a σ bond and one of each double
bond is a π bond
D is incorrect because all single bonds are σ bonds, one of each double bond is a σ bond and one of
each double bond is a π bond

Question Answer Mark

number
19 The only correct answer is D (a secondary carbocation is more stable than a primary carbocation) (1)

A is incorrect because the stability of the compound does not determine which product is formed
B is incorrect because the stability of the compound does not determine which product is formed
C is incorrect because the secondary carbocation is more stable

Question Answer Mark

number
20 (1)
The only correct answer is A (2.04 (g))
B is incorrect because this is the mass when the yield is 100%
C is incorrect because this is just the masses expressed as a percentage without converting them into moles
D is incorrect because this is the mass of propene formed with the molar masses reversed

Section B

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
21(a) Example of equation: (2)
• 2 correct skeletal formulae (1)

Ignore molecular, displayed or structural

formulae as working for M1

• balanced equation (1) Allow balanced equation using molecular,

displayed or structural formulae e.g.
C6H14 → C6H12 + H2

Allow TE on any other C6H12 cycloalkane

Ignore state symbols / conditions

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
21(b)(i) Allow (1)
• 1,3-dimethylcyclopentane 1,3 dimethylcyclopentane
1 3-dimethylcyclopentane
1 3 dimethylcyclopentane
cyclopentane-1,3-dimethyl
Allow methy / methly for methyl

Do not award 1,3-dimethylpentane

Question
Answer Additional guidance Mark
Number
21(b)(ii) Allow H14C7 / C7H14 / H14C7 (1)
• C7H14
Ignore any other symbols as working
e.g. CH2CHCH3CH2CH2CHCH3

Do not award superscripts e.g. C7H14

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
21(c) Examples of isomers: (2)

• All 3 correct (2)

• Any 2 correct (1)

Allow isomers in any order

Allow CH3 and C2H5 for side chains

Ignore bond angles and bond lengths

Do not award any structure with 2 or more rings

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
21(d) Allow H18C9 (1)
Allow large numbers
• (E is) C9H18
Ignore working
Do not award superscripts

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
21(e) Example of calculation: (3)
• calculation of volume of CO2(g)
25 cm3 of C5H10 produces 25 x 10 = 125 (cm3) CO2
and
2
H2O(g) (1) 3
and 125 (cm ) H2O(g)

• calculation or working of volume of O2(g) used (1) 25 cm3 of C5H10 needs 25 x 15 = 187.5 (cm3) O2
2

• calculation of volume of O2(g) left (1)

Volume of O2 left = 250 − 187.5 = 62.5 (cm3)
TE on volume of O2 reacted

(volume of C5H10 = 0)

Correct answers with no working scores (3)

Allow volumes in dm3 provided unit is given

Penalise rounding to 1 or 2 SF once only

Penalise correct volumes not linked to specific gases once
only
Penalise incorrect units e.g. cm once only
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
21(f)(i) Allow words in either order (2)

Mark independently

• (free) radical (1) Ignore homolytic (fission) / initiation /

propagation / termination / photochemical
Do not award heterolytic / electrophilic /
nucleophilic for M1 only

• substitution (1) Ignore halogenation / SN1 / SN2

Do not award addition / elimination for M2 only

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
21(f)(ii) Example of equation: (2)
• both curly half-arrows (1)

• two chlorine (free) radicals with dot (1)

Ignore two dots shown to represent electrons

above and below the Cl−Cl bond

Full arrow loses M1 only

Penalise missing • once only in (f)(ii), (iii), (iv)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
21(f)(iii) Example of equations: (2)

• first propagation step (1) C4H8 + Cl• → C4H7• + HCl

• second propagation step (1) C4H7• + Cl2 → C4H7Cl + Cl•

Allow equations in either order

Allow displayed or skeletal formulae

Ignore curly arrows and state symbols, even if

incorrect
Do not award any equations involving H•
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
21(f)(iv) An explanation that makes reference to the following Mark independently (2)
points: Example of skeletal formula:

• correct skeletal formula (1)

Allow any 2 squares joined by a bond

Ignore bond lengths and bond angles

No TE on incorrect radicals

Allow 2C4H7• → C8H14

• (two) C4H7• / cyclobutyl radicals join together (1)

Allow cyclobutane / hydrocarbon radicals join

together

Ignore just ‘(two) radicals join together’

(Total for Question 21 = 18 marks)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
22(a)(i) (2)
• 17 protons (1) Any reference to electrons scores (1) for an answer
that includes 17 protons and 18 neutrons
• 18 neutrons (1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
22(a)(ii) (1)
• (1s2)2s22p63s23p6 Allow 2px22py22pz2 and/or 3px23py23pz2

Allow numbers of electrons written as subscripts or

large numbers

Ignore repeated 1s2

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
22(a)(iii) Example of calculation: (2)

• correct working (1)

(35 x 75.53) + (37 x 24.47) (= 35.4894)
100
or
(35 x 0.7553) + (37 x 0.2447) (= 35.4894)

• answer given to 2 dp (1) 35.49

TE on working involving two different species

Correct answer to 2 dp with no working

scores (2)

35.50 with no working scores (0)

Ignore units, even if incorrect

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
22(b)(i) Example of dot-and-cross diagram: (2)
• dot-and-cross diagram showing three pairs of electrons
between one Cl and three F atoms (1)

• rest of diagram correct conditional on M1 (1)

Allow overlapping circles

Allow all dots / all crosses

Allow 4 non-bonded electrons on Cl shown as:

2 lone pairs together or
2 lone pairs between any two of the bonded pairs
or
1 lone pair and 2 unpaired electrons or
3 electrons and 1 electron

Ignore inner shell electrons / lines for bonds

Penalise a charged species in M2 only

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
22(b)(ii) Allow there are more than 8 electrons in the outer (1)
• there are 10 electrons / 5 pairs of electrons in the outer / / valence shell of chlorine
valence shell of chlorine
Allow there are 3 bond pairs and 2 lone pairs (in
the outer shell of chlorine)

Allow chlorine has expanded its octet

Allow chlorine does not have a noble gas electronic

structure / does not have 8 electrons in the outer /
valence shell

Allow just ‘chlorine has 10 electrons’ / ‘more than 8

electrons’
Ignore chlorine is the central atom
Ignore just ‘chlorine has 2 lone pairs’
Do not award incorrect numbers of electrons /
orbitals

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
22(b)(iii) Example of mass spectrum: (3)
• a peak at m/z = 92 (1)

• a peak at m/z = 94 (1)

• peaks at 92 and 94 are in the ratio 3:1

approximately (1)

Allow any 3:1 ratio for the peaks

e.g. 100:33, 30:10

Ignore any labels on the peaks

M3 is a stand alone mark for peaks at 92 and 94 only

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
22(b)(iv) Example of calculation: (4)

• conversion of temperature to K (1) temperature = 60 + 273 = 333 K

• rearrangement of Ideal Gas Equation (1) V= nRT

P
or
V = 0.0200 x 8.31 x 333
1.28 x 105

• evaluation to give volume (1) V = 4.3238 x 10 −4 (m3)

TE on temperature

• conversion of volume to cm3

volume = 4.3238 x 10 −4 x 1 x 106
and
= (432.38)
answer given to 2 or 3 SF (1)
= 432 / 430 / 4.32 x 102 / 4.3 x 102 (cm3)
TE on volume in M3

Penalise rounding to 1SF once only in M1, M2 and M3

Correct answer with no working scores full marks

(Total for Question 22 = 15 marks)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
23(a) A description that makes reference to the following points: (2)

• (propane) yellow (solution) (1) Allow brown or orange or any combination

of yellow, orange and brown

Allow no (colour) change / no change in

bromine water / remains yellow / turns
yellow

Allow upper layer / both layers are yellow /

orange / brown etc

Ignore just ‘no reaction’

Do not award any mention of red

Do not award lower layer is yellow / orange /
brown etc

• (propene) colourless (solution) (1) Allow decolorises / colour disappears

Allow (both) layers are colourless

Ignore initial colour of red in M2 only
Do not award remains colourless

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
23(b)(i) In (b)(i) and (ii) allow names or formulae for reagents but if (1)
both are given, both must be correct

Allow water / H2O and heat for steam

• steam / H2O(g) Do not award steam and room temperature
and
acid (catalyst) / phosphoric acid / H3PO4 Allow name or formula of any strong acid (catalyst) / H+
Ignore concentration of acid / pressure

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
23(b)(ii) (1)
• potassium manganate((VII)) (solution)/ KMnO4 Allow potassium permanganate
and Do not award K2MnO4
sulfuric acid / H2SO4 / acid(ified) / H+ /
sodium hydroxide / NaOH / Ignore heat / concentration of acid or alkali
potassium hydroxide / KOH / alkali(ne) / OH−

Allow (1) in (ii) if reagents and conditions for (i) and (ii) are
interchanged

If no other mark is awarded:

Allow (1) in (ii) if reagents for both (i) and (ii) are correct
but conditions are omitted / incorrect
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
23(c) Examples of structure: (1)
• structure of Z-3-methylpent-2-ene

or

Allow C2H5 / displayed formula

Ignore connectivity of methyl and ethyl

groups

Ignore bond lengths and bond angles on

skeletal formula

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
23(d) Example of calculation: (2)

• calculation of number of moles of hydrogen 720 = 0.030 or 0.72 = 0.030

or 24 000 24
calculation of volume of alkene (1) or
volume of alkene = 0.01 x 24000 = 240 (cm3)

• deduction of number of double bonds (1) mole ratio alkene : hydrogen = (0.01 : 0.03 or
720/240) = 1 : 3
so there are 3 double bonds

TE on mol hydrogen

Correct answer with no working scores (1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
23(e) Allow the changes in any order and they may (3)
be shown on the diagram

Ignore references to lone pairs

• the dipole on the bromine (molecule) should be the other way Allow the top bromine should be δ+ / the
around (1) bottom bromine should be δ−

• the arrow should go from the double / pi / π bond to the

bromine / (pair of) electrons move from the double bond to the
bromine
or
the curly arrow should go from C=C to Brδ+ (1)

• the Br ion should have a negative charge (1) Allow the bromine (atom) should have a
negative charge

Ignore just ‘Br is not positive’

Do not award the bromine molecule should

have a negative charge

Do not award Brδ─

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
23(f) Example of structure: (1)
• structure of propene

Allow any unambiguous structure of

propene showing the double bond
e.g. CH3CH=CH2

Ignore name, even if incorrect

Ignore n / brackets

Ignore connectivity of CH3 group

(Total for Question 23 = 11 marks)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
24(a)(i) Example of electronic configuration: (1)
• correct electronic configuration
[Ne]

3s 3p

Allow half-arrow heads

Allow three arrows pointing downwards in 3p

orbitals
Ignore numbers in the boxes e.g. 2
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
24(a)(ii) An explanation that makes reference to the following Both marks must come from the same pair (2)
points:
Allow ‘electrons-in-boxes’ / 3px3py3pz to show electronic
configurations
Allow ‘box’ for orbital as this is in (i)
Ignore references to shielding / nuclear charge / lone pairs
Penalise 3 or more electrons in a p orbital once only
Phosphorus
Allow ‘(electron removed is from) a half-filled p orbital’
• phosphorus has a half-filled p (sub)shell / one Do not award just 3p3
electron in each p orbital / the p orbitals are
singly occupied (1)
Allow a half-filled subshell is (more) stable
• more energy is required to remove an
unpaired electron (than a paired electron)
or
an unpaired electron / electron removed
has a lower energy (1)

OR
Sulfur Allow sulfur is 3p4
• the outermost / 3p electron or the electron Allow sulfur forms a half-filled p (sub)shell when it loses 1
being removed in sulfur is paired (1) electron

• less energy is required to remove a paired Note – paired only needs to be mentioned once in M1 or M2
electron (than an unpaired electron)
or Do not award M2 if answer states more energy needed to
repulsion between paired electrons (reduces remove electron in sulfur
the ionisation energy needed to remove it)
or
the paired electron has a higher energy (1)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
24(b) An explanation that makes reference to the following (3)
points:

• there are intermolecular forces between P4 / Allow London / dispersion / van der Waals’ forces
phosphorus (molecules) for intermolecular forces
or
phosphorus is made up of small molecules / discrete
molecules / is simple molecular (1)

• there are covalent bonds between the silicon atoms Allow macromolecular / giant molecule
or
silicon is a giant (covalent) structure / giant lattice Do not award ionic / metallic
(1)

• (much) more energy is needed to break the (covalent) Do not award breaking bonds between
bonds in silicon than overcome the intermolecular phosphorus atoms
forces in phosphorus
or
the (covalent) bonds in silicon are (much) stronger
than the (intermolecular) forces in phosphorus (1)
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
24(c)(i) Example of table: (3)
• number of bonding pairs
and Number of bonding pairs 5
number of lone pairs (1) of electrons on
phosphorus
Number of lone pairs on 0
• shape (1)
electrons on phosphorus
• both bond angles (1) Shape of molecule trigonal bipyramidal
Cl-P-Cl bond angles 90o 120o

Mark independently

Allow bond angles in either order

Ignore 180o

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
24(c)(ii) Ions can be in any order (2)
• PCl4+ (1)
If no charges are shown or charges are incorrect,
• PCl6− (1) allow (1) for PCl4 and PCl6
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
24(d) Example of calculation: (3)

• calculation of mol of H3PO4 mol H3PO4 = 10.0 x 0.100 = 0.00100 / 1.00 x 10−3
and 1000
calculation of mol of NaOH (1) and
mol NaOH = 8.0 x 0.250 = 0.00200 / 2.00 x 10−3
1000

• mol ratio (1) mol ratio H3PO4 : NaOH = 1 : 2

Mol ratio mark can be awarded from equation
TE on mol H3PO4 and NaOH

Do not award M2 if the mol ratio in the balanced equation

contradicts the mol ratio from the mol calculations

H3PO4 + 2NaOH → Na2HPO4 + 2H2O

• balanced equation (1) Allow HNa2PO4

Allow
H3PO4 + 2OH− → HPO42− + 2H2O

Allow multiples

Ignore state symbols, even if incorrect

Equation TE on mol ratio provided it is 1:1 or 1:3

H3PO4 + NaOH → NaH2PO4 + H2O
H3PO4 + 3NaOH → Na3PO4 + 3H2O
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
24(e) Examples of calculation: (2)
Method 1
• calculation of molar mass of hydrated molar mass = 262.9 x 100 = 334.9 (g)
magnesium phosphate (1) 78.5

• calculation of y (1) mass of water = 334.9 – 262.9 = 72

moles of water = 72 = 4 so y = 4
18
Allow alternative methods, for example
Method 2
in 100 g of salt:
mol Mg3(PO4)2 = 78.5 = 0.29859 (mol)
262.9
and
mol H2O = 21.5 = 1.1944(mol) (1)
18
ratio Mg3(PO4)2 : H2O
= 0.29859 : 1.1944
= 1 : 4 so y = 4 (1)
This could also be done using 0.785 g and 0.215 g
Method 3
262.9 = 0.785 or 262.9 x 100 = 78.5(1)
262.9 + 18y 262.9 + 18y

262.9 = 206.4 + 14.13 y so y = 4 (1)

Correct answer with no working or working that does not

involve Ar or Mr or moles scores (0)
Allow TE for y from correct working but an incorrect
number used for one of the values
(Total for Question 24 = 16 marks)
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