INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF LIQUIDS AND

SOLIDS  These forces are present between all Hydrogen Bond

KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY types of molecules due to the  A special type of dipole-dipole
1. All matter is made of TINY particles. movement of electrons. interaction between the hydrogen atom
2. These particles are in CONSTANT motion.  The weakest of intermolecular forces in a polar bond and an electronegative
3. The speed of particles is PROPORTIONAL to that can exist between two molecules. O, N, or F atom
temperature. Increased temperature means Polarizability  This results to a high partial positive
greater speed.  Refers to the ease with which the charge on hydrogen and a large partial
4. Solids, liquids, and gases differ in DISTANCES electron distribution can be distorted negative charge to O, N, or F
between particles, and in the extent to which the  The larger the number of electrons, the  Stronger than ordinary dipole-dipole
particles interact. greater its polarizability
INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES  The larger the atoms present, the
 Attractive forces between the atoms of stronger the dispersion forces
a molecule or compound.
 Types of intramolecular forces are Dipole-dipole Forces
covalent, ionic, and metallic.  Attractive forces between polar
 forces which keep molecules together. molecules
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
 Attractive forces that act between
Ion-dipole Forces
molecules or particles in the solid or
 Results from interaction between an ion
liquid states
and a polar molecule
 Much weaker than bonding forces
 Becomes stronger when the charge on
Types of Intermolecular Forces
the ion increases and when the
DISPERSION FORCES  In polar molecules the electrons are magnitude of the dipole becomes
 These forces of attraction result from unevenly distributed because some stronger
temporary dipole moments induced in elements are more electronegative than  Commonly found in solutions, especially
ordinarily nonpolar molecules others for solutions of ionic compounds in
 It is not a permanent partial charge.  The partial negative side of one water
molecule is attracted to the partial
positive side of another molecule
 This is stronger than the dispersion
forces
 The larger the dipole moment, the
stronger the attraction

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 Molecular Geometry PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS  When the cohesive forces are greater
 Molecular shapes that are highly Surface Tension than the adhesive forces, the surface of
symmetric (meaning no lone pairs on the  Surface tension is the amount of energy the liquid is convex.
central atom) tend to be nonpolar required to stretch or increase the  When the cohesive forces are lesser
 All atoms bonded to the central atom surface of a liquid by a unit area. than the adhesive forces, the surface of
must be the same  A molecule with high intermolecular the liquid is concave.
 Molecular shapes that are asymmetric forces will have a high surface tension.  If the cohesive and adhesive forces are
(meaning they contain 1 or more lone equal, the surface will be horizontal.
pairs on the central atom) tend to be Viscosity
polar  A measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow
 Also applies to molecules that have The greater the viscosity, the slower the
different atoms bonded to the central liquid flows
atom  Liquids with strong IMF have higher
viscosities than those with weak IMF.
 Viscosity decreases as the temperature
increases.
Vapor Pressure
 As the temperature increases, the vapor
pressure also increases.
 The stronger the IMFs are, the lower the
vapor pressure of a liquid.
Capillary Action
 The tendency of the liquid to rise in a
narrow tube or be drawn in small
openings
 It is a result of the interaction between
liquid and a solid material
 Surface tension causes the film of water
to contract and pulls the water up  If the intermolecular attraction is strong,
it takes a lot of energy to free the
molecules from the liquid phase and the
heat of vaporization will be high.

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 Boiling Point 6. The sticking of water molecules on the SOLIDS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
 The boiling point is the temperature at wall of a beaker would display adhesion. Crystalline Solid
which the vapor pressure of a liquid is 7. The bond that holds each water - arranged in fixed geometric patterns or lattices
equal to the external pressure. molecule with the adjacent water - the ordered arrangement of their units
 The boiling point of a liquid depends on molecule is a hydrogen bond. maximizes the space they occupy and are
the external pressure. 8. Substances that are polar and ready to essentially incompressible
 The higher the molar heat of be dissolved in water are called - examples are ice, sodium chloride, copper
vaporization, the higher the boiling hydrophilic. sulfate, diamond, and sugar
point. 9. The type of intermolecular force which is Amorphous Solid
 At the BP, enough energy must be a hydrogen bond makes the water polar - have a random orientation of particles
supplied to overcome the attractive and explains why water is a universal - they are considered super-cooled liquids where
forces among molecules before they can solvent. molecules are arranged in a random manner
enter the vapor phase. 10. High surface heat is the property of similar to the liquid state
water that allows the lucky fishes to stay - examples of amorphous solids are glass, plastic,
on lakes where the water takes a lot of coal, and rubber
heat before it gets hot. Types of Crystals
Metallic Crystals
- made of atoms that readily lose electrons to
form positive ions (cations), but no atoms in the
crystal would readily gain electrons
- metal atoms give up their electrons to the
1. Water has the highest cohesion on all whole crystal, creating a structure made up of an
non-metallic liquid. orderly arrangement of cations surrounded by
2. Cohesion is shown once water droplets delocalized electrons that move around the
bead up on the surface of paper wax or crystal
leaves. - the crystal is held together by electrostatic
3. The anomalous expansion of water is interactions between the cations and
evident below 4°C where water further delocalized electron
contracts until freezes at 0°C. - these interactions are called metallic bonds.
4. The oxygen atom of water is covalently
bonded with the two hydrogen atoms in
a water molecule.
5. As we raise the temperature of water
this would mean we are increasing its
average kinetic energy.

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 Ionic Crystals Covalent Network Crystals
- the ions form strong electrostatic interactions - made of atoms in which each atom is covalently
that hold the crystal lattice together bonded to its nearest neighbors.
- the electrostatic attractions are numerous and - the atoms can be made of one type of atom or
extend throughout the crystal since each ion is can be made of different atoms
surrounded by several ions of opposite charge, - the valence electrons of the atoms in the crystal
making ionic crystals hard and of high melting are all used to form covalent bonds
points.
- the energy needed to break the crystal of ionic
substances will depend on the magnitude of
charges on the ions and the sizes of the ions

Molecular Crystals
- made of atoms, such as in noble gases, or
molecules
- the atoms or molecules are held together by a
mix of hydrogen bonding/dipole- dipole and
dispersion forces
- the valence electrons of molecular substances
are used in bonding, and cannot move about the
crystal structure.

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