Basic Ercp Interpretation
Basic Ercp Interpretation
Basic Ercp Interpretation
Karl Kwok, MD
Center for Pancreatic Care
Kaiser Permanente, Los Angeles Medical Center
January 26, 2017
Introduction
• Accurate fluoroscopic interpretation is essential to safe and effective
ERCP
• ERCP images should tell a story independent of the report, from start
to finish
• Always take a film prior to start
of procedure & injection of
Scout contrast
• Cholecystectomy clips
• Foreign bodies (brassiere wires,
EKG leads, external drains,
previously placed stents, etc)
• Stone
http://images.radiopaedia.org/images/25445/469fee61954bb98066cf1cc29cf716.jpg Personal collection
Baron et al. ERCP 1st Edition (2008), fig 3.7.
Initial Axis of Cannulation
• Three principles of selective ductal
cannulation into desired system:
Axis, Orientation, Alignment
• Axis: anatomical component
(diverticula, strictures, etc)
• Orientation: short, long, semi-long
• Alignment: “lining up” accessory
with bile duct axis (bow, big wheel,
withdraw/advance scope, body
rotation, “grooming” cannula, etc)
Cotton and Leung. ERCP the Fundamentals. 2 nd edition (2015); fig 7.1 & p85
What’s going on?
• Utilize half-strength contrast,
pay close attention to initial
cholangiogram
• Overfilling duct may obscure
small stones
Baron et al. ERCP 1st Edition (2008), page 351.
Mirizzi
• Impacted stone at cystic duct
causing CHD / intrahepatic duct
dilation
Above: Personal collection
Left: Baron et al. ERCP 1st Edition (2008), page 351.
Degree of Ductal Dilation
• Solve for x:
Baron et al. ERCP 1st Edition (2008), page 21.
“Abd pain, abn LFT, CBD stone,” part 1
• Dilated CBD with CBD stone on
ultrasound
• Cholestatic LFT
• Difficult cannulation
• Abnormal cholangiogram
• Exam aborted, CT scan obtained
“Abd pain, abn LFT, CBD stone” part 2
• ALWAYS confirm the history &
look at own films (patient deeply
jaundiced, no gb stone but cbd
stone?)
• If abnormal appearing
cholangiogram, STOP and get
more information
• Consent for EUS with each ERCP
(if possible)
What’s going on? Case 1 of 2
Personal collection
What’s going on? Case 2 of 2
• Four types
• Type 1
• Free bowel wall perforation (lateral
duodenal wall)
• Type 2
• Post sphincterotomy
• Type 3
• Bile / pancreatic duct perforation
• Type 4
• Retroperitoneal air alone
http://radiopaedia.org/cases/pneumoretroperitoneum-after-ercp-sphincterotomy
https://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/rad/gi/biliary/biliary_iatroUS.jpg
4 types of ERCP-related perforation
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4
Anatomic location Lateral duodenal Sphincter of oddi Bile / pancreatic Retroperitoneal air
wall duct injury alone
Cause Endoscope / stent sphincterotomy Wire / basket Compressed air
Perforation location Intra- or retroperitoneal
retroperitoneal
Frequency 10-20% 80-90%
Severity +++ ++ + -
Radiologic features Far from papilla, Streaking opacity, Contrast Retroperitoneal air
organ outline amorphous contrast extravasation
(Rigler’s sign)
Treatment Surgical Medical > surgical Medical >> surgical Medical
http://www.bsgie.org/pdf/annual-meeting/2010/presentations/tips-and-tricks-in-ercp-perforation.pdf
Stricture
Clinical context
crucial
”Shouldering”
Undrained segments
need draining
(ultimately got stent
into left intrahepatic
and right posterior
segment; right
drained
spontaneously, duct
too small to
accommodate 3
stents)
Personal collection
PSC => UC, but not necessarily the other way around
PSC
“Beads on a string”
Pruned appearance
Onion-skin fibrosis – only 40%, not pathognomonic
Antibiotic prophylaxis recommended for ERCP
Stenting only if stricture is refractory to dilation
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/365202-overview
Utdol.com
GIE 2015; 81(4): 795-803
Choledochal Cyst
Type Morphology APBJ? Intrahepatic Dilation? Notes
Type I (50-85%)
Ia Cystic CBD dilation YES -- 85% of cases
Ib Focal CBD dilation NO --
Ic Fusiform CBD dil YES -- Extends to hilum
Type II (2%)
II CBD diverticulum -- --
Type III (1-5%)
III choledochocele -- -- Intraduodenal CBD affected,
rx with sphincterotomy
Type IV (15-35%)
IVb Multiple extrahepatic cysts -- NO
Type V (20%)
V Intrahepatic dilation only -- YES Caroli’s Disease
Cotton and Leung. ERCP the Fundamentals. 2 nd edition (2015); fig 23.8, 23.11, & 23.13
Table adapted from UptoDate Topic 651 v 14.0
Where’s the problem?
• Undrained contrast = high risk of
cholangitis
• Use of air cholangiogram to identify
area of stricture without contrast
• Pilot study of 17 patients – safe and
effective for Bismuth type II / III CCA
• Hypothesis: elevated hydrostatic
pressure may force bacteria into
undrained segments
• Density of air: 1.2 kg/m3
• Density of water: 1000 kg/m3
• Density of contrast: higher than water
GIE 2010; 72(1): 204-208
Bile Leak
• Low Grade
• Cystic duct stump / duct of Luschka
• Requires almost complete filling of
intrahepatic ducts to demonstrate
leak
• Sphincterotomy +/- short biliary stent
across papilla
• High Grade
• Immediately evident prior to
intrahepatic filling
• Need to bridge leak with stent x 4-6+
weeks
GIE 2015; 81(4): 795-803
Baron et al. ERCP 1st Edition (2008), image 31.2.
“Abnormal LFT rule out CBD Stone” (post
CCY)
“Excess clip sign”
- Always check scout before embarking!
Strasberg Classification
Type A: injury to cystic duct / minor hepatic duct
draining into liver bed
Type B: Aberrant R hepatic duct ligation
Type C: Aberrant R hepatic duct injury without ligation
Type D: Lateral injury to CBD
Type E: Common hepatic duct injury (aka Bismuth type
1-5 injury)
Type E1: >2cm from confluence
Type E2: <2cm from confluence
Type E3: at confluence, confluence intact
Type E4: confluence destroyed
Type E5: aberrant R hepatic duct / CHD injury
Utdol.com (Michael Bourke, MBBS, FRACP)
Thank you