Question No.

1. Explain why design safety factors need to be considered in the casing design.
The design factor is considered in the casing design:
 Uncertaintiesein determinationeof actualeloads thatethe casingeneeds toewithstand.
 Possibleedamageeto casingeduringetransporteandestorage.
 Damageeto casingebody dueeto slips, einner defectsedue toecracks
 Changeeinecasing propertiesewith time, eresultingefrom corrosioneandewear.
 Toeensureethat theeratedeperformanceeof theecasing isealways greaterethan any
expectedeloading.
.
2. Explain how casing design problems depend heavily on stress analysis techniques, rock
mechanics, drilling and production conditions.
Ans: Casingeand tubingestrings areethe mainepartseof theewelleconstruction. Allewells
drilled foretheepurpose ofeoil/gaseproduction
(oreinjectingematerialseintoeundergroundeformations) mustebe
casedewithematerialewithesufficientestrengtheandefunctionality. Theecasingedesign
toewithstandeselectioneprocesseconsistseofecomparingepipeeratingsewithedesigneloadseand
applyingeminimumeacceptableesafetyestandards (i.e., edesign factors). Hence, ethe stress
analysiseplays aecrucialedecisionemakingeinfoeforecasing.
Rocksehaveecomplexephysical andemechanicalepropertieseaccordingetoetheescale. Rock
mechanicseclassifyetheerockseinto
Heterogeneouse (homogeneous)
Discontinuouse (continuous)
Anisotropice(isotropic)

Part 3:
Pressure Calculations
Atea Totaledepthe (TD) eof 17000fteandea MudeWeighteofe13ppg

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Therefore, ePressureeExerted, P= 0.052 x MudeWeight xeTotaleDepthe (TD)

Hence, P =e0.052 Xe13eXe17000 =e11492psi

SafetyeFactore=e0.85

DrilleCollareweighte (8 in x 3 in) e=e1471b/ft

AssumedeStiffnesseRatioe (SR) = e3.5

LengtheofeBottomeHoleeAssembly. LBHA =

Therefore,
LBHAeiseapprox. e477ft

50 Xe1, 000 0.85 X 0.8397 x 147e=476.6ft

MaximumeLength ofeDrill Pipeeneeded witheBHA isegiven by:

DrillingeOptimizationeon aeNew VerticaleExplorationeWelleDesigned foreNis

L = Maximumelength ofedrill pipeethat canebe runeinto theehole withea specificeBHA inefeet,

TS = Tensileestrengtheforenewedrill pipee (lb)

F# Safetyefactor toecorrect newedrill pipe

MOP = Margineof over-pulle (Ib)

WAHA = Weighteof theeBottomeHoleeAssembly (lb),

W = Weighteof drillepipeewith toolejointe (by ft).

DrillePipe toebe usede= G105 at 19.5lb/ft

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TensileeStrength ofenew pipe, eTS = 553,800lb

SafetyeFactor toecorrect drillepipe, F = 10%

AssumedeDesiredeOver-pull, e (MOP) = 100,0001b

WeighteofeBHA. (WBHA) e= 50,000lb

BHAeLength = 477 fte (LBHA)

Weight ofedrill pipeewith toolejoint, (Wdp) e= 19.5 (Ib/ft)

Hence,
MaximumeLength ofeDrill Pipeeneeded withethe BHAeis: La - ((553,800(1-0.1)-100,000-50.000) X
0.8397 19.5 -) = 15,003.5 (1)
Therefore, theeMaximum Lengtheof DrillePipe, Lmaxeis approx.

15,004ft
TotaleDepthethat can beereached withea SpecificeBHA in ft isegiven by:
Where:
Dr= totaledepth thatecan beereached withea specificeBHA ineft.

LanA = lengtheof BHAeto beerun ineft

Hence, eDr = (15,004 + 477) fte= 15,481 (ft)

Assuming aedrill collarejoint = 30ft

Numbereof DrilleCollars (DCs) eneeded toemake up theeBHA isegiven by:

LONA - Numbereof DrilleCollars neededeto makeeup BHA

Number ofeDOCs neededeto makeeup BHA - 15.9 30ft

Therefore, ewe willeneed approx. 16 DCseplus I drillejar andean additional 2eDCs (just in case).
Hence, theeBHA isemade upeof 19eunits.
The completeeBHA Designeconsists of theefollowing units:

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18 DrillePipes
• I DrilleJar
• 3eStabilizers
• 1eFloat Sub

Question No. 2 (50 marks)

1. Discuss the factors affecting cuttings transportation from the bottom of the hole to the top of
the surface.
Formation fluid influx, or a damp formation, causes wet cuttings and causes cuttings to stick
to the formation and form mud rings and reduces the cutting transport speed. Water with
chemicals is injected at the surface to enhance cutting transport and cut or dissolve the mud
rings. It also depends upon fluid velocity as Low fluid velocity does not clean the hole
properly and high fluid velocity erodes the wellbore and increases the diameter.
Part 2:

8.311 x 10−5 q
Pb =
Cd2 A t 2
8.311 x 10−5 ( 9.6)(200)2
=
( 0.95 )2 (3 Π / 4)(40.5)2
= 0.0038 pi
Parastitic pressure = 200 – 0.0038
= 199.97 pi
8.311 x 10−5 (9.6)(200)2
Pb =
( 0.95 )2( 3 Π /4)(275)2
= 0.0073 pi
Parastitic pressure = 275 – 0.0073
= 274.99 pi
1714 P hpE
B) Qmin =
P max
1714 ( 1250 ) (4.2)
=
3,000 psi
= 2999.5 gal/min
2
Pd = ( )Pmax
m+ 2

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 = ( 1+22 )∗3000
= 2000 pi

8.311∗10−5 Pq
( At )=
√ Cd 2 (Pb )
= 3.9 ¿2
Part 3:

Solution
1) Surface losses

Pseor P1 = Eex 0.8 x Q1.8 xePV0.2

Ps oreP1 = 4.2 x 10-5ex130.8 xe4001.8 x 350.2 = 32.13 psi
600 =e2 x PV +eYP = 2 x 35 + 25e= 95
300 =ePV + YPe= 35 + 25e= 60
θ
n=e 3.32 log 600
θ 300
95
n=3.32 log =0.662
60
θ300
k=
511 n p

60
k= =0.96
511 0.662

2) Pipeelosses
A. Pressureelosses insideedrillpipe

24.5 ×Q
V́ =
D2
24.5 × 400
V́ = =535.98 ft /min
( 4.276 )2

1 n
5.82 ×10 4 × K 1.6 × ( 3 n+1 ) ( 1−n
( 2−n ) )
V c= ( ρ ) (D×4n )
1 0.662
5.82 ×10 4 ×0.96 ( 2−0.662 ) 1.6 × ( 3× 0.662+1 ) (1−0.662 )=95.562 ft /min
V c= ( 13 ) ( 4.276 ×4 ×0.662 )
Since V́ >Vc, flow is turbulent and pressure drop inside drill pipe is calculated from:

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 8.91 ×10−5 × ρ0.8 × Q1.8 × PV 0.2 × L
P=
( D )4.8
8.91 ×10−5 ×130.8 × 4001.8 ×350.2 ×13000
P 2= =828.927 psi
( 4.276 )4.8

B. Pressureelosses insideedrillecollars

24.5 ×Q
V́ =
D2
24.5 × 400
V́ = =1185.633 ft /min
( 2.875 )2

1 n
5.82 ×10 4 × K
1.6 × ( 3 n+1 ) ( 1−n
( 2−n ) )
V c= ( ρ ) (
D×4n )
4 1 0.662
5.82 ×10 ×0.96 ( 2−0.662 ) 1.6 × ( 3× 0.662+1 ) (1−0.662 )=208.67 ft /min
V c= ( 13 ) ( 2.875× 4 × 0.662 )
Since V́ >Vc, eflow iseturbulent andepressureelosseinsideedrillecollars P3eis determinedefrom:

8.91 ×10−5 × ρ0.8 × Q 1.8 × PV 0.2 × L

P=
( D )4.8
8.91 ×10−5 ×13 0.8 × 4001.8 ×35 0.2 ×500
P 3= =214.319 psi
( 2.875 )4.8

3) Annularepressureelosses
A. Pressureelosses aroundedrill pipe: Casedeholeesection

24.5 × Q
V́ =
D2c −OD 2dp
24.5 × 400
V́ = =207.4 ft /min
8.52−52
1 n
3.878× 104 × K ( 2−n ) 2.4 × ( 2 n+1 ) ( 1−n )
(
V c=
ρ) ( ) D e ×3 n
4 1 n
3.878× 10 × K ( ) 2.4 × ( 2 n+1 ) ( )
V =(
c ) ( ( D −OD )× 3 n )
2−n 1−n
ρ c dp
4 1 0.662
3.878× 10 ×0.96 ( ) 2.4 × ( 2× 0.662+ 1 ) ( )=248.39 ft /min
V =(
c
13 ) ( ( 8.5−5 ) × 3× 0.662 )
2−0.662 1−0.662

Since V́ <Vc, eflow iselaminar andethe pressureeloss aroundethe drillpipeein the casedehole is
determinedefrom:

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 PV ×V × L L ×YP
P= 2
+
60000 ( Dc −OD dp ) 200( D c−ODdp )
35 × 207.4 ×500 500× 25
P4 = + =35.14 psi
60000(8.5−5) 200 (8.5−5)

B. Openehole section- AroundeDrillpipe

24.5 ×Q
V́ =
D 2oh −OD 2dp
24.5 × 400
V́ = =190.061 ft /min
8.752−52
1 n
3.878× 104 × K ( 2−n ) 2.4 × ( 2 n+1 ) ( 1−n )
(
V c=
ρ ) ( )
( Doh−OD dp ) ×3 n
4 1 0.662
3.878× 10 ×0.96 ( ) 2.4 × ( 2 ×0.662+1 ) ( )=217.009 ft /min
V =(
c
13 ) ( ( 8.75−5) ×3 × 0.662 )
2−0.6562 1−0.662

Since V́ <Vc, eflow is laminareand the pressureeloss around theedrillpipe in theeopen-hole section is
determinedefrom:

PV ×V × L L ×YP
P= 2
+
60000 ( Dc −OD dp ) 200( D c−ODdp )

35 ×190.061 ×500 500 × 25

P 5= + =33.69 psi
60000(8.5−5) 200( 8.5−5)

(Where L = 13000-10000 = 3000 ft, and L = length of drillpipe in the open-hole section).

C. Pressureelosses aroundedrillecollars

24.5× Q
V́ =
D 2oh−OD 2dc
24.5× 400 ft
V́ = =285.61
2
8.75 −6.5 2
min

1
3.878× 104 × K ( 2−n ) 2.4 × ( 2n+ 1 ) (1−nn )
(
V c=
ρ ) ( )
( Doh−OD dc ) × 3 n
4 1 0.662
3.878× 10 ×0.96 ( ) 2.4 × ( 2× 0.662+ 1 ) ( )=217.009 ft /min
V =(
c
13 ) ( ( 8.75−6.5 ) × 3× 0.662 )
2−0.662 1−0.662

Since V́ >Vc, eflow is turbulenteand pressureeloss aroundedrill collarseis calculatedefrom:

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 8.91 ×10−5 × ρ0.8 × Q1.8 × PV 0.2 × L
P= 3 1.8
( D oh−OD dc ) ( Doh +ODdc )
8.91 ×10−5 ×13 0.8 × 4001.8 ×35 0.2 × 500
P 6= =22.186 psi
( 8.75−6.5 )3 ( 8.75+ 6.5 )1.8

4) Pressureedropeacrossebit

Totalepressure lossein circulatingesystem, exceptebit.

PTotal =P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + P5+P6
=32.13+828.927+214.319+35.14+33.69+22.186 = 1166.442psi
Therefore, epressureedrop availableefor bite (Pbit)
Pbit =3000 – 1166.442 = 1833.55 psi

5) Determineenozzleevelocity (ft/s)

Pbit
V n=33.36
ρ √
1833.55
V n=33.36
√
13
=396.188 ft / s

6) Determineetotal areaeof nozzlese (in2)

0.32∗Q
An =
Vn
0.32∗400
An = =0.323¿ 2
396.188
Nozzle size (in multiples of (1/32)
4∗An
d n=32
√3∗π
4∗0.323
d n=32
√ 3∗π
=11.85 ∈¿

Hence, selecte1 nozzleseof sizee12 and 2eof sizee11.

7) B.H.C.P.

B.H.C.P. = 0.052ρD + ΔPap + ΔPac

= 0.052×13×13500 + 50 + 9.14 = 3308 psi

8) E.M.D.

∆ap + ∆ac
E . C . D .=IMW +
0.052 × D

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 50+9.14
E . C . D .=8.8+ =8.96 Ib/ gal
0.052× 7100

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