Chapter 3

Chapter 3
Application of Integrals
Objectives
On successful completion of the module, students will be able to:
1. Know the different application of integrals.
2. Apply the concept of integrals in solving different problems from Geometry
and Physics.
3.1 Antiderivatives Application to Curves and Equation of Motions
When the slope of a curve at a point ( ) on it is given by ( ), a

family of curves, ( ) , may be found by integration. To single out a particular
curve of the family, it is necessary to assign or to determine a particular value of .
This may be done by prescribing that the curve passes through a given point.
An equation ( ), where is the distance at time of a body from a fixed

point in its (straight-line) path, completely defines the motion of the body. The velocity
and acceleration at time are given by
( ) ( )
Conversely, if the velocity (or acceleration) is known at time , together with the
position at some given instant, the equation of motion may be obtained.
Illustrations:
1. At any point ( ) on a particular curve, the tangent line has a slope equal to
. If the curve contains the point ( ), find its equation.
Solution: Because the slope of the tangent line to a curve at any point ( ) is the
value of the derivative at that point, we have
( ) Integrate both sides of the equation,

( )
Equation of the curve, but the curve passes ( )
( ) ( ) Solve for the value of
Substitute in the equation, we have
Integral Calculus | 3. Application of Integrals
2. Find the equation of the curve whose slope at any point is equal to the negative
of twice the abscissa of the point, if the curve passes through the point ( ).
Solution: The abscissa of the point is , then we are given that .
Integrate both sides,
Equation of the curve, but the curve passes at ( )

( ) Solve for the value of
Substitute to the equation of the curve, we have
3. An equation of the tangent line to a curve at the point ( ) is . If at any

point ( ) on the curve , find the equation of the curve.
Solution: The equation of the tangent line to the curve at ( ) is implies

that the slope is 1. (Note: In , is the slope.)
( ) Integrate both sides,
∫ ( ) ∫
But the slope of the tangent line at ( ) is

( ) Solve for the value of ,
Substitute the value of , we have

∫ ∫( )
Equation of the curve, but the curve passes at ( )

( )
Substitute to the equation of the curve, we have
Page 2 of 62
4. A ball is rolled over a level lawn with initial velocity 25 ft/sec. Due to friction, the
velocity decreases at the rate of 6 ft/sec 2. After how many seconds will the ball
stop?
Solution: The given is , acceleration is negative because the velocity is

decreasing. It is also known that , hence
Integrate both sides,

∫ ∫
The initial velocity is 25 ft/sec, thus at .
( ) Solve for C,
Substitute the value of to the solved equation,
The ball will stop when the velocity is 0. To solve for , set .
Solve for ,
5. A wound is healing in such a way that t days since Monday, the area of the
wound has been decreasing at the rate of ( ) cm2/day. If on Tuesday,
the area of the wound was 2cm2 (a) what was the area of the wound on Monday?
And (b) what is the anticipated area of the wound on Friday if it continuous to
heal at the same rate?
Solution: Note that the rate of change is the first derivative of the variable with
respect to time. In this problem, the rate of ( ) cm2/day is the rate
of area of healing would with respect to time denoted by . Thus,
( )
∫ ∫ ( )
( )
* +
But on Tuesday where day, since it is 1 day after Monday. Thus,
Therefore,
(a) on Monday;
(b) on Friday;
Page 3 of 62
3.2 The Definite Integral
The Area Problem
In the study of differential calculus, the essential theme being utilized is the slope
of the curve on the tangent to the curve. In integral calculus, the consideration of the
area under the curve will be utilized.
Let us review the intuitive idea of the region of a plane bounded by straight lines.
( )
Polygons with any number of sides may be cut–up into non-overlapping triangles.
The area of the polygon is the sum of the area of these triangles.
𝐴𝑇 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
When a segment of the boundary is no longer a straight line, at least one piece of
the enclosed region, like below, will have an unknown area.
𝐴𝑇 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
Exercises:
Find the area of the indicated region.
1. 2. 3.
Page 4 of 62
4. 5. 6.
Now consider a plane region  that is bounded by simple closed curve. Let be
the area of , one approximation of may be obtained by counting all the squares
which lie entirely within  (number of squares is 101). Another approximation is by
counting all the squares which lie entirely and partly within  (number of squares is
around 150).
Hence, 101 square units 150 square units. We can get a better
approximation by getting smaller squares, say ½ unit of a side.
When the boundary curve pictures a function ( ) and we want to

determine the area bounded by this curve, the x – axis and the two vertical lines, this
area may be approximated by taking the sum of the areas of the rectangles.
Page 5 of 62
Illustrations:
1. Approximate the area bounded by the curve , the x-axis and the lines
and .
To approximate the area , subdivide into 4 equal parts. The points of division are
The lower limit of area denoted by can be solved by adding the following area of the
corresponding rectangle. Note that the area of rectangle is , here the width of
each rectangle is 0.5 while the length is the value on the on the table above
𝐴𝑙 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
𝐴𝑙 𝟑 𝟕𝟓 square units
The upper limit of area denoted by can be solved by adding the following area of the
corresponding rectangle.
𝐴𝑢 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
𝐴𝑙 𝟓 𝟕𝟓 square units
Therefore,
Page 6 of 62
We can approximate it further by dividing the region into 8 equal subdivision. The
points of division are:
x 0 1/4 1/2 3/4 1 5/4 3/2 7/4 2
y 1 17/16 5/4 25/16 2 41/16 13/4 65/16 5
On this approximation, the width of the rectangle will be while the lengths are the
values of in the table above.
The lower limit of area is,

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
square units
The upper limit of area is,

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
square units
Therefore,
As you can see, the latter is much better approximation of the area because the gap
between the lower limit and upper limit is smaller compared to the first. You can
approximate the area even further by subdividing the region by equal parts, as
increases the approximation will get closer to the exact area.
REMARKS:
A. These sums of areas of rectangles are called Riemann Sums. This process of
successive approximation leads to a limit. This limit, if it exists is called the
DEFINITE INTEGRAL of the function ( ) over the interval denoted by
∫ ( )
where ( ) and continuous on ( ). Thus,

∫ ( ) ( )| ( ) ( )
where ( ) is any antiderivative of ( ).
Note that in solving definite integral, you will just get first the integral (do not
include “ ”), then evaluate it by getting the difference of substitution of upper
limit and substitution of lower limit.
Page 7 of 62
B. The definite integral of ( ) is defined as the Riemann Sums of the form
∑ ( )
The definite integral represents the area bounded by the curve ( ), the x–axis
and the lines and , when ( ) on .
𝑏
𝐴 ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎
If ( ) is negative over some sub-interval, e.g. , then the definite integral of

( ) over will represent the algebraic sum of the positive area over and the
negative area over .
𝑐 𝑏
𝐴 ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑐
Properties of the Definite Integral
𝑎
1. 𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑎
2. 𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑏
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
3. 𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑐
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 where 𝑎 𝑐 𝑏
𝑏
4. a. 𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑓 (𝑥 ) for all values of 𝑥 on the interval 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏
𝑏
b. 𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑓 (𝑥 ) for all values of 𝑥 on the interval 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏
Page 8 of 62
Illustrations: Evaluate the following definite integral
2
1.  2 x  3dx
1
If we integrate directly;
 2 x  3dx  x  3x 1    
2
2
2
 2 2  3(2)  12  3(1)  2  (2)  2  2  0
1
∫ ( )
Notice, however that if you look at the graph of we see that

( ) when
( ) when
( ) when
We can also solve the definite integral as,

3
 2 x  3dx   2 x  3dx   2 x  3dx  x   

2 2 2 3
2
2
 3x 2  x 2  3x 3
1
1 1 3 2
2
  3  2  3     2  3 2  3  
  
     3   1  3(1)    2  3(2)      3  
 2

  2   2      2 
  2  
9 9 9 9
     1  3  4  6      2   2  0
4 2 4 2
∫ ( )
 
0 0
2.   x  1 dx   x  1
1 1 1 15
 (0  1) 4  (1  1) 4  (1  16)  
3 4
1
4 1 4 4 4
∫ ( )
It illustrates Property 4.b., by looking at the graph of ( ) on interval .
Since ( ) ( ) over the interval ,

we have ( ) .
Page 9 of 62
1 1 1
1 1
dx 1 2
3.  x  2
1
2
  
x  2 1 1  2  1  2
1 
3 3
∫
( )
It illustrates Property 4.a., by looking at the graph of ( ) on interval .
Since ( ) ( )
over the interval ,
we have ( )
.
2  2  32  2
 
2 2 3 3 3
x  1dx  x  1 2
2 3
4.  3
 (2  1)  (1  1)    3  2 2   3 3  2 2
3
2 2 
1 1  3  3
∫ √ ( √ √ )
5
5
2
5
5.  cos xdx  sin x |
0
0
2
 sin
2
 sin 0  1  0  1
4
6.  x  2 dx
4
We cannot just integrate it normally since it is in absolute value, we take a look at its
graph over the interval to redefine the given integral.
We can see that, | | is the same as ( )

over the interval , and over the the
interval . Thus, we have
4 2 4
 x  2 dx    x  2dx   x  2dx
4 4 2
2 4
4 2 4
 x2   x2 
4 x  2 dx  4  x  2dx  2 x  2dx    2  2 x    2  2 x 
 
4 2
Page 10 of 62
  (2) 2    (4) 2   (4) 2   (2) 2 

  2(2)    2(4)    2(4)    2(2)
 2   2   2   2 
 2  (16)  0  (2)  2  16  2  20
∫ | |
3
7. 
3
3  x dx
We cannot just integrate it normally since it is in absolute value, we take a look at its
graph over the interval to redefine the given integral.
We can see that, √ | | is the same as √ over

the interval , and √ over the interval
. Thus, we have
3 0 3

3
3  x dx 
3
 3  x dx   3  x dx
0
2
3 0 3 0 3
3  x  2  3  x  2
2
3 3

3
3  x dx  
3
3  x dx  
0
3  x dx 
3 3 3 0
2  2  4 3 4 3 4
   
3 3 3 3
 3  6   6  3  
2 2
3 2  6 2  3 3  4 6 6
2 2
3   3  3 3 3 3
∫ √ | | √ √
e x  ex
 
3
 
3 3
1 1
8.  dx   e x  e  x dx  e x  e  x
0
2 20 2 0
1  3 1   0 1  1  e  1   1  e6  1 e6  1
6
 e  3   e  0    3   1  1   3  
2  e   e  2  e   2  e  2e
3
  
   
2 2 2
9.  sin x cos xdx   1  cos x sin x cos xdx   cos x  cos x sin xdx
3 2 2 2 2 4
0 0 0
Let , then or
REMEMBER: If we use substitution, we must also transform our limits in our

substitution by substituting the given limits in .
Page 11 of 62
If , then and if , then .
Substituting these limits and u-substitution we have


0
 u5 u3 
  1 1  2 2
2 0
0   1       (0  0)      0     
3 2 2 4
sin x cos xdx u u du
 5 3 1  5 3  15  15
However, you can still solve this by not changing the limits of integration. After taking
the integral of the function , we can transform it to the original function of such that
the limit of integration is still the same.
 
2
1 1 3 
2 1  1   1 1  2
0       cos5  cos3    cos5 0  cos5 0  
3 2 5
sin x cos xdx cos x cos x
5 3  0 5 2 3 2  5 3  15
 sin 3 x
   
3 3
tan xdx 3 3 3 3
sin x 3 2
sin x 3
1  cos2 x
10.    cos x dx   2
dx  0 cos2 x sin xdx  0 cos2 x sin xdx
0
sec x 0
1 0 cos x
cos x
Let , then or
If , then and if , then .
 1 1 1 1
3 3
tan xdx 1 u
2 2
u 1 
2
1 2
 1
2 2

0
sec x

1 u 2
(du)  
1 u 2
du   1  2 du   u  
1 u   u1
 
1 1 
 1  1 
     1      2   1  1   2 
5 1
 2 1   1  2  2 2
 
 2
Page 12 of 62
Self-Check Evaluation
Evaluate the following definite integral.
0
1. x 3  x 2 dx 1
7.  sin (x) cos 2 (x)dx
2
 2
0
1
2.  ( x  2)dy ; where
0

12
8.  tan
3
(4 x)dx


3.  (2 sin x  3 cos x  1)dx
16
0

4
9.  sec
6
1 xdx
4. 
1
x  x dx 
4

e x  ex
3
5.  dx 4
e x  cot
3
0
xdx

10. 6
4 
1
6.  sin
0
 x dx
2 
3.3 Area of Regions bounded by Curves
Plane Areas
Considering Vertical Strip Considering Horizontal Strip
Area Between Two Curves

Considering Vertical Strip Considering Horizontal Strip
Page 13 of 62
 Integration using vertical strip or Integration along the x-axis.
𝒃
𝑨 ∫ (𝒇(𝒙) 𝒈(𝒙))𝒅𝒙
𝒂
where
𝑓(𝑥) = above curve,
𝑔(𝑥) = below curve, and
the area determined is on
the interval 𝑎 𝑏 .
 Integration using horizontal strip or Integration along the y-axis.
𝒅
𝑨 ∫ (𝒇(𝒚) 𝒈(𝒚))𝒅𝒚
𝒄
where
𝑓(𝑦) = right curve,
𝑔(𝑦) = left curve, and
the area determined is on
the interval 𝑐 𝑑 .
REMARKS:
- Knowing the graph of the curves will tell you which one is the upper, lower, right
and left curve.
- When you are integrating with respect to , make sure that all integrand is in
terms of only, no . Thus, write the functions as ( ) and ( ).
- When you are integrating with respect to , make sure that all integrand is in
terms of only, no . Thus, write the functions as ( ) and ( ).
- Area is always positive, if your answer became negative it means that you
interchanged upper and lower curve or right and left curve.
- Don’t forget the unit which is “squared units” or simply “sq. units”.
Page 14 of 62
Illustrations:
Find the area bounded by the following
1. ( ) and ; from to .
 Since the given interval is in terms of x, which is we will use vertical strip.
 The above curve is the graph of while the below curve is ( ) .
 
3
A    x  1   x  1 dx
2
  
3
A    x  1  x 2  2 x  1 dx
0
3
  x 3 3x 2 
 
3
A  x  3x dx  
2
 
0  3 2 0
2. and x-axis; from to .

 Take note that x-axis is the same as .
 Since the given interval is in terms of x, which is we will use vertical strip.
 By looking at the graph of the area bounded by the given curves, we can see that
there is a sudden change in above and below curve on the interval . From
to , the above curve is from , while from to the
above curve is the x-axis, or . Thus, we need to perform two integrals.
     
2 3
A   4  x 2  0 dx   0  4  x 2 dx
0 2
 
2 3
A   4  x 2 dx   (4  x 2 )dx
0 2
2 3
 x 3
  x3 
A   4 x      4 x  
 3 0  3 2
16 7
A 
3 3
Page 15 of 62
3. and
 If there is no given interval, you need to solve first for their intersection point and
that will tell you the interval, or simply look at the intersection point if the graph is
given.
 By looking at the graph below, the intersection points are ( ) and ( ). Using
these intersection points you can get the interval needed. If you want to integrate
in terms of , then solve for the interval , or you if you wish to integrate in
terms of , use .
 Let’s solve for the area by integrating in terms of , or using vertical strip. Thus, we
need to express all the functions as ( ), that is and .
( )
 The above curve is while the below curve is .
4
 x x2  8 
A     dx
 2 
2 4
4
x x 2

A      2 dx
 2 
2 4
4
 x2 x3 
A     2 x 
 4 12  2
 4 2 43    22  23 
A   2(4)     2(2)
 4 12   4 12 
If you use horizontal strip (integration in ) in solving, you must have the same answer.
4. √ , and
Solution A: Using horizontal strip of rectangles (integration in ).
 Looking at the graph, we can see that the bounded region is from the interval
to . Consider the lowest and highest value of in the intersection points.
 The rightmost curve is from √ , and the leftmost curve is from .
 Since we want to integrate in , we express these two functions as ( ).
√ , and .
A   y  2  y dy   y 2  y  2dy
2 2
2
1 1
2
y 3
y 2

A     2 y 
 3 2 1
 23 2 2  13 12 
A   2(2)     2(1)
3 2  3 2 
Page 16 of 62
Solution B: Using vertical strip of rectangles (integration in ).

 Looking at the graph, we can see that the bounded region is from the interval
to . Consider the lowest and highest value of in the intersection points.
 The bounded region will be divided from ≤ ≤ and ≤ ≤ , because there is
a change in the below curve on this intervals. For , the above curve is
and the below curve is . For * , the above curve is but the below
curve is √ .
 Expressing in the form of ( ), we have .
 
1 4
A   2  2  x dx   2  x d x
0 1
1
 4 1

A   xdx    2  x 2 dx
0 1 
1 4
 x2   2 2 
3

A      2 x  x 
 2 0  3 
1
1 4
A 
2 3
5. and x-axis
Solution A.
 Using vertical strip, above curve is and below curve is x-axis or .
 The intersection point is ( ) and ( ), it implies that our interval is .
 4  x  0dx   4  x dx

2 2
A 2 2
2 2
2
 x3 
A   4 x  
 3  2
 23   (2) 3 
A  4(2)    4(2)  
 3  3 
16  16 
A   
3  3
Page 17 of 62
Solution B.
 By looking at the graph, you can see that the bounded region is a symmetric figure.
It is symmetric with respect to y=axis or .
 The area from the left of the y-axis is equal to the area from the right of the y-axis.
Thus, the required area is just double the area from the interval or double
the area from the interval .
 The above and below curve is the same as in Solution A.
   0dx 2 4  x dx

2 2
A  2 4  x 2 2
0 0
2
 x3 
A  2 4 x  
 3  2
 23   03 
A  24(2)    4(0)   
 3  3 
 16 
A  2  0 
3 
Try solving this using integration from y, *( ) + .
6. ( ) and x-axis
 The point of intersections are ( ) and ( ) implies that the interval is .
 The above curve is ( ) and the below curve is x-axis or .
 
2
A   3x( x  2) 2  0 dx
0
2
A   3x( x 2  4 x  4)dx
0
2
A   (3x 3  12 x 2  12 x)dx
0
2
 3x 4 
A    4 x 3  6 x 2 
 4 0
 324 
A  4(2) 3  6(2) 2   0
 4 
A  12  32  24  0
Page 18 of 62
7. Derive the area of a right triangle on the first quadrant, use and as the
altitude and base of the triangle, respectively. ( and are constants)
 Consider the equation of the line that crosses and bounds the x and y-axes.
These lines has the slope and y-intercept , substituting these value to the
slope-intercept form, , we have the line .
 Using vertical strip, the above curve is and the below curve is the
x-axis or .
 The bounded region will be from ( ) to ( ), since is the base. Thus the
interval is .
  hx     hx 
b b
A     h   0 dx     h dx
0    0 
b b
b
  hx 2 
A    hx 
 2b 0
  hb 2    h(0) 2    hb   hb  2hb hb bh
A    hb     h(0)    hb   0   
 2b   2b   2  2 2 2
8. Derive the area of a circle with center at the origin and whose radius is .
 The equation of the circle is ,
where is constant.
 Note that the area of the circle is 4 times
the area of region in each quadrant.
 Considering the area bounded by the first
quadrant, the required area is 4 times this
area.
 Using vertical strip, the interval is from
, where is the radius. Rewriting the
function as ( ), we have
√ .
r
A  4  r 2  x 2 dx
0
 Using Trigonometric Substitution,

, , ( ) and √
 When , ( ) ( ) .
 When , ( ) ( ) .
Page 19 of 62
 
2 2
A  4  r cos r cosd  4r 2  cos2 d
0 0
  
2
1  cos 2 2 2 2
 1  cos 2 d 2r  1  cos 2 d

4r
A  4r 2  d  2
0
2 2 0 0

 1 2
A  2r 2   sin 2 
 2 0
  1     1    1   1 
A  2r 2   sin 2   0  sin 2(0)   2r 2   sin     0  sin 0 
 2 2  2   2   2 2   2 
  1   1     
A  2r 2   (0)  0  (0)   2r 2   0   2r 2    r 2
 2 2   2  2  2
9. Derive the area of an ellipse using the equations and ,

where and are constants.
 Using the vertical strip of rectangles and since the graph is symmetric with
respect to x-axis, the area is doubled.
 We will use the interval and the function in ( ) form which is
a
A  2  b sin  dx
a
 Since the function is in terms of , we must express also in terms of .

 Note that , then and ( ).
 When , ( ) ( ) .
 When , ( ) ( ) .
0 0
A  2 b sin   a sin d   2ab sin 2 d
 
1  cos 2
0 0
A  2ab d  ab 1  cos 2 d
 2 
0
 1 
A  ab  sin 2 
 2 
   
A  ab 0  sin 0      sin 2   ab0     ab( )  ab
1 1
 2   2 
Page 20 of 62
10. Alternative solution for the area of ellipse

centered at the origin, .
 The area of the ellipse is 4 times the area of

the region in the first quadrant.
 Use vertical strip, the interval is .

Express the function in the form ( ),
( )
√
a a
b 4b
A  4 a 2  x 2 dx   a 2  x 2 dx
0
a a 0
 Using Trigonometric Substitution

, ,√ and ( )
 When , ( ) ( ) .
 When , ( ) ( ) .
  
2 2 2
A
4b
 a cos a cosd 
4b
 a 2
 cos 2
d  4 ab  cos2 d
a 0 a 0 0
 
2
1  cos 2 4ab 2
A  4ab 1  cos 2 d
2 0
d 
0
2

2
A  2ab 1  cos 2 d
0

 1 2
A  2ab  sin 2 
 2 0
  1   1 
A  2ab  sin     0  sin 0 
 2 2   2 
   
A  2ab  0   0  0
 2  
 
A  2ab 
2
Page 21 of 62
3.4 Volume of Solid Revolution
In this section we will start looking at the volume of a solid of revolution. We

should first define just what a solid of revolution is. To get a solid of revolution we start
out with a function, ( ), on an interval .
We then rotate this curve about a given axis to get the surface of solid revolution. For
purposes of this discussion, let’s rotate the curve about the x-axis, although it could be
any vertical or horizontal axis. Doing this for the curve above gives the following three
dimensional region.
Page 22 of 62
Let  be the region on the – plane and a line that does not intersect it (may
touch the boundary of ). If  is revolved about (called the axis of
revolution), a solid results which is called a SOLID OF REVOLUTION.
There are three methods in computing the volume of a solid of revolution: (a) Disk
Method, (b) Ring or Washer Method, and (c) Cylindrical Shell Method.
A. Disk Method
Theorem:
Let the function be continuous on the closed interval and assume that
( ) for all . If is the solid of revolution obtained by revolving
about the x–axis, the region bounded by the curve ( ); the x–axis and the
lines and , and if is the volume of , then
∫ ( )
 Similarly, Let the function be continuous on the closed interval and assume
that ( ) for all . If is the solid of revolution obtained by revolving
about the y–axis, the region bounded by the curve ( ); the y–axis and the
lines and , and if is the volume of , then
∫ ( )
Page 23 of 62
 The disk method is used for the case where the axis of revolution is a boundary of
the region that is revolved.
 Use ( ) , when the axis of revolution is horizontal, where is
the above curve, is the below curve and the interval is at . Since it is in ,
express the functions in the form ( ). We are using the vertical strips.
 Use ( ) , when the axis of revolution is vertical, where is the
rightmost curve, is the leftmost curve and the interval is at . Since it is in
, express the functions in the form ( ). We are using horizontal strips.
Illustrations:
Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by the
following curves about the given axis.
1. x-axis and one arch of about the x=axis

 The axis of revolution is the x-axis which is horizontal. Use vertical strips.
 The bounded region is from to .
 Above curve is and below curve is x-axis or .
 
V     y H  y L  dx    sin x  0 dx
2 2
0 0

V    sin 2 xdx
0

1  cos 2 x
V  dx
0
2


V
2  1  cos 2 x dx
0

 1 
V   x  sin 2 x 
2 2 0
  1   1 
V    sin 2    0  sin 0 
2  2   2 

V   0
2
Page 24 of 62
2. √ , , and x-; (a) about x-axis, (b) about

a. About x-axis
 The axis of revolution is horizontal. Use vertical strips.
 Above curve is √ and below curve is x-axis or .
   x  dx
2 2 2
V     y H  y L  dx    x  0 dx   
2 2 2
0 0 0
2
V    xdx
0
2
 x2 
V    
 2 0
22 
V     0    ( 2  0)   ( 2)
2 
b. About x=2
 The axis of revolution is vertical. Use horizontal strips.
 The bounded region is from to √ .
 The right curve is and the left curve is √ .
 Expressing √ in the form of ( ) gives us (√ ) .
 x R  x L  dy    2  y  dy
2 2
V  2 2
2
0 0
 4  4 y 
2
V  2
 y 4 dy
0
2
 4y3 y5 

V  4y   
 3 5 0
     
 4 2
3
2 
5

V   4 2     0
 3 5 
 
 8 2 4 2
V    4 2   

 3 5 
 60 2  40 2  12 2 
V  
 15 
√
Page 25 of 62
3. , x-axis, and ; (a) about x-axis, (b)

a. About x-axis
 Above curve is and below curve is x-axis or .
   
2 2 2
V     y H  y L  dx    x  0 dx    x 2 dx
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
2
V    x 4 dx
1
2
 x5 
V    
 5 1
 2 5 15   32 1   31 
V              
 5 5  5 5 5
b. About x=2
 The region is divided into two different region because there is a change in the
left curve on the interval .
 For the interval , the right curve is and the left curve is .
 For the interval , the right curve is and the left curve is or
√ .
 The required volume is the sum of the volume of these two regions.
   
1 4
V    x R1  x L1  dy     x R 2  x L 2  dy
2 2
0 1
 
1 4
V    2  1 dy    2  y dy
2 2
0 1
 
1 4
V    dy    4  4 y  y dy
0 1
4
 3

 8y 2 y 2 
V   ( y) 0    4 y  
1

 3 2 
 1
Page 26 of 62
 3
  3

 8(1) 2 12  
2
2
4  
V   1  0   4(4) 
8(4)
   4(1)   
 3 2 3 2 
    
 64   8 1 
V     16   8    4   
 3   3 2 
5
V  
6
4. ( ) , , and ; (a) about , (b) about

a. About
 The right curve is ( ) and the left curve is .
 Expressing ( ) in the form of ( ) gives us,
( ) √ √
 
3 3
V    x R  x L  dy    1  20  4 y  1 dy
2 2
1 1
 
3
V 
2
20  4 y dy
1
3
V    20  4 y dy
1

V   20 y  2 y 2 3
V   20(3)  2(3)   20(1)  2(1) 

1
2 2
V   (60 18)  (20  2)   (42 18)
b. About
 The region is divided into two different region because there is a change in the
above curve on the interval .
 For the interval , the above curve is and the below curve is .
 For the interval , the above curve is ( ) and the below curve
is .
 The required volume is the sum of the volume of these two regions.
 Expressing ( ) in the form of ( ) gives us,
( )
( ) ( ) .
Page 27 of 62
   
4 5
V     yH 1  yL1  dx     yH 2  yL 2  dx
2 2
1 4
 20  x  12
2
4

5
V    3  1 dx      1 dx
2
4 
1
4
x  12  dx
2
4
 5
V    2 dx     4 
2
1 4
4 
4 5

V  4  dx    16  2x  1 
2 x  14 
dx

4 
1
16
2x  1 x  15 
5
 3
V  4 ( x) 1   16 x  
4

 3 80 
4

 25  1 5  1   24  1 4  1  

3 5 3 5
V  4 (4  1)   16(5)     16(4)   

 3 80   3 80   
 128 1024   243 
 12    80      64  18  
80 
V
 3 80  
 752 3923 
V  12     
 15 80 
263
V  12 
240
5. Derive the volume of a cone by revolving about the y-axis, the region bounded
by , x-axis and y-axis. ( and are constants)
 The axis of revolution is vertical. Use

horizontal strips.
 The right curve is and the left
curve is y-axis or .
 Expressing in the form of
( ) gives us,
h
V    x R  x L  dy
2
0
2 2
   
h h
b b
V     b  y  0  dy     b  y  dy
0  0 
h h
Page 28 of 62
h
 2b 2 b2 
V     b 2  y  2 y 2 dy
0 
h h
h
 b2 y 2 b2 y3 
V    b 2 y   
 h 3h 2  0
 2 b2h2 b2h3  
V    b h 
    0 
 h 3h 2  
 b2h 
V    b 2 h  b 2 h  
 3 
bh 2
V cubic units
3
But since the radius of the cone is b, thus
6. Derive the volume of a sphere by revolving about the x-axis the region bounded
by semicircle √ and x-axis. ( is constant).
 The axis of revolution is horizontal. Use

vertical strips.
 Above curve is √ and below curve
is x-axis or .
r 
r r
V     y H  y L  dx   
2
 x 2  0 dx
2 2
r r
r  dx
r 2
V   2
 x2
r
 
r
V    r 2  x 2 dx
r
r
 x3 
V    r 2 x  
 3  r
 r3   ( r ) 3  
V    r 2 r    r 2 (r )  
 3  3 
 2r 3  2r 3  4r 3
V      
 3  3  3
Page 29 of 62
B. WASHER METHOD
Theorem:
Let the function and be continuous on the closed interval and assume
that ( ) ( ) for all . Then if is the volume of the solid of
revolution generated by revolving about the x–axis the region bounded by the
curve ( ) and ( ); the x–axis and the lines and , then the
volume is,
∫ ( ) ( )
 The washer method is used for the case where the axis of revolution is not a
boundary of the region that is being revolved.
 Use ( ) ( ) , when the axis of revolution
is horizontal, where the interval is at . Since it is in , express all the
functions in the form ( ). We are using the vertical strips.
 Use ( ) ( ) , when the axis of
revolution is vertical, where the interval is at . Since it is in , express all the
functions in the form ( ). We are using horizontal strips.
 Outer radius is the distance (difference) from outer curve to the axis of revolution.
Inner radius is the distance (difference) from the inner curve to the axis of
revolution.
Illustrations:
1. Determine the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the portion of the region
bounded by √ and that lies in the first quadrant about the y-axis.
𝑦 √𝑥
𝑥
𝑦
 The axis of revolution is y-axis, vertical.

 Expressing all the functions in the form ( );
√ , , y-axis .
 Outer radius =
Page 30 of 62
 Inner radius =
∫ ( ) ( ) ∫( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )| ,* + * +- ( )
2. Determine the volume of the solid obtained by revolving the region bounded by
and about the line .
𝑦 𝑥
𝑦 𝑥 𝑥
 The axis of revolution is , horizontal.

 All the given function is in the form ( ).
 Outer radius = ( )
 Inner radius =
∫ ( ) ( )
∫ ( ) ( )
∫ ( )
( )| ( )
Page 31 of 62
3. Determine the volume of the solid obtained by revolving the region bounded by
√ and about the line .
𝑦 √𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
 The axis of revolution is , vertical.

 Expressing all the functions in the form ( );
√ √
, and
 Outer radius = ( ) ( )
 Inner radius = ( ) ( )

∫ [( ) ( ) ]
∫ *( ) ( )+
∫ ( )
( )|
,* ( ) + * ( ) +-
( )
Page 32 of 62
4. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by
x-axis, first arch of about the line .

 The bounded is region is from to
 All functions are in the form ( ): x-axis or , and .
 Outer radius = —
 Inner radius = ( )
∫ ( ) ( )
∫ ( )
∫ ( )
∫ ( )
∫ ( )
( )|
[( ) ( )]
*( ( )) ( ( ))+
( ( ))
( )
Page 33 of 62
5. Determine the volume of solid obtained by revolving the region bounded by

and about .
𝑦 𝑥
𝑦 𝑥

 All the functions are in the form ( ): and .
 Outer radius =
∫ ( ) ( )
𝑥
∫ ( ) ( )
∫ ( )
( )|
( ) ( )
,* ( ) ( ) ( )+ * ( ) ( ) ( )+-
[( ) ( )]
( ( ))
Page 34 of 62
6. Determine the volume generated by revolving the region bounded by

and y-axis about x-axis.
 The axis of revolution is x-axis, horizontal.

 Expressing the functions in the form of ( ):
√
x-axis
 √ means that the upper part of the
graph is √ and the lower part of the
graph is the √
 Outer radius = √ √
 Inner radius = √ √
∫ *( √ ) ( √ ) +
∫ [( √ ) ( √ )]
∫ √
∫ ( )
( )
0 1|
( ) |
[( ) ( ) ]
[( ) ( ) ]
( )
( )
Page 35 of 62
7. Determine the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by
and about .

 The points of intersection of the two curves
are ( ) and ( ).
 All functions are in the form ( ):
and .
 Outer radius = ( )
∫ ( ) ( )
∫ (( ) ( )
∫ ( )
( )|
( ) ( )
{[ ( ) ( ) ( ) ] * ( ) ( ) ( ) +}
[( ) ( )]
( ( ))
( )
Page 36 of 62
8. Determine the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by
and about .

 The points of intersection of the two curves
are ( ) and ( ).
 All functions are in the forms ( )
and
 Outer radius =
 Inner radius =
∫ ( ) ( )
∫ ( ) ( )
∫ ( )
( )|
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
{* ( ) ( )+ [ ( ) ( )]}
[( ) ( )]
( ( ))
( )
Page 37 of 62
9. Determine the volume of the solid generated by revolving the area bounded by
the parabola and its latus rectum ( ) about .
𝑦 √ 𝑥  The axis of revolution is , horizontal.

 Expressing all functions in the form ( )
√ , and
 √ means the upper part of the
parabola is √ and the lower part is
√ .
 Outer radius = √ ( ) √
 Inner radius = √ ( ) √
𝑦 √ 𝑥
∫ *(√ ) ( √ ) +
∫ [( √ ) ( √ )]
∫ √
∫ √
Let , then . If , then ( ) . If , then ( ) .
∫
. /|
( )|
[( ) ( ) ]
( )
( )
Page 38 of 62
10. Determine the volume of the torus generated by revolving the circle
about .

√
 Expressing the functions in the form ( ):
𝑥 𝑦
√
 √ means the right semicircle is the
positive, √ , and the left semicircle is
𝑥 √ 𝑦
the negative, √ .
 Outer radius = √
 Inner radius = √
∫ [( √ ) (√ ) ]
∫ *( √ ) ( √ )+
∫ √ ∫ √
Let , ,√ , and ( ).
If , then ( ) ( ) .
If , then ( ) ( ) .
∫ ∫ ∫
∫ ( )
( )|
( )
*( ) ( )+
*( ) ( )+
( ( ))
( )
Page 39 of 62
C. CYLINDRICAL SHELL METHOD

Theorem:
Let the function be continuous on the closed interval and assume that
( ) for all If is the region bounded by the curve ( ), the
x–axis and the lines and , if is the solid of revolution obtained by
revolving about the y– axis and is the volume of , then
∫ ∫ ( ) ∫ | | ( ) ( )
where | | the mean distance of the rectangular strip from the axis of revolution
and ( ) ( ) length of the rectangular element parallel to the axis of revolution.
The volume of the solid of revolution when the axis of revolution is the x–axis or
parallel to the x–axis is
∫ ∫ ( ) ∫ | | ( ) ( )
 Cylindrical shell method can be used regardless if the axis of revolution is a

boundary, or not, of the region that is revolved
 If the axis of revolution is horizontal, use .
 If the axis of revolution is vertical, use .
Illustrations:
Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by the
following curves about the given axis.
1. , x-axis and about .
 The axis of revolution is vertical, use .

∫ | | ( ) ( )
∫ ( ( ))( )
∫ ( )( )
∫ ( )
( )|
*( ) ( )+
( )
Page 40 of 62
2. , x-axis and about .
 The axis of revolution is vertical, use .

∫ | | ( ) ( )
∫ ( )( )
∫ ( )( )
∫ ( )
( )|
*( ) ( )+
( )
3. , and about .
 The axis of revolution is horizontal, use .

 √
∫ | | ( ) ( )
∫ ( )( √ )
∫ ( )
( )|
{[ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ] [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ]}
[( ) ( )]
( )
Page 41 of 62
4. , and about .

 √
∫ | | ( ) ( )
∫ ( ( ))( √ )
∫ ( )( √ )
∫ ( )
( )|
{[( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ] [( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ]}
[( ) ( )]
( )
5. , x-axis, y-axis, and about x-axis


∫ | | ( ) ( )
∫ ( )( )
∫ ( )
∫ ( )
( ) ( )
( )| ,* ( ) + * ( ) +- ( ) ( )
( )
Page 42 of 62
6. , x-axis, y-axis, and about


∫ | | ( ) ( )
∫ ( ( )) ( )
𝑦 ∫ ( )( )
∫ ( )
( )|
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
,* ( ) ( ) + * ( ) ( ) +-
[( ) ] ( )
7. , x-axis, y-axis, and about

𝑦  The bounded region is from to .

𝑦
∫ | | ( ) ( )
∫ ( )( )
∫ ( )( )
∫ ( )
( )|
( ) ( )
,* ( ) ( ) ( ) + * ( ) ( ) ( ) +-
( ) ( )
Page 43 of 62
8. ( )( ) and x-axis about the y-axis
 The axis of revolution is y-axis or which is vertical, use

∫ | | ( ) ( )
∫ ( )( )( )
∫ ( )( )
∫ ( )
( )|
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
,* ( ) + * ( ) +-
[( ) ( )]
[ ( )]
( )
Page 44 of 62
9. √ , , and the x-axis about the x-axis
𝑦 √𝑥
 The axis of revolution is the x-axis or which is horizontal, use .

 √
∫ | | ( ) ( )
∫ ( )( )
∫ ( )
( )|
( ) ( )
,* ( ) + * ( ) +-
[( ) ]
( )
Page 45 of 62
10. ( ) and about the line
𝑥 (𝑦 )
𝑥 𝑦
 The axis of revolution is which is horizontal, use .

 The points of intersection are ( ) and ( ).
∫ | | ( ) ( )
∫ ( ( )) ( )
∫ ( )( )
∫ ( )
( )|
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
,* ( )+ * ( )+-
[( ) ( )]
[ ( )]
( )
Page 46 of 62
3.5 Centroids
Center of Mass of Rectangle

Consider a rectangular piece of length and width made up of material of
constant density  , then its total mass is proportional to  . The center of
mass of a rectangular region is the center of the rectangle.
Moment of a rectangle with respect to the y-axis is ̅ and the moment of the
rectangle with respect to the x-axis is ̅.
̅
̅̅̅ ̅ ̅̅̅
̅
̅̅̅ ̅ ̅̅̅
Center of mass or centroid is a point representing the mean position of the

matter in a body system.
Example 1:
A region is made up of a combination of the three (3) rectangles of uniform
density, , as shown in the figure below. Find the center of mass of each rectangle and
the center of mass of the whole region.
For : ̅̅̅ and ̅̅̅ , thus ( )
For : ̅̅̅ and ̅̅̅ , thus ( )
For : ̅̅̅ and ̅̅̅ , thus ( )
Given:
̅̅̅ ̅̅̅ ̅̅̅ ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

̅̅̅
( ) ( ) ( )
̅̅̅ ̅̅̅ ̅̅̅ * ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )+

̅̅̅
( ) ( ) ( )
Thus, the center of mass is at

(̅̅̅ ̅̅̅) ( )
Page 47 of 62
Note:
i. So long as the region is of uniform density, the actual value of the density
plays no role/part in the location of the center of mass, in which case the
total mass of the region is its area.
ii. It is possible for the regions center of mass to lie outside the region.
Example 2:
Consider the given region in Example 1. Find the center of mass of the region if
the density in is three times that of and the density in is twice that of .
Given: , and
( )( )( )( ) ( )( )( )( ) ( )( )( )( ) ( )
̅̅̅
( )( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( )
( )( )( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( ) ( )( )( )( ) ( )
̅̅̅
( )( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( )
Thus, the center of mass is at

(̅̅̅ ̅̅̅) ( )
EXERCISES:
A. The masses mi are located at the points Pi on the x–axis, find the center of mass.
1. m1 = 3 m2 = 4 m3 = 1
P1 (2, 0) P2 (6, 0) P3 (–4, 0)
2. m1 = 7 m2 = 1 m3 = 5 m4 = 12
P1 (–4, 0) P2 (1, 0) P3 (5, 0) P4 (–7, 0)
B. The masses mi are located in the x–y plane . Find the center of mass
3. m1 = 1 m2 = 3 m3 = 2
P1 (2, 1) P2 (–1, 3) P3 (1, 2)
4. m1 = 4 m2 = 5 m3 = 1 m4 = 6
P1 (1, 1) P2 (5, 0) P3 (–4, 0) P4 (0, –5)
C. With point O as the origin of the x–y plane, find the coordinates of the centroid.
5. 6. 7. 8.
Page 48 of 62
9. 10. 11.
12. Suppose that in #7, the density of R2 is twice that of R1 and the density of R3
is three times that of R2, find the center of mass.
Moment and Centroid of a Plane Region
Centroid or geometric center of a plane figure is the arithmetic mean position of

all points in the figure.
Let be the region bounded by the curve ( ), the x–axis and the lines
and . The function is continuous on and ( ) for all in . If
denotes the moment of with respect to the x–axis and denotes the moment of
with respect to the y–axis, then
Vertical Strip
b b
M x    f ( x) dx
1
and M y   xf ( x)dx
2
2a a
Horizontal Strip
d d
M y    f ( y ) dy
1
M x   yf ( y )dy and
2
c 2c
If (̅̅̅ ̅̅̅) is the centroid of the plane region whose area is square units, and
and are defined as above,
My Mx
x and y
A A
Page 49 of 62
Illustrations:
1. Compute the centroid of the region bounded by the curve and the lines
, and .
 Using vertical strip, use .

𝑦 𝑥
∫ ( ) ∫ ( )| ( )| ( ) ( )
∫ ( ) ∫ ( )|
The area for the region is
∫ ( ) ∫ ( )|
Thus,
121
My 20 30 Mx 363
x   and y  5 
A 26 13 A 26 130
3 3
Centroid:
(̅̅̅ ̅̅̅) ( )
Page 50 of 62
2. Find the centroid of the area bounded by the curve and the lines
and .
 Using horizontal strip, use .


𝑦 𝑥
∫ ( ) ∫ ( )|
∫ ( ) ∫ ( )| ( )| ( )
The area of the region is
∫ ( ) ∫ ( )| ( )| ( ) ( )
Thus,
32
My 6 M x 16
x  5  and y  3
A 16 5 A 16
3 3
Centroid:
(̅̅̅ ̅̅̅) ( )
Page 51 of 62
3. Find the centroid of area bounded by the parabola and the line .
 Using vertical strip, use .

𝑦 𝑥  The intersection points are ( ) and ( ).
𝑦 𝑥
∫ ( ) ( ) ∫ ( )
( )|
∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ( )|
The area of the region is
∫ ( ) ( )|
Thus
32 544
My Mx 17
x  3 1 and y  15 
A 32 A 32 5
3 3
Centroid:
(̅̅̅ ̅̅̅) ( )
Page 52 of 62
3.6 Fluid Pressure
Pressure is defined as force per unit area:
force acting perpendicular to an area

area over which the force is distributed
The pressure on a horizontal surface of area due to a column of fluid of height

resting on it is , where weight of fluid per unit of volume. The force on
this surface is pressure surface area .
Force on a Submerged Plane Area
Fig. 3.9.1 shows a plane area

submerged vertically in a liquid of weight
pounds per unit of volume. Take the area
to be in the coordinate plane, with the x-
axis in the surface of the liquid and the
positive y-axis directed downward. Divide
the area into strips (always parallel to the
surface of the liquid), and approximate
each with a rectangle
Fig. 3.9.1
Let the depth of the upper edge of the representative rectangle of the figure be
denoted by . The force exerted on this rectangle of width and length ( )
is ( ) , where is some value of between and . The total force on
the plane area is, by the Theorem of Bliss,
∑ ( ) ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ∫
Hence, the force exerted on a plane area submerged vertically in a liquid is equal to the
product of the weight of a unit volume of the liquid, the submerged area, and the depth
of the centroid of the area below the surface of the liquid. This, rather than a formula,
should be used as the working principle in setting up such integrals.
FORMULAS:
𝑭 specific weight of fluid x depth of centroid x area 𝒘𝒉𝑨
𝒅
𝑭 𝒘 ∫ 𝒚𝒙 𝒅𝒚
𝒄
Take note that in using this formula the coordinate system that will be used is modified, the x-axis is
always parallel to the surface of the liquid and the positive y-axis is directed downward.
Page 53 of 62
Examples
1. The force on one face of the rectangle submerged in water as shown in Fig. 3.9.2.
Water weighs 62.5 lb/ft3.
Solution: 𝐹 = specific weight x depth of centroid x area Surface of water

 The submerged area is 2 ft x 8 ft = 16 ft2.
 The centroid is 1ft below the water level. 2ft
𝐹 62.5 lb/ft3 x 1 ft x 16 ft2 = 1,000 lb 8ft
Fig. 3.9.2
2. Find the force on one face of the rectangle submerged in water shown in Fig. 3.9.3.
Solution: 𝐹 = specific weight x depth of centroid x area Surface of water

 The submerged area is 6 ft x 15 ft = 90 ft2.
 The centroid is 5 ft below the water level, since the 2ft
centroid of the rectangle is in the center of the rectangle 3ft
which is 3 ft from the upper edge of the rectangle plus 6ft
the distance between the water level and the upper edge 15ft
of the rectangle which is 2 ft.
Fig. 3.9.3
𝐹 62.5 lb/ft3 x 5 ft x 90 ft2 = 28,1258 lb
3. Find the force on one face of the triangle shown in Fig. 3.9.4. The units are feet, and
the liquid weighs 50 lb/ft3.
Solution:
 The submerged area is bounded by the lines 𝑥 𝑦
𝑦
and 𝑥 𝑦 or 𝑥 .
 The force exerted on the approximating rectangle of area
𝑥Δ𝑦 and depth 𝑦 is,
𝑑
O Surface of Liquid 𝑥
𝐹 𝑤 ∫ 𝑦𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑐
𝑦
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ( )
𝑦
𝑦 𝑦 Δ𝑦 𝑃(𝑥 𝑦)
∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑦
𝑦 𝑦
( )|
( )
𝑦
[( ) ( )]
Fig. 3.9.4
( )
𝐹 450 lb
Page 54 of 62
4. A trough of trapezoidal cross section is 2 ft wide at the bottom, 4 ft wide at the top,
and 3 ft deep. Find the force on an end if it contains 2 ft of water.
Solution:
 First, illustrate the figure. The illustration can be seen in Fig. 3.9.5.
𝑦
 By computing the equation of the line joining ( ) and ( ), the equation is 𝑥 .
 The required force is twice the force on the area bounded by Quadrant IV. Thus we will
just compute the force on the right half and double it to get the required force. That is,
𝑑
𝐹 𝑤 ∫ 𝑦𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑐
( ) ( )
𝑦
( )∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 Surface of water
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑃(𝑥 𝑦)
𝑦 𝑦
( )| ( ) ( )
Fig. 3.9.5
[( ) ]
( )
𝐹 305.56 lb
5. A plate in the form of a parabolic segment of base 12 ft and height 4 ft is submerged

in water so that its base is at the surface of the water. Find the force on a face of the
plate. (See Fig. 3.9.6).
Solution:
 With the coordinate system chosen in Fig. 3.9.6, the equation of the parabola is 𝑥 𝑦.
 The mean depth is 𝑦.
 The required force is twice the force on the area bounded by x-axis, y-axis, and 𝑥 𝑦
or 𝑥 √𝑦. Thus we will just compute the force on the right half and double it to get the
required force. That is,
𝑑
𝐹 𝑤∫ ( 𝑦)𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑐
( )∫ ( 𝑦)( √𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
∫ ( √𝑦 𝑦√𝑦)𝑑𝑦
∫ ( 𝑦 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦 Fig.Fig.
3.9.6
6
( 𝑦 𝑦 )|
( 𝑦 𝑦 )|
𝐹 3200 lb
Page 55 of 62
Assessment
1. A 6 ft by 8 ft rectangular plate is submerged vertically in a liquid weighing 50 lb/ft 3.

Find the force on one face
a. If the shorter side is uppermost and lies on the surface of the liquid.
b. If the longer side is uppermost and lies 2 ft below the surface of the liquid.
c. If the plate is held by a rope attached to one of its corner 2 ft below the liquid
surface.
2. A circular plate of radius 2 ft is lowered into a liquid weighing 100 lb/ft 3 so that its
center is 4 ft below the surface. Find the force on the upper half of the plate and on
the lower half.
3. Assuming the x-axis horizontal and the positive y-axis directed downward, find the
force on a side of each of the following areas. The dimensions are in feet, and the
fluid weighs 60 lb/ft3.
a. Within , y=4 and fluid surface at .
b. Within ,, and fluid surface at
𝑦 Surface of liquid
O Surface of liquid O
𝑦
𝑦
( )
a. b.
Page 56 of 62
3.7 Work
Constant Force. The work done by a constant force acting over a directed
distance along a straight line in units. The unit of work is the product of the unit of
force and distance.
Variable Force. Consider a continuously varying force acting along a straight line. Let
denote the directed distance of the point of application of the force from a fixed point
on the line, and let the force be given as some function of say ( ). To find the work
done as the point of application moves from to , see Fig. 3.10.1.
𝑥𝑘
● ● ● ●
𝑎 𝑏
Δ𝑘 𝑥
Fig. 3.10.1
1. Divide the interval ≤ ≤ into subintervals of length and let be any

th
point in the subinterval.
2. Assume that during the displacement over the th subinterval the force is
constant and equal to ( ). The work done during this displacement is then
( ) , and the total work done by the set of assumed constant forces is
given by ∑ ( ) .
3. Increase the number of subintervals indefinitely in such a manner that each
and apply the fundamental theorem to obtain,
∑ ( )
Formula: ( )
Examples
1. Within certain limits the force required to stretch a spring is proportional to the
stretch, the constant of proportionality being called the modulus of the spring. If a
given spring at its normal length of 10 inches requires a force of 25 lb to stretch it
inch, calculate the work done is stretching from 11 inches to 12 inches.
Solution:
 Let 𝑥 denote the stretch; then 𝐹(𝑥) 𝑘𝑥, since the force required to stretch is
proportional to stretch and 𝑘 is the constant of proportionality.
 When 𝑥 , 𝐹(𝑥) ; hence 𝑘, so that 𝑘 and 𝐹(𝑥) 𝑥.
 To calculate the work done in stretching from 11 in to 12 in we will compute for 𝑥 to
𝑥 , since the normal length is 10 in so we just need to stretch it 1 in and 2 in to
become 11 in and 12 in, respectively.
 𝑊 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑥 )| = 150 in-lb
Page 57 of 62
2. The modulus of the spring on a bumping post in a freight yard is 270,000 lb/ft. Find
the work done in compressing the spring 1 inch.
Solution:
 Let 𝑥 be the displacement of the free end of the spring in feet.
 The modulus of the spring is given as 𝑘 , hence 𝐹(𝑥) 𝑥.
 To calculate the work done in compressing the spring 1 inch = feet, we will compute
for 𝑥 to 𝑥 .
 𝑊 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑥 )| = 937.5 ft-lb
3. A cable weighing 3 lb/ft is unwinding from a cylindrical drum. If 50 ft are already

unwound, find the work done by the force of gravity as an additional 250 ft are
unwound.
Solution:
 Let 𝑥 = length of cable unwound at any time.
 Given that the cable is weighing 3 lb/ft and we are finding the work done by the force of
gravity, this force is just the total weight of the unwound cable at any time which is 𝑥
then 𝐹(𝑥) 𝑥
 To calculate the work done for additional 250 ft unwound, we will compute for 𝑥 to
𝑥 because from the start there are already 50 ft unwound.
 𝑊 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑥 ) = 131,250 ft-lb
4. A 100 ft cable weighing 5 lb/ft supports a safe weighing 500 lb. Find the work done
in winding 80 ft of the cable on a drum.
Solution:
 Let 𝑥 denote the length of cable that has been wound on the drum.
 The total weight or force is the sum of the weight of the safe and the weight of the
unwound cable. The weight of the safe is 500 lb, while the weight of the unwound cable
is ( 𝑥) because the cable is weighing 5 lb/ft and if 𝑥 is the length of wound cable
it implies that 𝑥 is the length of the unwound cable.
 Then 𝐹(𝑥) ( 𝑥) 𝑥
 To calculate the work done in winding 80 ft we will compute for 𝑥 to 𝑥 .
 𝑊 ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑥 𝑥 ) ( ) = 64,000 ft-lb
Page 58 of 62
5. Two particles repel each other with a force that is inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them. If one particle remains fixed at a point on the
x-axis 2 units to the right of the origin, find the work done in moving the second
particle along the x-axis to the origin from a point 3 units to the left of the origin.
Solution:
 Let 𝑥 = distance between the two particles.
 Given that the force is inversely proportional to distance between the particles, then
𝑘
𝐹(𝑥) , where 𝑘 is the constant of proportionality
𝑥
 If the 2nd particle is in the origin, the distance between the particles is 2; hence 𝑥 .
nd
 If the 2 particle is in the point 3 units from the left of the origin, the distance between
the particles is 5; hence 𝑥 .
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
 𝑊 𝑑𝑥 ( ) ( ) = 0.3k
𝑥 𝑥
Assessment
1. If a force of 80 lb stretches a 12-ft spring 1 ft, find the work done in stretching it
a. from 12 ft to 15 ft.
b. from 15 ft to 16 ft.
2. Find the work done in lifting 1000 lb of cal from a mine 1500 ft deep by means of a
cable weighing 2 lb/ft.
3. Two particles, A and B, repel each other with a force that is inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between them. If particle A remains fixed at a point on
the x-axis 1 units to the left of the origin, find the work done in moving particle B
along the x-axis to the origin from a point 2 units to the right of the origin.
4. A force of 200 N will stretch a garage door spring 0.8 m beyond its unstressed
length.
a. Determine the modulus of the spring.
b. How far will a 300 N force stretch the spring?
c. Based from your answer in b, how much work does it take to stretch the spring
this far?
Page 59 of 62
3.8 Length of Arc
The Length of an Arc of a curve is by definition the limit of the sum of the lengths
of a set of consecutive chords , joining the arc, when the
number of points is indefinitely increased in such a manner that the length of each
chord approaches zero (Fig. 3.11.1).
Fig. 3.11.1
If ( ) and ( ) are two points on the curve ( ), where ( ) and its

derivative ( ) are continuous on the intervals ≤ ≤ , the length of arc is given
by the formula below. Use this formula if the given limit points are in terms of .
𝒃
𝒅𝒚 𝟐
𝒔 ∫ 𝒅𝒔 ∫ 𝟏 ( ) 𝒅𝒙
𝑨𝑩 𝒂 𝒅𝒙
Similarly, if ( ) and ( ) are two points on the curve ( ), where ( )

and its derivative ( ) are continuous on the intervals ≤ ≤ , the length of arc
is given by formula below. Use this formula if the given limit points are in terms of .
𝒅
𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝒔 ∫ 𝒅𝒔 ∫ 𝟏 ( ) 𝒅𝒚
𝑨𝑩 𝒄 𝒅𝒚
If ( ) and ( ) are two points on a curve defined by the parametric

equations ( ), ( ), and if conditions of continuity are satisfied, the length of
arc is given by the formula below. Use this formula if the given equations and limit
points are in terms of other variable.
𝒖𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒚 𝟐
𝒔 ∫ 𝒅𝒔 ∫ ( ) ( ) 𝒅𝒖
𝑨𝑩 𝒖𝟏 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
Page 60 of 62
Examples
1. Find the length of the arc of the curve from to .

Solution:
𝑑𝑦
 From 𝑦 𝑥 , we have 𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 9 𝑑𝑦 9 9
 ( ) ( 𝑥 ) 𝑥; hence ( ) 𝑥 ( 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑑𝑦 9 9
 𝑠 𝑎
( ) 𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑥) | units
𝑑𝑥
2. Find the length of the arc of the curve from to .

Solution:
𝑑𝑥 9
 From 𝑥 𝑦 , we have 𝑦 .
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 9 𝑑𝑥
 ( ) ( 𝑦 ) 𝑦; hence ( ) 𝑦 ( 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑 𝑑𝑥
 𝑠 𝑐
( ) 𝑑𝑦 ( 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 ( 𝑦) | ( √ ) units
𝑑𝑦
3. Find the length of the arc of from to .

Solution:
𝑥4 𝑥
 From 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 , we have 𝑦 .
𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑥4

𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥4 𝑥8 𝑥4 𝑥8 𝑥4 𝑥4
 ( ) ( ) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥4 𝑥4 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥4 𝑥4 𝑥4
 ( ) ( ) ( ) (𝑥 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑏 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
 𝑠 𝑎
( ) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 ( ) units
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
4. Find the length of the arc of the curve , from to .

Solution:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
 From 𝑥 𝑡 , it gives 𝑡; and 𝑦 𝑡 gives 𝑡 .
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 9
 ( ) ( ) ( 𝑡) ( 𝑡 ) 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 ( 𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 9 9
 ( ) ( ) 𝑡 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑡( 𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 9 9
 𝑠 𝑡
( ) ( ) 𝑑𝑡 𝑡( 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 ( 𝑡 ) | ( √ ) units
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Page 61 of 62
5. Find the length of an arch of the cycloid , .

Solution:
 An arch of the cycloid is described as 𝜃 varies from 𝜃 to 𝜃 𝜋.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
 From 𝑥 𝜃 𝜃, it gives 𝜃; and 𝑦 𝜃 gives 𝜃.
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
 ( ) ( ) ( 𝜃) ( 𝜃) 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 ( 𝜃)
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝜃
 Using trigonometric identities, ( ) ( ) ( 𝜃)
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝜃 𝜃
 ( ) ( )
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜃 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝜋 𝜃 𝜃 𝜋
 𝑠 𝜃
( ) ( ) 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ( ) ( ) units
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Assessment
Find the length of the indicated arc of the curve.
1. from to
2. from to
3. from to
4. from to
5. ( ) from ( ) to ( √ )
6. , from to
7. The position of a point at time is given as , ( ) . Find the
9
distance the point travels from to .
Page 62 of 62

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Chapter 3

3.1 Antiderivatives Application to Curves and Equation of Motions

When the slope of a curve at a point ( ) on it is given by ( ), a

An equation ( ), where is the distance at time of a body from a fixed

( ) Integrate both sides of the equation,

Solution: The abscissa of the point is , then we are given that .

Integrate both sides,

Equation of the curve, but the curve passes at ( )

3. An equation of the tangent line to a curve at the point ( ) is . If at any

Solution: The equation of the tangent line to the curve at ( ) is implies

( ) Integrate both sides,

But the slope of the tangent line at ( ) is

( ) Integrate both sides,

Equation of the curve, but the curve passes at ( )

Solution: The given is , acceleration is negative because the velocity is

Integrate both sides,

But on Tuesday where day, since it is 1 day after Monday. Thus,

3.2 The Definite Integral

The Area Problem

When the boundary curve pictures a function ( ) and we want to

The lower limit of area is,

The upper limit of area is,

where ( ) and continuous on ( ). Thus,

B. The definite integral of ( ) is defined as the Riemann Sums of the form

If ( ) is negative over some sub-interval, e.g. , then the definite integral of

Properties of the Definite Integral

Illustrations: Evaluate the following definite integral

Notice, however that if you look at the graph of we see that

We can also solve the definite integral as,

 2 x  3dx   2 x  3dx   2 x  3dx  x   

It illustrates Property 4.b., by looking at the graph of ( ) on interval .

Since ( ) ( ) over the interval ,

It illustrates Property 4.a., by looking at the graph of ( ) on interval .

We can see that, | | is the same as ( )

  (2) 2    (4) 2   (4) 2   (2) 2 

We can see that, √ | | is the same as √ over

REMEMBER: If we use substitution, we must also transform our limits in our

If , then and if , then .

Substituting these limits and u-substitution we have

If , then and if , then .

3.3 Area of Regions bounded by Curves

Area Between Two Curves

 Integration using vertical strip or Integration along the x-axis.

 Integration using horizontal strip or Integration along the y-axis.

2. and x-axis; from to .

Solution B: Using vertical strip of rectangles (integration in ).

 4  x  0dx   4  x dx

   0dx 2 4  x dx

Try solving this using integration from y, *( ) + .

 Using Trigonometric Substitution,

 1  cos 2 d 2r  1  cos 2 d

9. Derive the area of an ellipse using the equations and ,

 Since the function is in terms of , we must express also in terms of .

10. Alternative solution for the area of ellipse

 The area of the ellipse is 4 times the area of

 Use vertical strip, the interval is .

 Using Trigonometric Substitution

3.4 Volume of Solid Revolution

In this section we will start looking at the volume of a solid of revolution. We