Nature

7
Lead-in
1 Look at the photos. Work in pairs and discuss the questions.
1 Where are the animals?
2 Are they being used by people? If so, how?
3 Do you approve of the way they are being used? Why/Why not?

2 Write the words from the box into the table.

mammal fur trade carnivore tame natural habitat stalk

animal rights breed (v) breed (n) hibernate sanctuary
nature reserve endangered reptile animal testing exotic
rare cage lay eggs nest predator over-hunting/fishing

1 Types of 2 Describes 3 Where 4 Things 5 Animal

animal animals animals animals do issues
(noun) (adjective) live

3 Work in groups and discuss the questions.

1 Think of examples of the types of animal in column 1.
2 What animals can the adjectives in column 2 describe?
3 Which animals do the things in column 4?
4 What do you know about the issues in column 5? How do you feel about
them? What solutions are there?

91
7.1 Animal instinct
Grammar relative clauses
Can do explain procedures
Animals to the rescue
Reading
Watching animals could warn us of danger ...
1 a Match words 1–6 to words a–f.
During the tsunami disaster of 2004, over 300,000 people died. No
1 natural a the human eye one has counted the number of animals killed, but we know that it
2 carried to b lives wasn’t many. All over the region, before the disaster struck, animals
3 animal c safety were behaving strangely.
4 rescue d disaster Shortly before the tsunami, in Khao Lak, Thailand, 12 elephants that
5 save e instincts were giving tourists rides became agitated. They suddenly left their
6 invisible to f team usual habitat, carrying four surprised Japanese tourists to safety.
On the eastern coast of India, flamingos, which should have been
b The phrases in exercise 1a are all breeding at that time of year, suddenly flew to higher ground. Of the
from the article on the right. Look at 2,000 wild pigs that inhabit an Indian nature reserve, only one was
the headings. What do you think the found dead after the tsunami.
article is about?
The idea that animals are able to predict disasters is nothing new. In
c Read and check your predictions. fact, it has been well documented over the years. Twelve hours before
Hurricane Charlie hit Florida in 2004, 14 electronically tagged sharks
left their natural habitat and stayed in deeper waters for two weeks.
2 Work in pairs and answer the
The sharks, which were being observed by US biologists, had never
questions.
done this before. They escaped the hurricane. In the winter of 1975 in
1 What was strange about the Haicheng, China, snakes which would normally have been hibernating
elephants’ and the flamingos’ were seen on the ground. Days later there was an earthquake which
behaviour? measured 7.3 on the Richter Scale.
2 What do animals typically do before Unlike human beings, wild animals perceive a great deal of
natural disasters occur? information about the world around them. Their senses are sharper
3 How do we know what the sharks did and they can feel even the smallest changes in the environment. In
before Hurricane Charlie? other words, they see natural warnings that are invisible to the human
4 What specific ability allows animals to eye. Ancient people probably had similar ‘animal instincts’, which
they needed to survive, but these have been lost to us as modern
predict natural disasters?
technology leads us further away from the dangers that nature poses.
5 Why can’t people predict natural
disasters, according to Rupesh The real question is, can we use the reactions of animals to save
Kaneira? What other reason does the ourselves from natural disasters? Animal behaviour expert, Rupesh
Kaneira, believes we have no choice. ‘The technology which we rely
article give?
on isn’t always perfect, and in poorer countries it isn’t even available.
6 What are the similarities and Animals know the environment better than any of us. When they run
differences between the ‘rescue dogs’ for their lives, we must follow.’
and the ‘rescue rats’?
7 How do rescue teams know that the And rats could rescue us from disaster ...
rat has found someone?
8 In what particular conditions would a In the earthquake-prone regions of the world – Japan, Los Angeles,
Turkey – rats will soon be our new best friend.
rat be much better than a robot in a
rescue situation? In the aftermath of an earthquake, rescue teams send in dogs which
are trained to smell people. No one knows how many lives they have
3 Work in pairs and discuss the saved, but there are, of course, drawbacks: dogs are big and they
can’t get into small spaces. Now a new research project is using a
questions.
smaller animal to save lives: the rat.
1 What differences between humans
and animals does the article describe? How does it work? Firstly, the rat is trained to smell people. When
this happens, the rat’s brain gives off a signal, similar to what happens
2 Do you believe in ‘sixth sense’ or
when a dog smells a bomb. So, the trained rats are sent into the
‘animal instinct’? wreckage. On their back is a very small radio, which is connected
3 The article says that, when disasters to the rat’s brain. The rescuers, at a safe distance, monitor the radio
occur, we hope to use animals in two signals. When the rat’s brain activity jumps, the rescuers know that
ways. What are these ways? Are they someone is alive.
ethical? Of course there are already robots which can do this job, one of which
4 Do you think the ideas for using looks and moves like a snake, but rats are better because they can
animals will be successful? What smell more efficiently than robots, whose noses don’t work well when
problems might there be? there are other smells around. Rats also crawl efficiently in destroyed
buildings – something which robots are not as good at – and they
don’t need electricity. What’s more, rats have a survival instinct: they
92 get out when it isn’t safe.
 7.1

5 Do sentences a and b in each pair below

have the same meaning? If not, how are they
different? Which are wrong?
1 a Monkeys whose DNA is similar to
humans are often used in research into
the brain.
b Monkeys, whose DNA is similar to
humans, are often used in research into
the brain.
2 a Guide dogs were first used by soldiers
who had been blinded in war.
b Guide dogs were first used by soldiers,
Grammar | relative clauses who had been blinded in war.
4 Complete the tasks (1–6) in the Active grammar box. 3 a Seals, whose blubber is used for fuel
and food, are hunted by Inuits.
b Inuits hunt seals whose blubber is used
Active grammar for fuel and food.
4 a The tiger shark is one of the few
1 Read the examples (a–g) below and underline sharks that attacks people.
the relative clauses.
b Most sharks are not dangerous, but
2 Which examples contain defining relative one exception is the tiger shark, which
clauses (essential information)? What type of attacks people.
information is described in the other relative
5 a The funnel spider’s web, which is
clauses?
extremely fine, was used to cover wounds.
3 In which type of relative clause (defining or b The funnel spider’s web, that is
non-defining) can we use that instead of who
extremely fine, was used to cover
or which?
wounds.
4 When do we use commas with relative
clauses?
6 Add the phrases a–d to questions 1–4. Add
5 Which clause contains a dependent commas where necessary.
preposition? Where does the dependent
a which take animals from their natural
preposition go in the relative clause? Find
habitat
another example in the final paragraph. Where
can the preposition go in formal English? b which is done only for sport and not for
food
6 Find a sentence in the final paragraph of the
article that contains the structure ‘___ of c about which there has been much debate in
which’? What other words sometimes come the fashion industry
before of which? (e.g. all of which ...) d which is being destroyed

a) ... 12 elephants that were giving tourists rides 1 Should hunting be allowed?
became agitated. 2 Should zoos be banned?
b) ... flamingos, which should have been 3 Should the Amazon rainforest be protected
breeding at that time of year, suddenly flew to against industry? If so, how?
higher ground. 4 Should the use of fur for clothing be
c) The sharks, which were being observed by US banned?
biologists, had never done this before.
d) Of the 2,000 wild pigs that inhabit an Indian Speaking
nature reserve, only one was found dead.
e) ... there are already robots which can do this 7 Read the questions in exercise 6 again. Work
job. in pairs and discuss the questions. Think of
arguments for and against each issue.
f ) ... rats are better because they can smell more
efficiently than robots, whose noses don’t I think hunting which is done for sport
work well … should be banned because it’s inhumane.
g) The technology which we rely on ...

see Reference page 103

93
7.1

Speaking
11 Complete the How to... box by with the words
from the box below.

easy without step any doesn’t first

it be piece the

How to… explain procedures

Prefacing It can (1) ______ a bit tricky at
with a (2) ______ .
Listening general It’s pretty straightforward.
statement
8 a 2.06 Listen to two people explaining how to It’s really (3) ______ .
do something. Write true (T), false (F) or It’s a (4) ______ of cake.
doesn’t say (DS).
Sequencing Firstly …/(5) ______ first thing
1 You need to make some plans before you you’ve got to do is …
even buy your rabbits. Then/Secondly, …/The next
2 Rabbits eat almost any type of food. (6) ______ is to + infinitive …
3 You should be vaccinated. Once you do/’ve done this …
4 You should have at least two rabbits in a Finally,
hutch. Addressing You do this …/Do this …
5 Lots of people choose their dog because it the listener One does this (formal/usually
looks cute. written English)
6 The speaker thinks it’s a bad idea to keep a Conditions/ (7) ______ doing this, it won’t
dog outside. what can go work.
7 The owner’s lifestyle is an important wrong If it (8) ______ work, you
consideration in choosing the breed of dog. should ...
8 The speaker knows a lot of dog owners.
Checking it’s OK?/Got (9) ______?/(10) ______
b Listen again and check. understood questions?

Pronunciation | to
12 a A friend is going to stay in your house while
9 a How is to pronounced in these clauses? you go on holiday. Think of three things they will
1 The first thing you need to do … have to do (use your washing machine, feed your
2 So you need to plan well … pet, water your plants, etc.). Complete paragraphs
3 You have to make sure they like the food they’re 1–3, explaining how to do them.
given … 1 It’s really easy. You can do it by __________ the
4 It’s best to get it from a farmer … __________ into the __________ . The next step
b 2.07 Listen and check. is to __________ . Once you’ve done this, all you
need to do is __________ . Any questions?
10 a Underline the prepositions in extracts 1–4 2 It’s pretty straightforward. What you have to do is
below. Which are weak forms? How are they __________ . Without doing this the __________
pronounced? can’t __________ . Then you __________ , and
1 A lot of people, for example, just go for the cutest finally the __________ should work perfectly. If it
dog they can find. doesn’t, __________ ! OK?
2 The first thing you’ve got to do is to ask yourself
3 It can be a bit tricky the first time. You put the
a number of questions.
__________ in the __________ and then you
3 ... the next thing is to think about what type of
__________ . If it doesn’t __________ , then it
dog.
means you need to __________ . Got it?
4 ... if you spend most of your time at home
watching TV, get a less active dog. b Work in pairs. Take turns to explain your
b 2.08 Listen and check. procedures. Ask your partner questions if necessary.
94
7.2 Going to extremes
Grammar verb patterns (2)
Can do make inferences based on extended prose
A
Vocabulary | descriptive language
1 a Match words 1–7 to words a–g to make
collocations.
1 spectacular a level
2 permanent b town
3 tourist c settlement
4 below sea d landscape
5 active e land B
6 ghost f volcano
7 inhospitable g site

b Look at the photos (A–D). Work in pairs

and describe them using the collocations
from exercise 1a.

2 Complete the sentences with collocations

from exercise 1a.
1 The world’s most popular __________ is the
area around the Eiffel Tower, Paris.
2 Mount Etna in Sicily, Italy, is the world’s
most __________ .
3 Antarctica is the only continent on which
there is no __________ . It is too cold!
4 The Dead Sea is the lowest point on Earth.
It is 418 metres __________ . C
5 Walhalla, Australia, is a rare example
of a __________ that came back to life.
Originally a gold-mining town, it was
abandoned when the gold ran out, but is
now popular with tourists.
6 Some of the world’s most __________ can
be found in Cappodochia, Turkey.
7 The Atacama Desert, Chile, is an
__________ . Few people can survive its dry
climate.

Speaking
3 Work in pairs and discuss the questions.
1 What’s the hottest place you have been to?
2 What problems could you have visiting
a very hot place? Think about animals, D
accommodation, health, etc.

4 Work in pairs. Imagine you are taking a trip

in the desert for a month. What would you
take with you? Decide on five things from
the box below.

candle and matches mobile phone

sleeping bag tent mirror laptop
compass map hat gun umbrella

95
7.2

7 a Look at audioscripts 2.9 and 2.10 on page 173. What

things/people do the words from the box describe?
‘Drone’ describes the noise of a fan.

Verbs drone zig-zag crumble

Adjectives warped vibrant hunched
Listening b Work in pairs. Try to define the words from exercise
5 a 2.09Listen to the first part of David 7a. Check with your teacher or a dictionary.
Hewson’s story. Answer the questions. ‘Drone’ means make a dull, low, continuous sound.
1 What does David need from the c Now think of other things you can talk about using
bureaucrat’s office? the adjectives from exercise 7a.
2 What is the bureaucrat’s attitude to David’s Vibrant – ‘the colours were vibrant’, ‘Barcelona has
trip? How do we know? vibrant nightlife’, ‘She has a vibrant character.’
3 The bureaucrat has a sense of humour.
What does he say that shows this? 8 Read the Lifelong learning box. Work in pairs and
b Work in pairs and discuss the questions. discuss the question.
1 What will the journey be like?
2 What do you think the Danakil Depression,
Read on!
Lifelong learning

the world’s hottest place, looks like?

3 How do you think David will feel when he Reading descriptive writing is a good way to
arrives? develop your vocabulary. Writers often use
c 2.10 Listen to the second part of the unusual images and metaphors, and these
story. Were your predictions correct? creative uses of language can extend your
understanding of English.
6 Work in pairs and discuss the questions. Read these literary descriptions of natural places.
1 Why do you think David wanted to make Underline any interesting imagery or metaphors.
this journey? What was his motivation? Do you have similar expressions in your language?
2 Why do explorers go to extreme places? 1 Looking east from the heart of Santiago, you see
3 Why do you think David is disappointed the mountains looming over the city like giants.
with the Danakil Depression? 2 As our camels stumbled over the edge of the
4 How would you feel if you were him? Would dune, we saw the desert sands stretched out in
you like to go there? Why/Why not? front of us.
5 ‘It is better to travel than to arrive.’ Do you 3 The sea rears up, a wild horse under a starless sky.
agree with this proverb?
96
 7.2

Grammar | verb patterns (2) 10 Complete each sentence (1–12) with

two words. Use patterns from the
9 Complete the tasks in the Active grammar box. Active grammar box.
1 I don’t remember __________ photo,
but it has turned out really well, one
Active grammar of my best!
Some verbs can be followed by both the infinitive or 2 After six hours of driving, we
the -ing form. Sometimes the meaning changes. __________ have a break by the
roadside.
mean
3 We __________ visit the cathedral,
1 Which underlined verb phrase means ‘intended’?
Which means ‘involved’? but it was closed that day.
4 Even after I told her to be quiet, she
Going to the Danakil Depression means walking
into hell on Earth. went __________ loudly.
David meant to write a book after his trips. 5 She regrets __________ so early this
morning. Now she’s really tired.
remember
6 Getting fit means __________
2 Which underlined verb phrase describes ‘a
smoking and drinking completely.
responsibility or something that you need to do’?
You’ll also have to go to the gym.
Which describes ‘a memory of the past’?
He remembers experiencing a feeling of emptiness 7 I didn’t mean __________ the window.
when he arrived. I lost control of the ball!
They tell you … to remember to drink even when 8 I remembered __________ traveller’s
you’re not thirsty. cheques this time. Last time, I forgot
and I lost all my money.
regret
9 She used to send letters regularly, but
3 Which underlined verb phrase means ‘a feeling of
she __________ to me last year. We’re
sadness about something in the past’? Which is
not in touch any more.
used in a formal apology?
10 After leaving Oxford with a law
I regret to inform you that your application for a
visa has been turned down. degree, she __________ to become a
famous lawyer.
I didn’t regret going to the Danakil Depression.
11 We regret __________ you that you
stop have not been accepted by the college.
4 Which underlined verb phrase means ‘paused in 12 If you have problems sleeping, you
order to do something’? Which means ‘completely
should __________ hot milk before
finished something’?
you go to bed.
We stopped to visit a ghost town.
David stopped looking for vegetation and wildlife 11 a Choose the correct words in italics.
once he realised nothing survived in the Danakil
Depression. 1 For me, a holiday means to lie/lying
around on a beach.
try 2 I can remember to go/going on a long
5 Which underlined verb phrase describes an journey when I was a child.
experiment to see what will happen (as a solution 3 I try spending/to spend time in places
to a problem)? Which describes an effort to do of natural beauty whenever I can.
something difficult?
4 I’ll never stop travelling/to travel even
They had tried to build a railway. when I’m old.
He tried drinking more water but he still felt 5 I admire people like David, who went
absolutely terrible.
on to explore/exploring places even
go on though it was very uncomfortable for
6 Which underlined verb phrase means ‘continued an him.
action’? Which means ‘did something after finishing 6 I’ve never regretted to go/going
something else’? anywhere because you can always
They waved and went on riding. learn something from different places
David Hewson went on to write a book. and cultures.
b Work with a partner. Discuss which
sentences from exercise 11a are true
see Reference page 103 for you.
97
7.3 Perfect pets?
Grammar as ... as and describing quantity
Can do write an advert for an object They are marketed as the perfect birthday present
for animal-loving children, or a classy addition
to the image-conscious suburban home. But the
Reading products being sold over the Internet are not
5 soft toys or unusual knick-knacks, but potentially
1 a Work in pairs. Discuss which statements (1–6) dangerous live animals from the world’s most
you think are true. endangered species.
1 It is illegal to sell wild animals such as gorillas Monkeys, tigers and chimps can be bought and
and tigers. sold for as little as a few hundred dollars, despite
2 You can buy a gorilla online for $900. 10 international bans on their sale. The illegal online
3 You can’t buy a giraffe online because it is too trade in rare and exotic wildlife is now worth
tall to ship anywhere. billions of dollars, according to a report by the IFAW
4 The most popular wild animals sold online are (the International Fund for Animal Welfare). Indeed,
snakes. IFAW researchers discovered well over 9,000
15 live animals and products made from endangered
5 Some websites sell clothes and nappies for your
species for sale on internet auction sites, in chat
pet monkey.
rooms and on the small-ads pages. The scale of the
6 Wild animals are being sold online by criminal trade is astonishing.
gangs. So what exactly would it cost and what
b Read the article to find out. 20 would you have to do to buy a wild animal? The
researchers say you wouldn’t have to do a great
2 a Choose the best words in italics in the deal. Want a gorilla in your living room? It’s yours
sentences (1–6). for $9,000. For those with a little more headroom,
giraffes can also be bought. Got-PetsOnline.com
1 The animals are marketed as if they are useful 25 offered a ‘sweet natured’ two-year-old giraffe for
around the home/dangerous/toys.
$15,000. Or how about a pair of rare giant tortoises
2 The writer is concerned about all animals/rare from Madagascar? These are a little pricier at
animals/the effects of animals on children. $24,000, plus airfare to Kuala Lumpur. This may
3 The IFAW was surprised at the size of the illegal be because there are only 200 mature specimens
market for wild animals/to find endangered 30 of these creatures alive in the wild. All the others
species for sale/at the way the traders treat the appear to be in storage awaiting a buyer.
animals. However, it is monkeys that make up the
4 After buying the animal, many people abandon large majority of Internet sales, and experts
it/can’t look after it/treat it like a doll. are particularly concerned at the way they are
5 ‘Monkey moms’ are the people who buy the 35 marketed and traded on the net. A number of
animals on the Internet/sell the animals on the websites describe them as if they are little more
Internet/hunt the animals. than large hairy dolls. These websites offer
6 The online animal trade is one cause of economic ‘accessories’ such as nappies, feeding bottles
problems in poor countries/violent crime/illegal
and clothes to go with the monkey. The traders
hunting.
40 even have a ‘cute’ name for themselves: ‘monkey
moms’. They call the animals themselves ‘monkids’.
b Read the article again to check. Virtually none of these websites explain how to look
after the animals.
3 Work in pairs and discuss the questions When the IFAW undercover investigators
1 Do any of the facts in the article surprise you? 45 contacted some of the US traders, they were told it
would be possible to export monkeys to the UK – a
2 Should people have wild animals as pets? Give
blatant breach of EU law. There is also concern
reasons.
that demand for monkeys and chimps is fuelling the
3 Why do you think monkeys seem to be so
illegal trapping and trading of wild species. Where
popular as pets? 50 there were approximately two million chimpanzees
4 What can the IFAW do to stop the illegal trade? in the wild a century ago, there are as few as
Is it possible to stop illegal Internet sales in 100,000 left, and some estimates suggest there
general? may be a maximum of 70,000 by 2020.
Phyllis Campbell-McRae, director of IFAW UK,
55 says, ‘Trade on the Internet is easy, cheap and
anonymous. Criminal gangs are taking advantage of
the opportunities provided by the Web. The result
is a cyber black market where the future of the
world’s rarest animals is being traded away. Our
60 message to online shoppers is simple – buying
wildlife online is as damaging as killing it yourself.’
98
 7.3

5 a Find mistakes in six of the sentences and

correct them.
1 Pet rabbits usually live for approximately eight
years, but small minority live longer.
2 Hamsters can give birth to as many of 20
offspring at a time.
3 A larger majority of parrots are able to repeat
domestic human speech.
4 The life of a housefly is as short as two days.
5 Koala bears spend virtually of all their lives
asleep: 18 hours per day.
6 Horses usually die at around 20 or 25, but can
live a greater deal longer.
7 Tortoises can live to over well 100 years, a great
deal longer than humans.
8 Dogs remain pregnant for a minimum of 53 days
and a maximum of 71.
b Work in pairs. Discuss whether you think the
Grammar | as … as and describing quantity sentences in exercise 5a are true or false. Then
check on page 149.
4 a Read rule A in the Active grammar box. Find
three examples of as + adjective + as in the article
(lines 9, 51 and 61). Which meaning (1 or 2) does Pronunciation | as
each example have?
b Look at phrases a–h and answer the questions.
6 a 2.11 Listen to three sentences. How is the
word as pronounced?
1 Find their opposites in the article and write them
in the Active grammar box. b 2.12 Listen to three questions and answer
them with I’m as … and the prompts below. Pay
2 Which phrases are often followed by of?
attention to the pronunciation of as.
3 Which phrases use numbers (e.g. as much as 20)?
blind – bat (I’m as blind as a bat.)
4 Which four phrases can’t be used with countable
nouns? 1 free – bird
2 strong – ox
3 quiet – mouse
Active grammar
A Speaking
as + adjective + as
7 Work in groups. Read the quotes and discuss the
This structure can be used in two ways: questions (1–3).
1 to say two things are equal
“The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be
2 as a way of showing surprise about a judged by the way its animals are treated.”
statement. Mohandas Gandhi, statesman
B
Other ways of describing quantity 1 Is it important to treat animals well or should we
only worry about our own species?
a) as much as ➞ __________ (line 9)
b) well under ➞ __________ (line 14) “Don’t make the mistake of treating your dogs like humans
or they’ll treat you like dogs.” Martha Scott, writer
c) not very much ➞ __________ (line 21)
d) a tiny minority ➞ __________ (line 33) 2 Why do some people love their domestic pets?
e) virtually all ➞ __________ (line 42) What is your country’s attitude to animals in the
house?
f ) precisely ➞ __________ (line 50)
g) as many as ➞ __________ (line 51) “All the good ideas I ever had came to me while I was
h) a minimum ➞ __________ (line 53) milking a cow.” Grant Wood, artist

3 Can caring for animals help people in other ways

besides providing food?
see Reference page 103
99
7.3

Vocabulary | buying and selling

8 a Work in groups and discuss the
questions.
1 What products can you think of that are
made using animal parts? Look at the
photos to help you.
2 Which of these have you bought in the last
six months?
3 Do you think it is ethical to use animal
parts in all of the products in the photos?
b Match the phrases (1–10) to phrases with
a similar meaning (a–j).
1 It’s in excellent condition
2 It’s the latest model
3 It’s second-hand
4 It’s available now
5 It’s hand-crafted
6 It’s brand new
7 It features ...
8 It has some wear and tear
9 It’s unique
10 It comes in a wide range of (colours/sizes)
a It’s one of a kind
b It’s used
c It’s on the market
d It’s not in perfect condition (it’s been used
a lot)
e You can choose from a selection of ...
f It’s made by hand
g It’s still in its packaging
h It’s as good as new
i It includes ...
j It’s state of the art

c Work in pairs. Look at the phrases

in exercise 8b again for a few minutes.
Take turns to say one of the phrases 1–10.
Without looking, your partner says the
phrase with a similar meaning.

Speaking
9 Work in pairs. Look at the photos and
discuss which phrases from exercise 8b you
could use to describe the things you see.

10 Work in pairs. Take a possession from

your bag. Think of a way to make it sound
wonderful and ‘sell’ it to your partner. Try to
use some of the phrases from exercise 8b.
This pen really is one of a kind. It’s the
latest model used by some of the biggest
names in business!

100
7 Vocabulary | Suffixes

1 a Correct sentences 1–7 by adding a suffix to one 3 Work in groups. Add one example for each suffix
word. You may need to omit some letters from the in tables 1–4 using the words from the boxes.
original word. 1 Forming abstract nouns
Humans use more and more land to plant crops
and extend cities. This signs a great threat to the sad global retire tend
habitat of a number of species.
Answer: signifies suffix examples
1 Elephants are hunted for their ivory tusks. This -ation/-isation nationalisation, compilation, _____
highly profit business is illegal. -ment enjoyment, harassment, _____
2 There are only about 400 gorillas left in central
-ness kindness, emptiness, _____
Africa. The destroy of their forest habitat has led
to this situation. -cy redundancy, accuracy, _____
3 Jaguars are hunted illegal for their fur, which is
used for coats, handbags and shoes. 2 Forming nouns – types of people
4 The disappear of dinosaurs is a great mystery.
Some people believe it happened because of a motivate psychology enter door
dramatic climate change.
5 Giant pandas are depend on the greenery in their suffix examples
habitat. As this gets eroded, they struggle to -er/-ar/-or baker, burglar, aviator, _____
survive.
-ant/-ent assistant, opponent, _____
6 We need to emphasis responsible care of
-ist biologist, pianist, _____
the environment in order to preserve natural
resources. -man, -woman, spokesman, businesswoman,
7 In the short term, people hunt animals for their -person _____
beautiful fur. It is only after – when these animals
become extinct – that we regret it. 3 Forming verbs
b What type of words did you create by using the
satire tolerance test broad
suffixes (nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs).

2 Read the Lifelong learning box and follow the suffix examples
instructions. -ate motivate, captivate, _____
-ise/-ize characterise, idealise, _____
-ify simplify, clarify, _____
Break it up!
Lifelong learning

-en lighten, enlighten, _____

When you come across very long words
that you don’t understand, try breaking 4 Forming adjectives
them up. Look for prefixes and suffixes
that can help you to guess the meaning. phenomenon Poland permanence hope
Example: non-refundable. What does non-
mean? What type of word usually ends in
-able? What is a refund? Where might you suffix examples
see the word non-refundable? -al/-ical manual, practical, _____
1 Work in pairs. Make sentences using the -ant/-ent/-ient tolerant, urgent, _____
words below. If you don’t know the meaning -ish selfish, childish, _____
of the words, try breaking them up. -ful selfish, childish, _____
unforgettably demotivating intolerable
anti-hero immortality
4 Do the crossword on page 151.
2 Compare your ideas with other students.

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 7 Communication
Can do develop and justify your ideas

Fa ct fi le d
square kilometres of lan
Paradise island has 50
which can be developed. .
areas and a little forest
The land has some hilly
good for growing
The land and climate are
vegetables, fruit, etc.
on the island.
There is a lot of wildlife is
springs on the land. This
There are two natural
lth.
very good for people’s hea
oming more popular with
The island nearby is bec
tourists.

1 Look at the photo and read the notes 4 a Work in groups of three. Read and memorise your roles.
about Paradise Island. Student A: look on page 148.
Student B: look on page 150.
2 Work in small groups. Paradise Island Student C: look on page 152.
belongs to you. Make a list of all the
things you could do with the land. b Discuss what to do with the island. You must agree on at
least two points (but if you can’t agree on one thing, you can
combine some of your ideas).
3 2.13 Listen to two people discussing
what they could do with the island. Were c Report back to the class. What did you decide to do with
their ideas the same as/similar to yours? the island?

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7 Reference
Relative clauses as … as and describing
Defining relative clauses make it clear who/what quantity
we are referring to. They cannot be omitted from
We use as ... as to say that two things are similar.
the sentence. Don’t use commas before the relative
pronoun. We use as ... as with adjectives, adverbs, much/many.
That’s the town where I lived ten years ago. I’m as strong as an ox.
That can replace who or which. If the relative pronoun The motorbike costs as much as a car.
is the object of the clause, that/which can be omitted. We can put a clause after the second as.
They’re playing the song which Jenny wrote. She doesn’t talk to me as much as she used to.
= They’re playing the song that Jenny wrote. We often put possible, ever or usual after the second as.
John ate the cake (that/which) we bought yesterday. I got here as quickly as possible.
Whose can refer to people or things. You’re looking as beautiful as ever.
I saw the man whose wife won the prize. We use as ... as to show something is surprising.
Non-defining relative clauses give extra information. The meal cost as much as $400 per person!
This information can be omitted. Use a comma before We can use different phrases to talk about surprising or
and after non-defining relative clauses unless they end extreme numbers.
the sentence. That cannot replace who or which. The As many as/As few as one million people are using the
relative pronoun cannot be omitted. product.
I went climbing at the weekend, which was fun. Well under/Well over 50% of my friends use Facebook.
Relative clauses with verbs + dependent prepositions We can use different phrases to avoid saying an exact
usually have the preposition at the end of the clause. number.
That’s the company (which) I worked for. Virtually all/Approximately half of us attended the course.
But in formal English, we can put the preposition at the A tiny minority/A large majority of people voted for him.
beginning of the clause.
That’s the company for which I worked.
Key vocabulary
A common pattern is (one/some/all/either/neither,
etc.) ... of which/whom. This pattern is slightly formal. Animals and their environment
mammal fur trade carnivore tame stalk
I saw two women, neither of whom was wearing a red
natural habitat animal rights breed hibernate
woollen coat.
sanctuary nature reserve endangered reptile
animal testing rare exotic cage predator
Verb patterns (2) lay eggs nest over-hunting/fishing
Some verbs can be followed by the infinitive or -ing Descriptive language
form. Sometimes the meaning changes. tourist site permanent settlement ghost town
Abstinence means not drinking. = involves spectacular landscape below sea level
active volcano inhospitable land
I didn’t mean to break the door. = didn’t intend
She dreads going to the dentist. = strongly dislikes Buying and selling
I dread to imagine the mess. = don’t want to (because in excellent condition as good as new
I imagine it will be terrible) the latest model state of the art second-hand
used available now on the market hand-crafted
Some verbs of perception (hear, watch, feel, observe,
brand new made by hand still in its packaging
etc.) don’t change their meaning when followed by
features includes some wear and tear
different verb forms. Compare: not in perfect condition (used a lot) unique
1 I saw the camel eat the leaves. one of a kind come in a wide range of (colours/sizes)
2 I saw the camel eating the leaves. choose from a selection of
Sentence 1 describes a finished action. Sentence 2
describes an action that may be unfinished.

Listen to the explanations and vocabulary.

see Writing bank page 161

103
 7 Review and practice
1 Complete the text with the phrases from the box. 5 We regret to tell/telling you that your application
has been unsuccessful.
which trains when they that will who spend 6 Sorry, I can’t stop to talk/talking! I’m late!
who trained who work which has 7 She tried to drink/drinking hot chocolate before
bedtime, but she still couldn’t sleep.
8 Despite a difficult start, he went on
ates, most of to become/becoming the world’s greatest athlete.
One great problem for prison inm
elop self-
their time locked up, is how to dev
esteem and find a purpose to thei r days. One 4 Complete the sentences with words from the box.
Wa shington, US,
idea, been piloted at a prison in
eventually help approximately none as much well
is to get the inmates to train dogs
n a great large maximum virtually precisely deal
disabled people. The project has bee
een the inmates
success. The relationship betw
imp rove d 1 Apparently you can buy a leopard for _____ little
and the warders at the prison has
, leav e the as $10,000 on the net.
considerably. Many of the inmates
k with anim als. 2 A _____ majority of the public voted to keep the
prison, go on to wor
company old currency – nearly 90 percent.
In another scheme, Pilot Dogs, a
put five dogs into 3 Sorry, but there’s not a great _____ we can do
dogs for the blind in Ohio, US,
s successfully. about your problem.
the hands of prison inmates, the dog
4 There are _____ 6,000 people in the hall, but we
don’t know the exact number.
5 I spent _____ all my money on the entrance fee.
I only have £1 left for food.
2 Rewrite the sentences using of which, whom and
words from the box. 6 We will meet at _____ six o’clock. Don’t be late.
7 This lift holds a _____ of eight people.
one some all none either neither 8 He’s huge! He must be _____ over two metres
tall.
I left messages for Dave and Lena. They didn’t return 9 You can earn as _____ as $200,000 a year, if you
my calls. work hard enough.
I left messages for Dave and Lena, neither of 10 Virtually _____ of the team had ever played there
whom returned my calls. before.
1 I tried on ten pairs of shoes. Just a single pair
fitted me perfectly. 5 Add four missing words to each advertisement.
2 She called her classmates. Nobody had done the
homework. Eco-car for sale, in excellent _____ . This state
3 We found two good candidates. Both of them _____ the art vehicle runs on water-power, and is
could have done the job. _____ latest model. There is some wear _____ tear
4 We test-drove six cars. Every one of them cost on the seat. Ring Jerry for further details.
over $20,000.
5 Sixteen people came camping with us in 2006. A
group of them returned the following year. Cat boxes for sale. Perfect for large or small cats. Plenty
6 I worked with the two children. They didn’t speak of space and beautiful decoration. You can choose from
any English.
a selection _____ styles and a wide _____ of colours.
These wooden boxes were made _____ hand, and painted
3 Choose the correct words in italics.
individually. They are _____ of a kind. £20 per box.
1 I meant to say/saying something to you earlier,
but now I’ve forgotten what it was.
2 She’s such a crazy dresser. I hate
Animal Magic books on _____ market, as
to think/thinking what she’s wearing tonight!
good _____ new. Just $2.50 per book. Buy
3 I always dread to speak/speaking to the boss –
the books in a set of four and receive a
she’s so scary!
generous discount. The books are _____
4 He remembered to lock/locking the door this
perfect condition (some of them are still
time. Last time, we got robbed!
_____ their packaging).

104