Cire) ‘The programming language Pascal is used to teach introductory computer programming in many schools. This is because Pascal promotes a systematic, well-organised and logical approach to learning programming. ‘This chapter shows the practical aspeets of implementing the programs introduced in Chapter 10. If this is your first programming language, you will need a few basics to get started. Think of a programming language as a recipe for buking a cake or instructions on building a bench. Pascal is one programming language, just as English is one spoken and written language. Your mobile phone has « keypad that you use to type the number or text message. Then you click send and your call is made, or message sent, without the knowledge of how it is done. However, if you type a wrong digit when you are dialling a number, you will not he able to contact the correct person. Similarly, a computer uses an aplication called a compiler to produee a result by translating the instructions in a program you write into a form the computer ean interpret: Ifyou type the wrong instructions, che compiler eannot produce any results. Instead it produees syntax errors or suntime errors. Finding a Pascal compiler ‘There are a number of Pascal compilers available. In this chapter, Ezy Pascal is used. You should search online for ‘Ezy Pascal Free Download’ from Dolphin Bay Software. PROGRAMMING WITH PASCAL Writing your first program When you start Ezy Pascal, the Pascal editor will appear (Fig 11.1). The upper green area is to show the result of your programs, while the lower blue area is, used for typing the program code. Agni EeyPascalopennasceen In your Pascal editor type the shore Pascal program shown below: In the first fine, be sure to type your name in place of ‘type your name here’ and today’s date in place of type today’s date here’ {Name: type your name here} {vitle: my first simple program written in Pascal} {Purpose: To output one Line} {Date: type today’s date here} Program Sentence; Begin Writeln(/Hello to everyone’); End.‘The word Program tells the Pascal compiler that this is the first line of eode that contains the name of the program. In this example, the name of the program is Sentence. ‘The main section of a program starts at the word “Begin! and finishes at ‘End’. Within this section, the specific instructions that need to be executed by: the compiler are included to solve our programming problem, Mette ve creer oe tat Yer Opens hn Bea , ig 1.2 yong Pascal codeintothe editor Notice the first four lines of code. These are comments and are ignored by the Pascal compiler. You should always sta:t your programs with the following ‘comments: + your name the tide of the program a brief deseription of the purpose of the program the date the program was created. Saving the program ‘You should save every program you type. To save the program, click File, Save. Browse to where you want to save your program (such as the Documents folder or 11.1 Introduction te Pascal a memory stick). Then type the name ‘Sentence’ as the name of the program. If the name of the program will be two or more words, chen remove the spaces between the words. So, for example, One Sentence! will become ‘OneSentence’, Pascal will add the defuult extension .pas to dhe progratn. You will see the name of the program above the EzyPascal menu (Fig 11.3). BB Ezy Pascal Free Version Sentence.pas £9 11.3 Your program is ghren aname ard shawmat the rapor the xy arco sceen Compiling the program ‘The Pascal compiler needs to convert the Pascal program fiom the statements you typed in the editor into machine language so that the central processing unit can execute the program correctly.’The compiler first checks your program to ensure that no typing or syntax esrors were made, Select Run, Compile or click the Compile icon on the menu. If you typed everything correctly, the compiler will output a message ‘Compile successful’ at the hottom of the screen (Pig 11.4), Otherwise an error message will be displayed (also at the bottom of the screen) and a possible Iocation of the error will be highlighted ona line of code. Modified Compile successful al Fai Comping ineprowarn shows amestzaect he bottom ofthese tnatthere weno giaxerors In Figure 11.5, the compiler has highlighted the line immediately below the error. The orange arrow shows where the error is located: the semicolon was omitted at the end of the line.11 Prograrmming with Paseat Running the program Once you have no compilation errors, you can execute (run) the program to see if it produces the correct output. From the Run menu, select the Run option or elick the Run icon, The program will execute in a program as shown in Figure 11.6. Fig 51 The compiler Pas highghted the re medal belo the ero ‘When compiling and removing errors, if you make multiple corrections, and more errors appear, then you may not know which correction caused the additional errors. Therefore, it is best to make cortections in this order: 1 Identify and correct each error individually. 2 Save the program. 3 Compile the progeam again. Figs Pour of theprogrom nae Serence You should continue to compile the progeam until there are no errors and the ‘Compilation successful? message is shown. Questions 1 State which of the following are valid names for a 2. List three steps to follow when compiling a Pascal program: program. a Add numbers b 10Lines © ForLoop dd ThreeChoices fe maxValues:Congratulations! Now that you have completed your first Pascal prograts, you should compile and execute it Table 11.1 Stricture of fascal program amples) Program header Program name; Program Sample; For€zxy Pascal or Program Sample input, output); Forsome other compilers Declerations Const Const pi=3.14; Var Mark Count: integer; Test reat Grade: char, Title='Hello; Procedures and functions Begin Begin Statements Read(Mark); Wiiteln( ThankYou} 1 (Miark> 30) Then Grade =P Else Grade =F Forcount = 1t0 5 Do. Begin Tests= Mari* count; \Writeln(‘The test outputs; test; End; While Mark > 30.0 Begin Wiiteln(This is @ sample while loop); Wiiteln(More statements can ge here’) End Repeat Wiiteln(this is a sample Repeat loop’ Witeln(More statements can go here!) Until Mark > 36; End, End, Structure of a Pa eee to sce your results, Table 11.1 shows the basic structure of Pascal program, ‘All Pascal progrems must have a Program heading, The first ‘word, Program, is compulsory. ‘Const is short for constant: You assign a value to aconstant when you create it, Var is short for variable, Before you can use a variable you musttfrst declare it. These exemples declare Mark and Count as integer, Test as real and Grade as character. Variable types include integer, real, character and literal (string), Denotes the start of one or more programming statements ‘These include: ‘nour, output, ‘conditional (F-THEN-ELSE) assignment. Forloop Begin (ofa compound statement) ‘compound statements have two or mare consecutive statements Ends (of a compound statement) While loon Cen include compound statements enclosed in Begin and End Repeat loop ‘Coninclude compound statements thet may not need Begin and End End. (with a full stop) indicates the very last line or end of the program,11 Progamming with Pascal Punctuation ‘The semicolon is used to separate declarations and nd sauce most statements, Many Pascal programs are writwen co Else Writeln(‘this is within the follow a structure, such as those in. previous examples. line’, Newline); However, declarations and statements, the following Pascal Ifa semicolon is placed ce the semicolon separates the indivicnal ith the End, this would cause program will also compile and run: a syntax error for the II™THEN-ELSE statement. Program Sentence; Begin Writeln( ‘Hello ‘The Last line of every Pascal program’s code must be to everyone’); End. End.’ The full stop denotes the end of the program. Comments in { } can however be written after this last ‘The keywords ‘Begin’ and ‘End’ act as brackets for multiple statements, so there is no semicolon after begin but usually after End wo show the endof thesttement. Statements in Pascal There are some oceasions when no semicolon is used statement. Statements give insttuctions to the computer. A simple statement is a single instruction while « compound statement comprises two or more statements that after End, a3 in the following example: If (line >80) are within ‘Begin’ and End? keywords. A compound Then Begin {perform the following two statement is useful if you need to perform some statements} instructions in sequence or repetitively before moving on to the next set of statements. Various types of statements are explained in Table 11.2. Writeln( ‘This is over the line’); Newline := Newline — line; Table 11.2 Vypes of statements Input statement Read: The cursor stays next to the text entered Read and Readin reads datafrom keyboard, and Radin; ‘The cursor movesto the next line after the text is ‘waits forthe Enter key on the Keyboard to be pressed entered Assignmentstatement Mark == 30; ‘= lscalled the assignment operator Places data in a variable ‘The variable is on thellet ofthe assignment operator The valueis on the right of the assignment operator: The semicolon (3 ends the statement Here, Mark is assigned the value 30 Output statement write; The cursor remains at the same place on the sereen ‘Shows the output on the monitor screen writeln ‘The cursor goes tothe start of the next line Writer; Outputs 30 Wilteln (Mark); Outputs 30 | (jis the cursor) Write(Score of\Merk]; Outputs Score ot 30 | Wiiteln(Score of{Mark); Qutputs Score of 20 | (isthe cursor) ‘Compound statement Begin Begin (ofa compound statement) Mark:5 Mark 75; Twoor more consecutive statements Writeln(Mark); End; (of a compound statement) End;