2 PDF
2 PDF
2 PDF
CONSTRUCTION:
Given the following state of stress:
y2
y1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 1
Step 4
Extensional
USE OF THE CONSTRUCTION:
• To read off stresses for a rotated system:
1. Note that the vertical axis is the shear stress axis and the horizontal axis is the
extensional stress axis.
2. Positive rotations are measured counterclockwise as referenced to the original
system and thus to the line AB.
y2
~
y2 ~
y1
REAL
SPACE
y1
3. Rotate line AB about point C by the angle 2 where is the angle between the
unrotated and rotated systems.
4. The points D and E where the rotated line intersects the circle are used to read
off the stresses in the rotated system. The vertical location of D is - ~ ; the
12
~ ~
horizontal location of D is 11 . The vertical location of E is 21 , the horizontal
~
location of E is 22 (Recall Mohr definition with regard to negative/positive sense
of shear stress on Mohr's circle).
“MOHR SPACE”
~
–
~
Extensional
~
~
• We can immediately see the following:
5. The principal stresses, I and II , are defined by the points F and G
~
(along the horizontal axis where 12 = 0). The rotation angle to the
principal axis is p which is 1/2 the angle from the line AB to the
horizontal line FG.
6. The maximum shear stress is defined by the points H and H’ which are
the endpoints of the vertical line. The line is orthogonal to the principal
stress line and thus the maximum shear stress acts along a plane 45°
(= 90°/2) from the principal stress system.
Shea r
H
12max
B
G C F Extensional
E xt
II 2θp I
A
H'
Full two-dimensional stress transformation equations
( as on p.3 figure):
Note: is not the direction cosine angle in the tensor transformation relations,
e.g.: σ̃ αβ = lα̃θ lβ̃τ σ θτ
For the situation developed here for Mohr’s circle, the direction cosines are:
1- Strain
Strain is defined as change in length per unit length (normal strain) or change in
angle between lines in a deforming body (shear strain). Strain is dimensionless and in
rocks and soils is usually counted in microstrains.
STRAIN RATE
Is change in strain per unit time. In rock deformation strain rates are usually
given in microstrains/sec. In explosive deformation, strain-rates can be very high.
For geological processes, strain-rates are extremely low.