Method 3 Gas Analysis For Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, Excess Air, and Dry Molecular Weight
Method 3 Gas Analysis For Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, Excess Air, and Dry Molecular Weight
Method 3 Gas Analysis For Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, Excess Air, and Dry Molecular Weight
METHOD 3
1.1 Principle
A gas sample is extracted from a stack, by one of the following methods: (1) single-point,
grab sampling; (2) single-point, integrated sampling; or (3) multi-point, integrated
sampling. The gas sample is analyzed for percent carbon dioxide (CO 2), percent oxygen
(O2), and, if necessary, percent carbon monoxide (CO). For dry molecular weight
determination, either an Orsat or a Fyrite analyzer or other analyzers specified in Method
100 may be used for the analysis; for excess air or emission rate correction factor
determination, an Orsat analyzer or analyzers specified in Method 100 must be used.
1.2 Applicability
1.2.1
This method is applicable for determining CO 2 and O2 concentrations, excess air, and dry
molecular weight of a sample from a gas stream of a fossil-fuel combustion process. The
method may also be applicable to other processes where it has been determined that
compounds other than CO2, O2, CO, and nitrogen (N2) are not present in concentration
sufficient to affect the results.
1.2.2
Other methods, as well as modifications to the procedure described herein, are also
applicable for some or all of the above determinations. Any modification of this method
beyond those expressly permitted shall be considered a major modification subject to the
approval of the Executive Officer. The term Executive Officer as used in this document
shall mean the Executive Officer of the Air Resources Board (ARB), or his or her
authorized representative. Examples of specific methods and modifications include: (1)
a multi-point sampling method using an Orsat analyzer to analyze individual grab
samples obtained at each point; (2) a method using CO 2 or O2 and stoichiometric
calculations to determine dry molecular weight and excess air; (3) assigning a value of
30.0 for dry molecular weight, in lieu of actual measurements, for processes burning
natural gas, coal, or oil. These methods and modifications may be used, but are subject
to the approval of the Executive Officer.
1.2.3
2 Apparatus
As an alternative to the sampling apparatus and systems described herein, other sampling
systems (e.g., liquid displacement) may be used provided such systems are capable of
obtaining a representative sample and maintaining a constant sampling rate, and are
otherwise capable of yielding acceptable results. Use of such systems is subject to the
approval of the Executive Officer.
2.1.1 Probe
2.1.1 Pump
A one-way squeeze bulb, or equivalent, to transport the gas sample to the analyzer.
2.2.1 Probe
2.2.2 Condenser
2.2.3 Valve
2.2.4 Pump
Any leak-free plastic (e.g., Tedlar, Mylar, Teflon) or plastic-coated aluminum (e.g.,
aluminized Mylar) bag, or equivalent, having a capacity consistent with the selected
flow rate and time length of the test run. A capacity in the range of 55 to 90 liters is
suggested.
To leak-check the bag, connect it to a water manometer and pressurize the bag to 5
to 10 cm H2O (2 to 4 in H2O). Allow to stand for for 10 minutes. Any displacement
of the water manometer indicates a leak. An alternative method is to pressurize the
bag to 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.) H2O and allow to stand overnight. A deflated bag
indicates a leak.
A mercury manometer, or equivalent, of at least 760 mm (30 in.) Hg is used for the
sampling train leak-check.
2.3 Analysis
For Orsat and Fyrite analyzer maintenance and operation procedures, follow the
instructions recommended by the manufacturer, unless otherwise specified herein.
An Orsat analyzer must be used. For low CO2 (less than 4.0 percent) or high O2
(greater than 15.0 percent) concentrations, the measuring burette of the Orsat must
have at least 0.1 percent subdivisions.
3.1.1
The sampling point in the duct shall either be at the centroid of the cross section or
at a point no closer to the walls than 1.00 m (3.3 ft), unless otherwise specified by
the Executive Officer.
3.1.2
Set up the equipment as shown in Figure 3-1, making sure all connnections ahead
of the analyzer are tight. If an Orsat analyzer is used, it is recommended that the
analyzer be leak-checked by following the procedure in Section 5; however, the
leak check is optional.
3.1.3
Place the probe in the stack, with the tip of the probe positioned at the sampling
point; purge the sampling line long enough to allow at least 5 exchanges. Draw a
sample into the analyzer and immediately analyze it for percent CO 2 and percent
O2. Determine the percentage of the gas that is N2 and CO by subtracting the sum
of the percent CO2 and percent O2 from 100 percent. Calculate the dry molecular
weight as indicated in Section 6.3.
3.1.4
Repeat the sampling, analysis, and calculation procedures, until the dry molecular
weights of any three grab samples differ from their mean by no more than 0.3 g/g-
mole (0.3 lb/lb-mole). Average these three molecular weights, and report the
results to the nearest 0.1 g/g-mole (lb/lb-mole).
3.2.1
The sampling point in the duct shall be located as specified in Section 3.1.1.
3.2.2
Leak-check (optional) the flexible bag as in Section 2.2.6. Set up the equipment as
shown in Figure 3-2. Just prior to sampling, leak-check (optional) the train by
3.2.3
Sample at a constant rate. The sampling run should be simultaneous with, and for
the same total length of time as, the pollutant emission rate determination.
Collection of at least 30 liters (1.00 ft 3) of sample gas is recommended; however,
smaller volumes may be collected, if desired.
3.2.4
Obtain one integrated flue gas sample during each pollutant emission rate
determination. Within 8 hours after the sample is taken, analyze it for percent CO 2
and percent O2 using either an Orsat analyzer or a Fyrite-type combustion gas
analyzer. If an Orsat analyzer is used, it is recommended that the Orsat leak-check
described in Section 5 be performed before this determination; however the check
is optional. Determine the percentage of the gas that is N 2 and CO by subtracting
the sum of percent CO2 and percent O2 from 100 percent. Calculate the dry
molecular weight as indicated in Section 6.3.
3.2.5
Repeat the analysis and calculation procedures until the individual dry molecular
weights for any three analyses differ from their mean by no more than 0.3 g/g-mole
(0.3 lb/lb-mole).
Average these three molecular weights, and report the results to the nearest 0.1
g/g-mole (0.1 lb/lb-mole).
3.3.1
Follow the procedures outlined in Sections 3.2.2 through 3.2.5, except for the
following: traverse all sampling points and sample at each point for an equal length
of time. Record sampling data as shown in Figure 3-3.
NOTE: A Fyrite-type combustion gas analyzer is not acceptable for excess air or
emission rate correction factor determination, unless approved by the Executive Officer.
If both percent CO2 and percent O2 are measured, the analytical results of any of the
three procedures given below may also be used for calculating the dry molecular weight.
Each of the three procedures below shall be used only when specified in an applicable
subpart of the standards. The use of these procedures for other purposes must have
specific prior approval of the Executive Officer.
4.1.1
The Sampling point in the duct shall either be at the centroid of the cross section or
at a point no closer to the walls than 1.00 m (3.3 ft), unless otherwise specified by
the Executive Officer.
4.1.2
Set up the equipment as shown in Figure 3-1, making sure all connections ahead of
the analyzer are tight and leak-free. Leak check the Orsat analyzer according to
the procedure described in Section 5. This leak check is mandatory.
4.1.3
Place the probe in the stack, with the tip of the probe positioned at the sampling
point; purge the sampling line long enough to allow at least 5 exchanges. Draw a
sample into the analyzer. For emission rate correction factor determination,
immediately analyze the sample, as outlined in Sections 4.1.4 and 4.1.5, for percent
CO2 or percent O2. If excess air is desired, proceed as follows: (1) immediately
analyze the sample, as in Sections 4.1.4 and 4.1.5, for percent CO 2, O2 and CO; (2)
determine the percentage of the gas that is N 2 by subtracting the percent CO2,
percent O2 and percent CO from 100 percent; and (3) calculate percent excess air
as outlined in Section 6.2.
4.1.4
4.1.5
After the analysis is completed, leak check (mandatory) the Orsat analyzer once
again, as described in Section 5. For the results of the analysis to be valid, the
Orsat analyzer must pass this leak test before and after the analysis. Note: Since
this single-point, grab sampling and analytical procedure is normally conducted in
connection with a single-point, grab-sampling and analytical procedure for a
pollutant, only one analysis is ordinarily conducted. Therefore, great care must be
taken to obtain a valid sample and analysis. Although in most cases only CO 2 or O2
is required, is recommended that both CO 2 and O2 be measured and that Section
4.4 be used to validate the analytical data.
4.2.1
The sampling point in the duct shall be located as specified in Section 4.1.1.
4.2.2
Leak check (mandatory) the flexible bag as in Section 2.2.6. Set up the equipment
as shown in Figure 3-2. Just prior to sampling, leak check (mandatory) the train by
placing a vacuum gauge at the condenser inlet, pulling a vacuum of at least 250
mm Hg (10 in. Hg), plugging the outlet at the quick disconnect, and then turning off
the pump. The vacuum shall remain stable for at least 0.5 minute. Evacuate the
flexible bag. Connect the probe and place it in the stack, with the tip of the probe
positioned at the sampling point; purge the sampling line. Next, connect the bag,
and make sure that all connections are tight.
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.2.5
4.2.6
4.2.6.1
For percent CO2, repeat the analytical procedure until the results of any three
analyses differ by no more than (a) 0.3 percent by volume when CO 2 is
greater than 4.0 percent or (b) 0.2 percent by volume when CO 2 is less than or
equal to 4.0 percent. Average the three acceptable values of percent CO 2
and report the results to the nearest 0.1 percent.
4.2.6.2
For percent O2, repeat the analytical procedure until the results of any three
analyses differ by no more than (a) 0.3 percent by volume when O 2 is less
than 15.0 percent or (b) 0.2 percent by volume when O 2 is greater than or
equal to 15.0 percent. Average the three acceptable values of percent O 2 and
report the results to the nearest 0.1 percent.
For percent CO, repeat the analytical procedure until the results of any three
analyses differ by no more than 0.3. Average the three acceptable values of
percent CO and report the results to the nearest 0.1 percent.
4.2.7
After the analysis is completed, leak-check the Orsat Analyzer once again, as
described in Section 5. For the results of the analysis to be valid, the Orsat
analyzer must pass this leak test before and after the analysis. Note: Although in
most cases only CO2 or O2 is required, it is recommended that both CO 2 and O2 be
measured, and that carbon balance calculations considering the composition of the
fuel be used to validate the analytical data.
4.3.1
Both the minimum number of sampling points and the sampling point location shall
be as specified in Section 3.3.1 of this method. The use of fewer points is subject
to the approval of the Executive Officer.
4.3.2
Follow the procedures outlined in Sections 4.2.2 through 4.2.7, except for the
following: Traverse all sampling points, and sample at each point for an equal
length of time. Record sampling data as shown in Figure 3-3.
4.4.1.1
Where:
%O2 = Percent O2 by volume (dry basis).
%CO2 = Percent CO2 by volume (dry basis).
20.9 = Percent O2 by volume in ambient air.
Where:
%CO = Percent CO by volume (dry basis).
4.4.1.2
Compare the calculated Fo factor with the expected Fo values. The following
table may be used in establishing acceptable ranges for the expected F o if the
fuel being burned is known. When fuels are burned in combination, calculate
the combined fuel Fd and Fc factors (as defined in EPA Method 19, 40 CFR 60
Appendix A) according to the procedure in EPA Method 19 Section 3. Then
calculate the F factor as follows:
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Calculated Fo values beyond the acceptable ranges shown in this table should
be investigated before accepting the test results. For example, the strength of
the solutions in the gas analyzer and the analyzing technique should be
checked by sampling and anayzing a known concentration, such as air, the
fuel factor should be reviewed and verified. An acceptability range of +/- 12
percent is appropriate for the Fo factor of mixed fuels with variable fuel ratios.
The level of the emission rate relative to the compliance level should be
considered in determining if a retest is appropriate, i.e., if the measured
emissions are much lower or much greater than the compliance limit repetition
of this test would not significantly change the compliance status of the source
and would be unnecessarily time consuming and costly.
Moving an Orsat analyzer frequently causes it to leak. Therefore, an Orsat analyzer should be
thoroughly leak checked on site before the flue gas sample is introduced into it. The
procedure for leak checking an Orsat analyzer is as follows:
5.1
Bring the liquid level in each pipette up to the reference mark on the capillary tubing, and
then close the pipette stopcock.
5.2
Raise the leveling bulb sufficiently to bring the confining liquid meniscus onto the
graduated portion of the burette and then close the manifold stopcock.
5.3
5.4
Observe the meniscus in the burette and the liquid level in the pipette for movement over
the next 4 minutes.
5.5
For the Orsat analyzer to pass the leak check, two conditions must be met:
5.5.1
The liquid level in each pipette must not fall below the bottom of the capillary tubing
during this 4-minute interval.
5.5.2
The meniscus in the burette must not change by more than 0.2 ml during this 4-
minute interval.
5.6
If the analyzer fails the leak-check procedure, check all rubber connections and
stopcocks to determine whether they might be the cause of the leak. Disassemble, clean
and regrease leaking stopcocks. Replace leaking rubber connections. After the analyzer
is reassembled, repeat the leak-check procedure.
6. Calculations
6.1 Nomenclature
Calculate the percent excess air (if applicable), by substituting the appropriate values of
percent O2, CO and N2 (obtained from Section 4.1.3 or 4.2.4) into Equation 3-1.
Note: The equation above assumes that ambient air is used as the source of O 2 and that
the fuel does not contain appreciable amounts of N2 (as do coke or blast furnace gases).
For those cases when appreciable amounts of N2 are present ( coal, oil and natural gas
do not contain appreciable amounts of N2 ) or when oxygen enrichment is used, alternate
methods, subject to approval of the Executive Officer, are required.
Use Equation 3-2 to calculate the dry molecular weight of the stack gas.
Note: The above equation does not consider argon in air (about 0.9 percent, molecular
weight of 39.9). A negative error of about 0.4 percent is introduced. The tester may
choose to include argon in the analysis using procedures subject to approval of the
Executive Officer.
7. Bibliography
1. EPA Method 3, Gas Analysis for Determination of Dry Molecular Weight, CFR40,
Part 60, Appendix A
Filter
(Glass Wool)
Flexible Tubing ToAnalyzer
Probe
Squeeze Bulb
Surge
Filter Tank
(Glass Wool) Valve
Probe
Quick
Disconnect
Air-Tight
Pump
Air-Cooled
Condenser
Bag
Average
a
% dev. = (Q - Qavg)/Qavg * 100 (Must be 10%)