IRRIGATION AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING

MCQ

1. What is the time interval between two consecutive watering called?

a) Crop Period
b) Period
c) Base Period
d) Rotation Period
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Every type of crop requires different amount of water for its complete growth in
certain fixed intervals of time. The time interval between two consecutive intervals is called a
rotation period.

2. What is total depth of water, for complete growth of crop called?

a) Triangle
b) Delta
c) Duty of Water
d) Rotation Period
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The total quantity of water required by the crop for its complete growth can be
expressed in terms of depth of water standing on the field. This total depth expressed in cm is
called delta.
3. Duty of water helps in the work out of discharge required for designing the channel.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Duty of water gives a relation volume of water required and the area of irrigated
crop. So, in this way if we know the area of crop irrigated we can know discharge required for
the channel.

4. What is the name of duty called as in direct irrigation?

a) Flow Duty
b) Quantity Duty
c) Duty
d) Delta
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: When direct irrigation is used, then the units of duty, always expressed in
hectares/cumec. Then duty is called flow duty.

5. Which type of period is slightly more than its counterpart period?

a) Crop Period
b) Period
c) Base Period
d) Rotation Period
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Crop period is time period between the instant of sowing to its harvesting. Base
period is the time period between the first watering of crop to its final watering before
harvesting.

6. Flow irrigation system has lower duty than lift irrigation system.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In lift irrigation system due to the commanded area of each well near to it, gives a
high value of duty when compared to flow irrigation system.

7. Which type of units is used to define high and low duty?

a) Hectare-meters
b) Hectares/cumec
c) Meters
d) Centimeters
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: According to the number of hectares/cumec, if the irrigated area is large or small
then it is called high or low duty respectively.

8. Which type of area is large in quantity compared to others?

a) Gross Commanded Area (G.C.A)
b) Culturable Commanded Area (C.C.A)
c) Culturable Cultivated Area
d) Culturable Uncultivated Area
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Gross Commanded Area (G.C.A) is the sum of Culturable Commanded Area
(C.C.A) and unculturable area. Again Culturable Commanded Area (C.C.A) is divided into the
sum of culturable cultivated and culturable uncultivated areas. Therefore, Gross Commanded
Area (G.C.A) is a large quantity.

9. In what type of area crop is not sown for a particular season?

a) Gross Commanded Area (G.C.A)
b) Culturable Commanded Area (C.C.A)
c) Culturable Cultivated Area
d) Culturable Uncultivated Area
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: This type of area is not kept under cultivation because, to restore the fertility of the
soil, to provide pasture land for animals, to prevent water logging in the land.

10. Given that, a particular irrigation field has C.C.A as 200 hectares, out which 150 hectares of
land is cultivated for rabi season and 100 hectares of land is cultivated for kharif season. What is
the intensity of irrigation for each season?
a) 50%, 100%
b) 120%, 60%
c) 75%, 50%
d) 150%, 75%
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: For rabi season:
Intensity of irrigation = (150/200) x 100
= 15 x 5
= 75%
For kharif season:
Intensity of irrigation = (100/200) x 100
= 0.5 x 100
= 50%.

11. Given that a particular crop requires about 20 cm depth of water at an interval of 40 days,
and the base period is 400 days. Find the delta for the crop? Now using this delta find the duty of
water for the crop?
a) 150 cm, 1150 hectares/cumec
b) 180 cm, 1825 hectares/cumec
c) 200 cm, 1728 hectares/cumec
d) 195 cm, 1920 hectares/cumec
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Given that base period is 400 days at an interval of 40 days. This number of
waterings as = 400/40 = 10
Now delta = 10 x 20 = 200 cm.
Now we have relation between delta and duty as –
Delta = (864B)/D
B = base period, D = duty
200 = (864 x 400)/D
D = 864 x 2 = 1728 hectares/cumec.

12. It is said that a particular type of crop requires a depth of 6 cm of water every 24 days and the
crop period is 168 days. Find the delta of the crop?
a) 50 cm
b) 42 cm
c) 20 cm
d) 95 cm
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Assume that crop period is equal to base period. So, given base period is 168 days,
and it requires watering for every 24 days. Therefore number of waterings for entire cultivation =
(168/24) = 7
Each watering needs 6 cm depth of water. So, therefore total depth of water required in 168 days
= 7 x 6 = 42 cm.

13. How can we improve the duty of water?

a) Lining of Canals
b) Construction of Weir
c) Construction of Dam
d) Check Dams
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: By lining of canals, carrying irrigation supplies we can reduce seepage and
evaporation losses. Therefore reducing the field requirement of water increases the duty.

14. Which factor directly affects the duty of water?

a) Type of Crop
b) Useful Rainfall
c) Type of Soil
d) Canals
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: If the rainfall useful is for the growth of crops, then more the rainfall less will be
the requirement of water for the growth of crops and more will be the duty of irrigation water.

15. At which point in the entire canal system the duty of water will be more?
a) Head of the Water-course
b) Head of the Minor
c) Head of the Distributary
d) Head of the Branch
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: As water flows from river to subsequent parts of the canal system some water
losses takes place due to evaporation, and percolation. Due to this, the duty of water goes on
increasing from starting point of canal system till its end point. Therefore, the duty of water is
more at the last point of the system, i.e head of the water-course.

16. What is the time interval between the sowing and harvesting of crops?
a) Base period
b) Kor period
c) Crop period
d) Season period
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Crop period is the time period that is elapsed from the instant of sowing to that of
harvesting. Kor period is the time elapsed for kor watering. The base period is the time elapsed
from first watering to the last watering.

17. Crop period is approximately assumed to be the same as that of the base period.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The watering stops before harvesting and base period is the time elapsed between
first watering and the last watering till the crop matures. The total water requirement for the
maturing process of the crop is non-uniform in the entire span which is also the crop period.
Hence, both are assumed to be the same.

18. What is the first step in soil preparation before sowing of seeds?
a) Levelling
b) Ploughing
c) Manuring
d) Pre-watering
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Tillage is the technical term used for soil preparation to ensure ideal conditions for
seed germination and growth of crops. It involves ploughing or dig-up, mix and overturning of
the soil, followed by breaking the soil into small mass and then levelling the field.

19. Kor period is less for humid climates and more for dry climates.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Kor period depends upon the climate. It is generally less for humid climates and
more for dry climates. Crop type, length of the base period, the water requirement of plants at
different stages, soil conditions, etc are all factors influencing the number of waterings.

20. The first watering before sowing the crop is ________

a) paleo
b) kor
c) delta
d) flooding
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Before sowing a crop first watering has to be done on the land to add sufficient
water to the unsaturated zone of a soil which is required for the initial growth of the crop. This
watering is known as Paleo.

21. What is called as the percentage of C.C.A irrigated at a time in one crop season?
a) Gross Command Area
b) Culturable cultivated area
c) Culturable uncultivated area
d) Intensity of irrigation
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Intensity of irrigation can be defined as “a ratio of irrigated land at a time one crop
season to C.C.A”. Mathematically, Area to be irrigated = C.C.A x intensity of irrigation.

22. Superfluous water is also called _______

a) capillary water
b) gravitational water
c) hydroscopic water
d) saturation capacity
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A part of the water that will move out of the soil, if proper drainage is provided, is
known as gravitational or superfluous water. This is not useful for the plants and it cannot be
absorbed by the root zone.

23. The useful soil moisture for plant growth is ______

a) capillary water
b) gravitational water
c) hydroscopic water
d) permanent wilting point
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Capillary water exists in the porous space of the soil by molecular attraction. This is
the useful moisture for the growth of plants. Hydroscopic water and gravitational water cannot
be absorbed by the root zone.

24. The area in which inferior crops can be grown without irrigation is called semi-arid region.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: An area where irrigation is a must is the arid region. The crops that are able to
survive semi-arid regions are maize, beans, green grams.

25. Which efficiency is also called on-farm efficiency?

a) Water conveyance efficiency
b) Water application efficiency
c) Water storage efficiency
d) Water use efficiency
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The water application efficiency is the ratio of water stored in the root zone to the
water actually delivered to the field. It takes into consideration the water lost in the farm hence, it
is also known as on-farm efficiency.
26. What is water conveyance efficiency?
a) The ratio of the quantity of water delivered to the field and quantity of water pumped into the
canal
b) The ratio of water stored in the root zone and the water delivered to the field
c) The ratio of water used beneficially and the water delivered to the field
d) The ratio of water stored in the root zone and the water needed before irrigation
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: It is the ratio of water delivered into the fields to the water entering into the
channel. This efficiency accounts for the conveyance or transit losses.

27. The quantity of water beneficially used is the sum of the water used by the crops and the
water used for leaching.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The beneficially used water accounts for the water required for leaching and by the
crop as well. This is required in calculating water use efficiency.

28. The mean depth of water is 1.5 cm and the mean deviation from the mean is 0.1 cm.
Determine its distribution efficiency.
a) 15%
b) 85%
c) 66.66%
d) 93%
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The formula for distribution efficiency is:
Nd = (1- d/D) x 100; where d = mean deviation and D = mean depth of water
Given, d=0.1 cm and D = 1.5 cm
Hence, Nd = 93%.
29. The presence of excess salts in the soil requires _____________
a) high water storage efficiency
b) low water storage efficiency
c) high water application efficiency
d) high water use efficiency
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Leaching is the supply of additional water to wash away the salts in a saline prone
area. The presence of excess salts in water requires high water storage efficiency in order to keep
the salts washed out of the soil.

30. Which of the following statement is wrong about consumptive use efficiency?
a) It is the ratio of normal consumptive use of water to the net amount of water depleted from the
root zone
b) It accounts for the loss of water by deep percolation
c) Evaporation losses are considered
d) The losses due to percolation and evaporation are not considered
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: It is the ratio of normal consumptive use of water to the net amount of water
depleted from the root zone. It accounts for the loss of water by deep percolation and evaporation
following irrigation.

31. The quantity of water that is pumped into a farm distribution system is 2 cumec. 1.6 cumec is
delivered to a turn-out, 1km from the well. Compute the conveyance efficiency.
a) 80%
b) 20%
c) 50%
d) 60%
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: By definition, Conveyance efficiency Nc = (output/input) x 100
Given, Output = 1.6 cumec and Input = 2 cumec
So, Nc = 80%.

32. If the water losses are more, the output and the efficiency is more.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Efficiency is inversely proportional to the losses. If losses are more, the output is
less and therefore, efficiency is less.

33. Determine the distribution efficiency, if the depths of water in the field are 1.1 cm and 1.8
cm.
a) 80%
b) 90%
c) 85%
d) 75%
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Mean depth (D) = (1.1 + 1.80) / 2 = 1.45
Deviation from mean depth (d) = 1.80 – 1.45 = 1.1 – 1.45 = 0.35 (neglecting negative sign)
Nd = (1 – d/D) x 100 = 75%.

34. Uniformity coefficient is also known as ____________

a) water conveyance efficiency
b) consumptive use efficiency
c) water distribution efficiency
d) water storage efficiency
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Water distribution efficiency is also known as the uniformity coefficient. It is the
measure of how uniformly water is applied to the area being irrigated. The effectiveness of
irrigation is measured by its uniformity coefficient.
35. The water distribution efficiency is 1.0 if _____________
a) the deviation from the mean depth is 1
b) the deviation from the mean depth is 0
c) the deviation from the mean depth is less than 1
d) the deviation from the mean depth is greater than 1
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: It represents the extent to which the water has penetrated to a uniform depth
throughout the area. If the water penetrates uniformly throughout the field, the deviation from the
mean depth is zero and hence, water distribution efficiency is 1.0.

36. What is the correct formula for uniformity coefficient efficiency?

a) Nd = 1 – d/D
b) Nd = 1 + d/D
c) Nd = 1 – D/d
d) Nd = 1 + D/d
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The correct representation of the formula is Nd = 1-d/D.
Where Nd = water distribution efficiency, d = deviation from the mean depth and D = mean
depth.

37. Which formula is extensively used for estimating seasonal water requirements?
a) Blaney-Criddle formula
b) Hargreaves pan evaporation method
c) Penman’s equation
d) Christiansen formula
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: This formula is also used for estimating monthly consumptive use.
Blaney-Criddle formula is written as Cu = k.f where, f = p/40[1.8t + 32].
Where Cu = monthly/seasonal consumptive use, k = crop factor, p = monthly % of annual
daylight hours in that period, and t = mean monthly temperature

38. Which method is time-consuming and expensive?

a) Tanks and Lysimeter
b) Vapour transfer method
c) Field plot method
d) Integration method
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In the Lysimeter method, the plants are grown in the tank with a sand layer at the
bottom and a pan for collecting the surplus water. The consumptive use is measured by the
amount of water required for the satisfactory growth of plants within tanks. Other methods are
more reliable than this method.

39. Which of the following is not an empirical method of determining consumptive use?
a) Lowry Johnson method
b) Penman’s equation
c) Hargreaves method
d) Inflow-outflow method
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Inflow-outflow method is a direct method in which field observations are made and
physical models are used for the purpose. Lowry Johnson, Penman, and Hargreaves method are
all empirical methods.

40. The evapotranspiration rate is higher in light green vegetation than in dark green vegetation.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The production of the rate of absorption of solar energy is high in dark green
vegetation hence; its evapotranspiration rate will be higher than that of light green vegetation.
The plant diseases causing yellowing of the leaves of the plants greatly reduce
evapotranspiration.

41. The monthly consumptive use values for paddy are 26.69, 8.76, 14.38, 22.73, 21.29, 25.50
and 15.06 for the duration of month from June to July. What is the average daily consumptive
use?
a) 7.0 mm
b) 8.0 mm
c) 7.5 mm
d) 8.5 mm
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The total consumptive use for paddy = 29.69 + 8.76 + 14.38 + 22.73 + 21.29 +
25.50 + 15.06 = 137.41 cm
Average daily consumptive use = 137.41 / period of growth in days
= 137.41 / (30+31+31+30+31+30) = 7.5 mm.

42. Which of the following statement is wrong about consumptive use coefficient?
a) It is different for different crops
b) It varies with the crop growth
c) It is different for the same crop at different places
d) It is independent of the crop type and its growth
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Consumptive use coefficient (k) = evapotranspiration (Cu or Et) / pan evaporation
(Ep). It is different for different crops, varies with crop growth and is different at different crop
stages for the same crop.

43. What is the range of reflection coefficient for close-grained crops?

a) 0.15-0.25
b) 0.05-0.45
c) 0.05
d) 0.45-0.90
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The range of reflection coefficient for different surfaces are-

44. Which method is widely used in India for the computation of consumptive use?
a) Penman’s equation
b) Hargreaves – Christiansen equation
c) Blaney-Criddle equation
d) Tanks and lysimeter
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The value obtained from Penman’s equation is almost equal to the values obtained
from the actual field observations made in pan evaporation method. The values obtained from
the Blaney-Criddle equation were on the much higher side (about 30%) and the values obtained
from the Hargreaves method is on the lower side (about 15%-20%). Lysimeter method is time-
consuming and expensive.

45. The average value of Et/Ep for citrus crops?

a) 0.90
b) 0.7-1.10
c) 0.60
d) 0.66-1
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Et/Ep ratio is consumptive use coefficient (k). Group F includes citrus fruits like
oranges, grapefruit, etc. the Et/Ep ratio is fairly constant throughout the year and average to a
value of about 0.60.

46. The monthly consumptive use is given by _____________

a) Cu = k.p/40 [1.8t + 32]
b) Cu = k.p/40 [1.8t – 32]
c) Cu = k.p/40 [t + 32]
d) Cu = k.p/40 [t – 32]
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: BLaney – Criddle formula is used to calculate monthly consumptive use.
Cu = k.p/40 [1.8t + 32] Where, Cu is monthly consumptive use in cm, K = crop factor, T = mean
monthly temperature in °C, and P = monthly % of annual day light hours that occur during the
period.

47. Determine the pan evaporation from the following data using the Christiansen method.
Extra-terrestrial radiation in cm = 47.3cm
Coefficient of temperature(Ct) = 1.403
Coefficient for wind velocity (Cw)= 1.2
Coefficient for relative humidity (Ch) = 1
Coefficient for percent of possible sunshine(Cs) = 1.073
Coefficient of elevation(Ce) = 1.014
a) 40 cm
b) 30.44 cm
c) 39.8 cm
d) 37.98 cm
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Christiansen formula for pan evaporation is Ep = 0.459 R.Ct.Cw.Ch.Cs.Ce
Ep = 0.459 x 47.3 x 1.403 x 1.200 x 1.000 x 1.073 x 1.014
= 39.8 cm.

48. Which method involves the use of crop factor?

a) Penman’s equation
b) Hargreaves method
c) Blaney-Criddle Formula
d) Tanks and Lysimeter
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Blaney-Criddle Formula is expressed as Cu = k.f
Where, f = p/40 [1.8t + 32], Cu = seasonal consumptive use and k = crop factor. Crop factor is
determined by experiments under environmental conditions of the particular area for each crop.

49. What are the dimensions of the standard class-A pan?

a) Diameter-1.2 m, Depth – 25 cm
b) Diameter-2 m, Depth – 25 cm
c) Diameter-2 m, Depth – 30 cm
d) Diameter-1.2 m, Depth – 30 cm
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Class-A pan is used for experimental determination of pan evaporation. This pan
has a diameter of 1.2 m, 25 cm deep, and the bottom is raised 15 cm above the ground surface.

50. Penman’s equation for the estimation of PET has been derived by using ___________
a) energy balance approach
b) mass transfer approach
c) combination of energy balance approach and mass transfer approach
d) combination of energy balance approach and energy transfer approach
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The formula was developed by Penman in 1948 for determining the consumptive
use of different areas of the basin. This formula has sound theoretical reasoning and is derived by
combining energy balance and mass transfer approaches for the computation of transpiration and
evaporation respectively.

51. Albedo or reflection coefficient factor is used in which method?

a) Blaney- Criddle equation
b) Christiansen equation
c) Penman equation
d) Tank and Lysimeter method
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Albedo is a factor used in Penman’s equation which is used for a different type of
areas for calculation of consumptive use. The value of albedo varies for water surface, bare lands
and snow.

52. Penman’s equation can also be used to compute evaporation from a water surface like a lake
if _________
a) reflection coefficient = 0.05
b) reflection coefficient > 0.05
c) reflection coefficient < 0.05
d) reflection coefficient = 0.45- 0.90
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The value of reflection factor or albedo varies for water surface, bare lands and
snow. When the value is equal to 0.05, it can be used to compute evaporation from a water
surface.

53. The pan evaporation can also be determined by Christiansen formula.

a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Christiansen formula for pan evaporation is Ep = 0.459 R.Ct.Cw.Ch.Cs.Ce where, R =
Extra-terrestrial radiation in cm
Ct = Coefficient of temperature
Cw = Coefficient for wind velocity
Ch = Coefficient for relative humidity
Cs = Coefficient for percent of possible sunshine
Ce = Coefficient of elevation.

54. What is the consumptive use for a crop in the month of April having a consumptive use
coefficient equal to 0.80 and pan evaporation is 35 cm?
a) 28 cm
b) 43.75 cm
c) 35.80 cm
d) 40.80 cm
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The formula is Et = k. Ep
Et = 0.8 x 35 = 28 cm
Hence, the required value of consumptive use = 28 cm.

55. Compute the total consumptive use for a drainage basin by Penman’s formula. The slope of
saturation vapour pressure V/s chart at 40°C is 2.95 mm of Hg/°C and the net incoming solar
radiation is 5.705 mm of evaporative water/day. Assume, Ea = 18.07 mm/day and Psychrometric
constant = 0.49 mm of Hg/°C.
a) 17.01 mm/day
b) 18 mm/day
c) 11.07 mm/day
d) 20.45 mm/day
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Penman’s formula for Cu is equal to [A.Hn + Ea.Y] / (A + Y)
Cu = [2.95 x 5.705 + 18.07 x 0.49] / (2.95 + 0.49)
Cu = 17.01 mm/day.

56. What is the correct expression of parameter Ea in Penman’s equation?

a) Ea = 0.35 (1 + V2/160) (es – ea)
b) Ea = 0.35 (1 + V2/160) (es + ea)
c) Ea = 0.35 (1 – V2/160) (es – ea)
d) Ea = 0.35 (1 – V2/160) (es + ea)
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The parameter Ea is estimated by as: Ea = 0.35 (1 + V2/160) (es – ea).
Where, V2 is the wind mean speed at 2m above the ground in km/day, es is Saturation vapour
pressure at mean air temperature in mm of Hg, and ea is actual mean vapour pressure of air in mm
of Hg.

57. The quantity of water that can be diverted from the river into the main canal has no
dependency on which of the following factor?
a) The water available in the river
b) The capacity of the main canal
c) Water demand of the branch canals
d) The capacity of the branch canal
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: This method of distribution of available water into various canals is called canal
regulation and the flow from the main canal is followed by the branch canals and then to the
distributaries. The flow distribution depends on the demand for water on various canals.

58. In case of high demand but insufficient supplies, all the smaller channels are made to run
simultaneously and continuously with reduced supplies.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: This alternative is generally not preferred as it causes siltation, weed growth,
seepage, and water-logging. To compensate for these disadvantages and provide time for
sufficient inspections and repairs of the channels, distributaries are made to run turn by turn with
full supplies.

59. Which of the following combination is wrong?

a) Roster – Indication of allotted supplies to different channels
b) Flexible regulation – Allocation of supplies with anticipated demand
c) Head regulator – Regulation of discharge in the canal
d) Chak – Command area of an inlet
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Chak is the command area of an outlet. It is a function of operating characteristics
of the system, peak design requirement of an outlet and field application rate.

60. Which of the following characteristics is wrong about extensive irrigation?

a) The irrigation extends to a large area with the lowest available supply
b) Agricultural production and protection against famine will be at optimum levels
c) The crop production will be minimal per unit of available water
d) It creates a perpetual scarcity of water
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In spite of the fact that this method requires good control and monitoring on the
release of water, it is usually adopted in India. The production would be the maximum per unit of
available water, though it may not be optimum of the land covered.

61. What are the categories of the entire water conveyance system?
a) The primary distribution system and secondary distribution system
b) The primary distribution system, the secondary distribution system, and Water allowance
c) The primary distribution system, secondary distribution system, and tertiary distribution
system
d) The primary distribution system, secondary distribution system, tertiary distribution system,
and Water allowance
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: An integral management system designed to deliver a constant flow of water
among irrigators along a tertiary canal is called Warabandi. This entire water conveyance system
is divided into Primary, Secondary and Tertiary distribution system. Water allowance is just a
certain rate of flow which is allocated to each unit of C.C.A in this warabandi system.

62. Which of the following statement is wrong?

a) The primary and secondary distribution system is fully controlled by the State Irrigation
Department
b) The tertiary system is managed by farmers
c) The distribution of water managed by farmers is done on a seven-day rotation basis
d) Water allowance is not a compromise between the likely demand and the supply for a given
project
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The value of water allowance decides the carrying capacities of the water-courses
and the distributaries. Hence, it is generally a compromise between the likely demand and the
supply for a given project.

63. What is the correct formula for Flow Time in an hour for an individual farmer?
a) (FT for the unit area) x (area of farmer’s fields) + (his bharai – his jharai)
b) (FT for the unit area) x (area of farmer’s fields) – (his bharai – his jharai)
c) FT for the unit area + (his bharai – his jharai)
d) FT for the unit area – (his bharai – his jharai)
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The formula for the flow time an hour for an individual farmer after the allowance
of Bharai and Jharai timings is –
(FT for the unit area) x (area of farmer’s fields) + (his bharai – his jharai)
Bharai is generally zero in case of the tail (i.e. the last farmer) and Jharai is usually zero for all
except for the tail.

64. What is the formula for the Flow Time for the unit area in hours?
a) 168 – (total Bharai – total Jharai) / Total area to be irrigated by the water-course
b) 168 + (total Bharai – total Jharai) / Total area to be irrigated by the water-course
c) 168 – (total Bharai – total Jharai)
d) 168 + (total Bharai – total Jharai)
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The distribution is done on the basis of seven-day rotation i.e. 24 x 7 = 168 hours.
The bharai time is debited from the common pool time of 168 hours and that value of bharai
which is not efficient for field applications, the tail end farmer is compensated and allowed a
certain recovery of the bharai time is called jharai.
Hence, the formula for Flow Time for a unit area of a land holding is given as –
FT = 168 – (total Bharai – total Jharai) / Total area to be irrigated by the water-course.

65. Irrigation water is a costly commodity.

a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: For good quality of irrigation products and to avoid crop failures due to natural
famines and scarcity of water a huge amount of capital should be invested in the irrigation
projects. For example in our country for the five year plan (1997 – 2002) the capital invested in
the irrigation projects is 115000 lakh crores. This says that irrigation water is a costly
commodity.

66. What type of losses can be mainly avoided by lining the canals?
a) Evaporation Losses
b) Seepage Losses
c) Erosion of Canal Bed
d) Discharge Losses at Branch Canals
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: If lining is not provided in the canal then irrigation water is lost in the form of
percolation and absorption as seepage losses. This loss is very significant as it reduces the
potential of the irrigation water, which is a costly commodity. So, in order to reduce seepage
losses the lining of the canal is needed.

67. What is the name given to the land unfit for agriculture due to waterlogging?
a) Desert
b) Tundra
c) Waterlogged Area
d) Thur
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Due to uncontrolled seepage losses the water in the canal gets percolated and the
water table level in underground rises. This level rises up to or near the ground level. This
renders the land unfit for agriculture as the crop roots bring up the alkali salts to the ground level.
This phenomenon is known as waterlogging and the land is called thur.

68. Lining of canals can bring high areas under command.

a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: With the help of lining canals can be designed for both in smaller cross section and
shorter in length. Steep gradients can be provided as higher velocities are allowed, and flat slopes
can also be provided without silting action on lined canals. Therefore, due to these reasons the
command area can be increased.

69. Design a lined canal carrying a discharge of 20 cumecs. The slope is 1 in 7000. Assume
suitable values for side slopes and lining.
a) Side Slope = 1.2: 1, Depth = 4.4 m
b) Side Slope = 1.4: 1, Depth = 4.1 m
c) Side Slope = 1.5: 1, Depth = 3.77 m
d) Side Slope = 1.3: 1, Depth = 4.5 m
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Let us assume side slope as 1.5 : 1 (1.5H : 1V), the rugosity constant as 0.015.
Now let us design a triangular section.
A = y2 (θ + cotθ), P = 2y(θ + cotθ), and R = A/P = y/2
Tanθ = (1/1.5) and cotθ = 1.5 and θ = 0.59
A = y2 (0.59 + 1.5) = y2 (2.09)
P = 2 y (0.59 + 1.5) = y (4.18)
R = 0.5y
Now Manning’s equation gives
Q = 1/n x A x R2/3 x S1/2
20 = (1/0.015) x y2 (2.09) x (0.5y) 2/3 x (1/7000)1/2
y= 3.02 m
Freeboard = 0.75 m
Total depth = 3.02 + 0.75 = 3.77 m and side slope = 1.5 : 1

70. Design a lined canal to carry a discharge of 400 cumecs and slope is 1 in 6000. Take side
slopes as 1 : 1 and rugosity constant as 0.012. Assume limiting velocity as 3 m/sec.
a) Total Depth = 6.3 m, Bed Width = 15 m
b) Total Depth = 6.28 m, Bed Width = 14.2 m
c) Total Depth = 6.5 m, Bed Width = 14 m
d) Total Depth = 6.25 m, Bed Width = 14.4 m
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: V = 1/n x R2/3 x S1/2
3 = (1/0.012) x R2/3 x (1/6000)1/2
R = 4.7 m
Design a trapezoidal section canal.
A = y (B + yθ + y cotθ), P = B + 2yθ + 2y cotθ
Now Tanθ = 1/1, θ = 0.785 radians, and cotθ = 1
Now A = y (B + y x 0.785 + y x 1) = y(B + 1.785y), P = B + 2y(0.785) + 2y(1) = B + 2.57y
A = Q/V = 400/3 = 133.33 sq.m
100 = y (B +1.785y), B = 100/y – 1.785y
R = A/P = 133.33/P
4.7 = 133.33/B + 2.57Y
y= 5.5 m
B = 14.4 m
Total Depth = 5.5 + 0.75 = 6.25 m
Bed Width = 14.4 m.
71. Depending on what factor does the lining of a canal can increase the capacity of the canal?
a) Width of the Canal
b) Type of Flow
c) Velocity
d) Side Slope
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The reason is very simple. The lined surface provides a smooth surface for the flow
of water with minimum resistance, whereas the unlined canal provides more resistance due to
vegetation, undulations, rocks etc. Moreover the velocity of flow in lined canal is high when
compared with the velocity in unlined canal, as the capacity of canal is dependent on the velocity
directly if velocity increases so does the capacity of the canal.

72. Mathematically, depending on what factor we can say velocity increases the capacity of the
canal?
a) Coefficient of Viscosity
b) Coefficient of Capillarity
c) Coefficient of Roughness
d) Coefficient of Resistance
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Coefficient of roughness is indirectly proportional to velocity in any mathematical
formula, or condition, or equation. So, therefore the value of this coefficient is more for unlined
canals than the lined canals. Hence the velocity is more for lined canals than the unlined canals
and therefore capacity for lined canals is more.

73. What type of major dangers can the lining of canals extinguish?
a) Leakages
b) Floods
c) Water-logging
d) Seepage Losses
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Floods are catastrophic disasters in nature. If a canal is not lined or it constructed
on weak foundations then there is chance of regular floods, sometimes even flash floods. In
unlined canals there is constant eroding of embankments which ultimately leads to floods. So,
therefore lining of canal helps to keep a check or stop the floods, which is a major danger.

74. What costs are reduced with the help of lining a canal?
a) A.R and M.O Costs
b) Irrigation Water Costs
c) Construction Costs
d) Transportation Costs
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The expenditure on Annual repair (A.R) and Maintenance (M.O) costs are reduced
with the lining of a canal. The expenditure maybe due to removal of weeds and plants, minor
repairs like covering cracks, leakages, and undulations in the bed, removal silt deposited on the
bed. So, therefore if lining is done the expenditure (costs) can be reduced.

75. What is Lacey’s equation for fixing the approximate value of the required waterway for the
drain?
a) P = 4.75 Q
b) P = 4.57 Q
c) P = 4.75 Q1/2
d) P = 4.57 Q1/2
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The correct equation for fixing the waterway requirement for Aqueduct and
Syphon-Aqueducts is given by P = 4.75 Q1/2 where P is the wetted perimeter in meters and Q is
the total discharge in cumecs. The wetted perimeter may be taken equal to the width of the drain
and equal to the waterway required in case of wide drains.

2. The maximum permissible reduction in the waterway from Lacey’s perimeter is _______
a) 15%
b) 20%
c) 25%
d) 30%
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The width of the perimeter should be so adjusted as to provide the required
perimeter i.e. minimum value = 0.8P in case of small drains. From Lacey’s perimeter, the
maximum permissible reduction in the waterway is 20% and the provision is made in a suitable
number of bays or spans.

76. The permissible velocity through the barrels is generally limited to _____________
a) 1.5 to 2 m/sec
b) 2 to 3 m/sec
c) 2.5 to 3 m/sec
d) 1 to 2 m/sec
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The permissible velocity through the barrels is generally limited to 2 to 3 m/sec. A
higher value of velocity requires higher and longer marginal banks since it causes quick abrasion
of the barrel surfaces by the rolling grit and results in a higher amount of afflux on the U/s side
of the aqueduct.

77. Which of the following method is applicable for the design of channel transition when the
water depths of the flumed and unflumed section are the same or maybe different?
a) Mitra’s method of design of transitions
b) Chaturvedi’s method of design of transitions
c) Hind’s method of design of transitions
d) The general method of design of transitions
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Mitra’s method was derived on the basis that the rate of change of velocity per unit
length remains constant (i.e. water depth). Chaturvedi’s method is used for the design of channel
transitions when water depth remains constant.

78. In a siphon aqueduct, the worst condition of uplift on the floor occurs when ________
a) the canal is full and the drainage empty with the water table at drainage bed
b) the canal and drainage are flowing full
c) the canal is empty and the drainage full with the water table at drainage bed
d) the canal is full and the drainage empty with water table below the floor
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In siphon aqueducts, the uplift due to water table acts where the bottom floor is
depressed below the drainage bed. The maximum uplift under the worst condition is when there
is no water flowing in the drain and the water table has risen up to drain bed.

79. To reduce the cost of the CD works we resort to _____

a) fluming
b) blocking of drain
c) cut-off
d) lifting of canal water
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Fluming is the contraction of the waterway of the canal. It reduces the length of the
barrel or the width of the aqueduct. This is likely to produce an economy in certain cases.

80. The greater is the fluming, the greater is the length of upstream and downstream transition
wings.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The reduction in the width of the aqueduct saves cost which is balanced with the
extra cost of the transition wings. The permissible head loss and the economy are the factors
governing the extent of the fluming.
81. Which of the following wings protect the earthen slopes of the canal and also guide the
drainage water?
a) Canal wings
b) Land wings
c) River wings
d) Side wings
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Canal wings or land wings provide a strong connection between sides of canal
trough and earthen canal banks. Drainage wings or water wings or river wings provide a vertical
cut-off for the water seeping from the canal into the drainage bed. It also protects the earthen
slopes and guide the drainage water and join it to the guide banks.

82. The head loss through a siphon barrel is usually given by Unwin’s formula by neglecting
velocity of approach as HL = [1 + F1 + F2. L/R] V2/2g, where F1 and F2 respectively represent the
coefficient of head losses due to?
a) Barrel friction and entry
b) Entry and barrel friction
c) Barrel friction and exit
d) Exit and barrel friction
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The head loss through siphon barrels by Unwin’s formula is given as:
HL = [1 + F1 + F2. L/R] V2/2g
where F1 is coefficient of head loss at entry and F2 is coefficient such that loss of head due to
surface friction is given by F2 = a[1+b/R], a and b are the values depending upon the material of
the surface of the barrel.

83. The floor of a siphon aqueduct needs to be designed for conditions when?
i. The canal and drainage are flowing full
ii. The canal is full and there is no drainage discharge
iii. The canal is empty and drainage discharge is full
a) i only
b) ii only
c) i and ii
d) ii and iii
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: It should be designed for:
I. full water load and dead weight with no uplift
II. full-uplift with no water load.
The floor should be designed for the summation of the total uplift caused due to the seepage and
the static head.

84. A siphon aqueduct is constructed at a canal crossing site where drainage HFL was 212.2 m
by allowing an afflux of 0.4 m at high flood discharge. At this site, the water level downstream
of the crossing at the same high flood will be _________
a) 212.2 m
b) 212.6 m
c) 211.8 m
d) It cannot be predicted
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The D/s HFL of the drain remains the same by the construction of works and the
U/s HFL can be obtained by adding afflux to the D/s HFL.
The D/s water level = 212.2 m
The U/s water level = 212.2 + 0.4 = 212.6 m.

85. The following data is available at the proposed site of a canal crossing:

Item Drain Canal

B.L (m) 252.2 248

FSL/HFL (m) 253.2 253

 Discharge(cumecs) 2 400
The most appropriate and economical CD work at the above site will be:
a) An aqueduct
b) A super-passage
c) A siphon aqueduct
d) A siphon
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The bed of the natural drain 252.2 m is higher than the canal bed 248 by a margin
of 4.2 m, the canal may be taken below the drain. The FSL of canal 253 m is above the drainage
bed 252.2 m. the super-passage cannot be provided and the canal water has to be siphoned below
the drainage.

86. Calculate the depth of cut-off for scour holes for an irrigation channel of F.S.Q equal to 354
cumecs and H.F.Q of natural drainage equal to 600 cumecs. Assume the value of friction factor
as 1.
a) 7 m
b) 7.5 m
c) 10.5 m
d) 8 m
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Lacey’s normal depth of scour = R = 0.47 (Q/f)1/3 where Q = 354 cumecs and f = 1.
R = 0.47 (354/1)1/3 = 7 m
The depth of cut-off provided for scour holes = 1.5 R (on both sides)
= 1.5 x 7 = 10.5 m.

87. Calculate the value of hydraulic mean radius for a channel designed by Lacey’s theory which
has a mean velocity of 1m/sec. The silt factor can be taken as unity.
a) 1 m
b) 0.5 m
c) 2 m
d) 2.5 m
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Using Lacey’s equation:
R = 5/2 (V2/f) where V = 1 m/sec and f = silt factor = 1.
R = 2.5 m.

88. Natural sub-irrigation comes under Sub-surface irrigation.

a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: It is category which comes under Subsurface irrigation as sometimes, water from
leakage of pipes, channels goes underground and causes rise in water table and this helps in
irrigation of crops nearby. Irrigation by natural processes is called natural sub irrigation.

89. What is the other name for Flood Irrigation?

a) Flow Irrigation
b) Lift Irrigation
c) Surface Irrigation
d) Uncontrolled irrigation
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Normally this of irrigation is practiced in alluvial and deltaic regions where river
water level is available in hot seasons, with this the soil is kept submerged and thoroughly
flooded with water to thorough saturation of land. The water can be supplied to the land by flow,
or partly by flow and partly by lift.

90. In which of the following types of irrigation water is supplied to the crops throughout their
crop period?
a) Perennial Irrigation
b) Flood Irrigation
c) Direct Irrigation
d) Storage Irrigation
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In perennial irrigation, system water is supplied at a constant and continuous rate
from perennial water sources, which get their supplies from melting snow, in accordance with
the requirements of crop. Water is supplied by canal distribution system using a weir or
reservoir.

91. Which of the following type of irrigation system is practised on small scale in India?
a) Natural sub-irrigation
b) Artificial sub-irrigation
c) Flood Irrigation
d) Lift Irrigation
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: It is a system in which open joint drains is artificially laid below the soil, to supply
water to the soil by capillarity. So, therefore it is very costly and can only be practiced in special
cases, like favorable soil conditions and for cash crops of good return.

92. What is the other name of perennial irrigation system?

a) Direct Irrigation
b) Storage Irrigation
c) Controlled Irrigation
d) Flood Irrigation
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: As perennial irrigation system works on perennial water sources, the flow of water
in those sources can be controlled by the construction of canals, weirs, check dams, dams etc. So
in this way there is no sudden rush of water during irrigation unlike in uncontrolled irrigation.

93. In India most irrigation schemes fall under which category of irrigation?
a) River Canal Irrigation
b) Tank Irrigation
c) Combined System
d) Lift Irrigation
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In this system solid barrier, such as a dam or a storage weir is constructed across
the river and water is stored. Volume of storage required depends upon requirements of crops, or
hydroelectric power generation and flow of water in the river, unlike the other type of irrigation
systems.

94. What type of irrigation scheme uses pick-up weir?

a) Combined System
b) Storage Irrigation
c) Direct Irrigation
d) Perennial Irrigation
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In this system water is first stored at upstream side of the dam for power generation
and then discharged back into the river at the downstream side of the dam. Thus, sufficient
quantity of flow is again available in the river. At a suitable place in downstream pick-up weir is
constructed to divert water to canals.

95. Diversion scheme, comes under which type of irrigation system?

a) Direct Irrigation
b) Storage Irrigation
c) Flow Irrigation
d) Inundation Irrigation
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In direct irrigation system water is directly diverted to the canal without storing
water. For this system low diversion weir or diversion barrage is constructed across the river. So,
this gives the diversion scheme for direct irrigation system over the other systems of irrigation.
96. In what type of irrigation system land property gets submerged?
a) Combined System
b) Storage Irrigation
c) Perennial Irrigation
d) Flow Irrigation
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In storage irrigation system a solid structure such as dam, it forms a reservoir at the
upstream side of the dam. Due to this, some land property gets submerged.

97. Irrigation from wells is what type of irrigation system?

a) Lift Irrigation
b) Tank Irrigation
c) Direct Irrigation
d) Flow Irrigation
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In lift irrigation system mechanical means are used to supply water to the crops for
irrigation. This is quite the case of wells where by mechanical means water is supplied for
irrigation.

98. What type of irrigation system needs mechanical means to supply water for irrigation?
a) Combined System
b) Storage Irrigation
c) Lift Irrigation
d) Perennial Irrigation
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Unlike any other irrigation systems lift irrigation system is used in when water
supply is at too low level to run by gravitation on to the land. So, in such cases water is needed to
be lifted by mechanical means for irrigation.
99. In which of the following types of irrigation systems hydroelectric power can be generated?
a) Storage Irrigation
b) Perennial Irrigation
c) Flood Irrigation
d) Lift Irrigation
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Dams are constructed in this type of irrigation system, which leads to formation of
reservoir on the upstream side of the dam. The hydroelectric power is generated when water is
released through the dam for irrigation, or any other multipurpose, or when reservoir is full.

100. What type of irrigation system is based merely on gravitation?

a) Flow Irrigation
b) Direct Irrigation
c) Lift Irrigation
d) Storage Irrigation
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Flow irrigation is the type of irrigation in which supply of irrigation water is merely
conveyed onto the land by the gravity flow or gravitation. In other words, water is supplied from
higher grounds to lower grounds.
101. What type of irrigation does this diagram represent?

a) Direct Irrigation
b) Storage Irrigation
c) Lift Irrigation
d) Flow Irrigation
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Clearly the diagram shows a diversion weir constructed on the river it to divert
water. Moreover two main canals are also present on upstream side of weir. So, on these
descriptions of the diagram we can tell it is a direct irrigation system.