Digital Signal Processing Laboratory

Experiment No.2
Introduction to MATLAB (Part 2)

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Accuracy of
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Submitted by
Last Name, First Name, MI.
10:30-1:30 / Fri / CL14

Submitted to
Instructor

Date Performed
January 24, 2020

Date Submitted
January 31, 2020
 Experiment No. 2
Introduction to MATLAB (Part 2)

I. OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this experiment, using the MATLAB software, are for the students to:
1. learn how to represent polynomials in MATLAB
2. find roots of polynomials
3. create polynomials when roots are known
4. obtain partial fractions
5. learn how to write M-file scripts and MATLAB Functions
6. acquire knowledge on MATLAB flow control like ‘if-elseif-end’, ‘for loops’ and
‘while loops’

II. MATERIALS REQUIRED

Computer With MATLAB installed
III. DISCUSSION
MATLAB provides functions for standard polynomial operations, such as polynomial
roots, evaluation, and differentiation. In addition, there are functions for more advanced
applications, such as curve fitting and partial fraction expansion.

Symbolic Math Toolbox contains additional specialized support for polynomial operations.

MATLAB is a powerful programming language as well as an interactive

computational environment. Files that contain code in the MATLAB language are called M-
files. You create M-files using a text editor, then use them as you would any other MATLAB
function or command. There are two kinds of M-files:

 Scripts, which do not accept input arguments or return output arguments. They operate
on data in the workspace. MATLAB provides a full programming language that enables
you to write a series of MATLAB statements into a file and then execute them with a
single command. You write your program in an ordinary text file, giving the file a name
of ‘filename.m’. The term you use for ‘filename’ becomes the new command that
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 MATLAB associates with the program. The file extension of .m makes this a MATLAB M-
file.

 Functions, which can accept input arguments and return output arguments. Internal
variables are local to the function.

If you're a new MATLAB programmer, just create the M-files that you want to try out in the
current directory. As you develop more of your own M-files, you will want to organize them
into other directories and personal toolboxes that you can add to your MATLAB search
path. If you duplicate function names, MATLAB executes the one that occurs first in the
search path.

IV. TUTORIAL WITH EXAMPLES

Representing Polynomials
MATLAB represents polynomials as row vectors containing coefficients ordered by
descending powers. For example, consider the equation

This is the celebrated example Wallis used when he first represented Newton's method to
the French Academy.

To enter this polynomial into MATLAB, type

Polynomial Roots
The roots function calculates the roots of a polynomial:

Output Screenshot:

By convention, MATLAB stores roots in column vectors. The function poly returns to the
polynomial coefficients:

Output Screenshot:

poly and roots are inverse functions,

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Polynomial Evaluation
The polyval function evaluates a polynomial at a specified value. To evaluate p at s = 5, use

Output Screenshot:

It is also possible to evaluate a polynomial in a matrix sense. In this case the equation
becomes , where X is a square matrix and I is
the identity matrix.

For example, create a square matrix X and evaluate the polynomial p at X:

Output Screenshot:

Convolution and Deconvolution

Polynomial multiplication and division correspond to the operations convolution and
deconvolution. The functions conv and deconv implement these operations. Consider the
polynomials . To compute their product,

Output Screenshot:

Use deconvolution to divide back out of the product:

Output Screenshot:

Polynomial Derivatives
The polyder function computes the derivative of any polynomial. To obtain the derivative
of the polynomial

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 Output Screenshot:

polyder also computes the derivative of the product or quotient of two polynomials. For
example, create two polynomials a and b:

Output Screenshot:

Calculate the derivative of the product a*b by calling polyder with a single output
argument:

Output Screenshot:

Calculate the derivative of the quotient a/b by calling polyder with two output arguments:

Output Screenshot:

q/d is the result of the operation.

Partial Fraction Expansion

‘residue’ finds the partial fraction expansion of the ratio of two polynomials. This is
particularly useful for applications that represent systems in transfer function form. For
polynomials b and a,

if there are no multiple roots, where r is a column vector of residues, p is a column vector of
pole locations, and k is a row vector of direct terms.

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Consider the transfer function

Output Screenshot:

Given three input arguments (r, p, and k), residue converts back to polynomial form:

Output Screenshot:

Scripts
When you invoke a script, MATLAB simply executes the commands found in the file. Scripts
can operate on existing data in the workspace, or they can create new data on which to
operate. Although scripts do not return output arguments, any variables that they create
remain in the workspace, to be used in subsequent computations. In addition, scripts can
produce graphical output using functions like plot.

For example, create a file called ‘myprogram.m’ that contains these MATLAB commands:

Type the statement ‘myprogram’ in MATLAB’s command window. After execution of the
file is complete, the variable ‘r’ remains in the workspace.
Output Screenshot:

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Functions
Functions are M-files that can accept input arguments and return output arguments. The
names of the M-file and of the function should be the same. Functions operate on variables
within their own workspace, separate from the workspace you access at the MATLAB
command prompt. An example is provided below:

The first line of a function M-file starts with the keyword ‘function’. It gives the function
name and order of arguments. In this case, there is one input arguments and one output
argument. The next several lines, up to the first blank or executable line, are comment lines
that provide the help text. These lines are printed when you type ‘help fact’. The first line of
the help text is the H1 line, which MATLAB displays when you use the ‘lookfor’ command or
request help on a directory. The rest of the file is the executable MATLAB code defining the
function.

The variable n & f introduced in the body of the function as well as the variables on the first
line are all local to the function; they are separate from any variables in the MATLAB
workspace. This example illustrates one aspect of MATLAB functions that is not ordinarily
found in other programming languages—a variable number of arguments. Many M-files
work this way. If no output argument is supplied, the result is stored in ans. If the second
input argument is not supplied, the function computes a default value.

Flow Control:

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Conditional Control – if, else, switch
This section covers those MATLAB functions that provide conditional program control. if,
else, and elseif. The if statement evaluates a logical expression and executes a group of
statements when the expression is true. The optional elseif and else keywords provide for
the execution of alternate groups of statements. An end keyword, which matches the if,
terminates the last group of statements. The groups of statements are delineated by the
four keywords—no braces or brackets are involved as given below.

if <condition>
<statements>;
elseif <condition>
<statements>;
else
<statements>;
end

It is important to understand how relational operators and if statements work with

matrices. When you want to check for equality between two variables, you might use
if A == B, ...

This is valid MATLAB code, and does what you expect when A and B are scalars. But when
A and B are matrices, A == B does not test if they are equal, it tests where they are equal;
the result is another matrix of 0's and 1's showing element-by-element equality. (In fact, if
A and B are not the same size, then A == B is an error.)

Output Screenshot:

The proper way to check for equality between two variables is to use the isequal function:
if isequal(A, B), ...

isequal returns a scalar logical value of 1 (representing true) or 0 (false), instead of a

matrix, as the expression to be evaluated by the if function. Using the A and B matrices from
above, you get

Output Screenshot:

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Here is another example to emphasize this point. If A and B are scalars, the following
program will never reach the "unexpected situation". But for most pairs of matrices,
including
if A > B
'greater'
elseif A < B
'less'
elseif A == B
'equal'
else
error('Unexpected situation')
end

our magic squares with interchanged columns, none of the matrix conditions A > B, A < B,
or A == B is true for all elements and so the else clause is executed:

Several functions are helpful for reducing the results of matrix comparisons to scalar
conditions for use with if, including ‘isequal’, ‘isempty’, ‘all’, ‘any’.

Switch and Case

The switch statement executes groups of statements based on the value of a variable or
expression. The keywords case and otherwise delineate the groups. Only the first matching
case is executed. The syntax is as follows

switch <condition or expression>

case <condition>
<statements>;
…
case <condition>
…
otherwise
<statements>;
end

There must always be an end to match the switch. An example is shown below.

Unlike the C language switch statement, MATLAB switch does not fall through. If the first
case statement is true, the other case statements do not execute. So, break statements are
not required.
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for, while, break and continue
This section covers those MATLAB functions that provide control over program loops.

for
The ‘for’ loop, is used to repeat a group of statements for a fixed, predetermined number of
times. A matching ‘end’ delineates the statements. The syntax is as follows:

for <index> = <starting number>:<step or increment>:<ending number>

<statements>;
end

The semicolon terminating the inner statement suppresses repeated printing, and the r
after the loop displays the final result.

It is a good idea to indent the loops for readability, especially when they are nested:

while
The ‘while’ loop, repeats a group of statements indefinite number of times under control of
a logical condition. So a while loop executes atleast once before it checks the condition to
stop the execution of statements. A matching ‘end’ delineates the statements. The syntax of
the ‘while’ loop is as follows:

while <condition>
<statements>;
end

Here is a complete program, illustrating while, if, else, and end, that uses interval bisection
to find a zero of a polynomial:

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 Output Screenshot:

Discussion of Codes / Program Output:

break
The break statement lets you exit early from a ‘for’ loop or ‘while’ loop. In nested loops,
break exits from the innermost loop only.

continue
The continue statement passes control to the next iteration of the for loop or while loop in
which it appears, skipping any remaining statements in the body of the loop. The same
holds true for continue statements in nested loops. That is, execution continues at the
beginning of the loop in which the continue statement was encountered.

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V. EXERCISES. Paste the screenshot of the commands (scripts / functions / plot if
any) used to answer the below exercises and their actual output.

Exercise 3:

Exercise 4:

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VI. ANALYSIS / OBSERVATION

VII. CONCLUSION

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