Chapter # 7 Induction Motor: Motor Construction: Stator: Rotor: Rotor
Chapter # 7 Induction Motor: Motor Construction: Stator: Rotor: Rotor
Chapter # 7 Induction Motor: Motor Construction: Stator: Rotor: Rotor
Induction Motor
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7.1: Induction Motor Construction
• Squirrel Cage Rotor:
In squirrel cage rotor series of conducting bars are laid in
the slots carved in to the face of rotor and shorted at
either end by large shortening rings.
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7.2: Basic Induction Motor Concepts
• When three phase set of voltages
are applied to stator, three phase
current flows in the stator
winding.
g
• A magnetic field BS is produced,
which is rotating counter clock
wise.
• The speed of magnetic field’s
rotation is given by: 120 f e
n sync =
P
• The rotating magnetic field
passes over the rotor bars and eind = (v × B).l
induces voltage in them.
• It is the relative motion of the rotor compared to the
stator magnetic field that produces induced voltage in the
rotor bar.
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τ ind = K BR × BS
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Basic Induction Motor Concepts
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The Electrical Frequency on the Rotor
f r = sf e
nm = 0 ⇒ f r = f e and s = 1
nsynch − nm
nm = n sync ⇒ f r = 0 and
d s=0 fr = fe
nsynch
⇒ f r = sf e
P
f r = ( nsynch − nm ) fe
120 f e
P
fr = (nsynch − nm ) 9
120
Class Activity 1
• Example 7-1: A 208-V, 10 hp, four pole, 60 Hz, Y-connected
induction motor has a full load slip of 5 percent.
a) What is the synchronous speed of this motor.
b) What
h is the
h rotor speed d off this
h motor at rated d load.
l d
c) What is the rotor frequency of this motor at rated load.
d) What is the shaft torque of this motor at the rated load.
10
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7.3: The Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Motor
• An induction motor is called a singly excited machine (as
opposed to a doubly excited synchronous machine), since
power is supplied only to the stator circuit. Because induction
motor does not have an independent field circuit its model will
not contain an internal voltage source such as internal
generated voltage EA in a synchronous machine.
• We will begin with the transformer model and try to include
the variable frequency and other similar induction motor
effects into account.
• An induction motor
equivalent
q circuit differs
from a transformer
equivalent circuit
primarily in the effects of
varying rotor frequency
on the rotor voltage ER
and impedance RR and XR. 11
6
Rotor Circuit Model
• In an induction motor when voltage is applied to stator
winding, a voltage is induced in the rotor winding of the
machine.
• The greater the relative motion (Slip Speed) between rotor
and stator magnetic fields, the greater the resulting rotor
voltage and rotor frequency.
• The largest relative motion occurs when the rotor is
stationary, called Locked Rotor or Blocked Rotor condition.
• The smallest voltage (0 V) and frequency (0 Hz) occur when
the rotor moves at the same speed as the stator magnetic
fi ld resulting
field, lti i no relative
in l ti motion.
ti
• The magnitude and frequency of the voltage induced in the
rotor at any speed is proportional to the slip of the rotor.
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Rotor Circuit Model
• The rotor current in this ER
IR =
circuit can be written as: RR + jX R
• From Eq.(i), notice that it is sE R 0
IR =
possible to treat all of the RR + jsX
j X R0
rotor effects due to varying ER 0
rotor speed as being caused IR = (i )
RR
by a varying impedance + jX R 0
s
supplied with a power from
a constant voltage source Z R ,eq = RR + jX R 0 (ii )
s
ERO. The equivalent rotor
impedance
p from this ppoint of
view is given in Eq (ii).
• Thus the equivalent rotor
circuit can modified as
shown in Fig.
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Final Equivalent Circuit
• The rotor resistance and locked rotor reactance XR0
are very difficult or impossible to determine on a
cage rotor also the effective turn ratio aeff is difficult
to obtain for squirrel-cage
q g rotor .
• Fortunately, it is possible to make measurements
that will directly give the referred resistance and
reactance R2 and X2, even though RR1 ,XR0 and aeff
are not known separately.
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9
Power and Torque in Induction Machine
• The core losses of an induction motor come partially from
the stator circuit and partially from the rotor circuit. Since an
induction motor normally operates at a speed near
synchronous
h speed,d the
th relative
l ti motion
ti off the
th magneticti field
fi ld
over the rotor surface is quite low, and the rotor core losses
are very tiny compared to the stator circuit. Since the largest
fraction of the core losses comes from the stator circuit, all
the core losses are lumped together at that point on the
diagram.
• The higher the speed of an induction machine, the higher its
friction windage and stray losses.
friction, losses On the other hand the
higher the speed of the motor the lower its core losses.
Therefore, these three categories of losses are sometimes
lumped together and called rotational losses.
• The total rotational losses of a motor are often considered
constant with the changing speed, since the component
losses change in opposite directions with a change in speed. 19
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Power and Torque in Induction Machine
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Power and Torque in Induction Machine
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Class Activity 2
• Example 7-2: A 480 V, 60-Hz, 50 hp, three phase induction
motor is drawing 60 A at 0.85 pf lagging. The stator copper
losses are 2 kW, and rotor copper losses are 700 W. The
friction and windage losses are 600 W, the core losses are
1800 W, and the stray losses are negligible. Find the
following quantities:
a) The air-gap power PAG.
b) The power converted Pconv.
c) The output power Pout.
d) The efficiency of motor.
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Class Activity 3
• Example 7-3: A 460 V, 25-hp, 60 Hz, four pole, Y-connected
induction motor has the following impedances in ohms per
phase referred to stator circuit:
R1 0 641 Ω
R1=0.641 R2 0 332 Ω
R2=0.332
X1=1.106 Ω X2=0.464 Ω, XM=26.3 Ω
The total rotational losses are 1100 W and are measured to
be constant. The core loss is lumped in with rotational losses.
For a rotor slip of 2.2 percent at the rated voltage and rated
frequency, find the motor’s
a) Speed
b) Stator current
c) Power factor
d) Pconv and Pout
e) Tind and Tload
f) Efficiency
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7.5: Induction Motor Torque-Speed Characteristics
• The objective is to clearly
understand the relationship
among the motor’s torque, speed,
and power.
• We will use the equivalent circuit
of an induction machine and Pconv
power flow diagram to drive a τ ind =
general expression for induced ωm
torque as a function of speed. PAG
• The air-gap power is the power τ ind =
crossing the gap from stator ωsynch
circuit to rotor circuit. It is equal
q
to power absorbed in resistance R2
R2/S. PAG ,1φ = I 22
• If I2 can be determined, the air-
S
gap power and the induced torque R
will be known. PAG = 3I 22 2
S
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jX M
VTH = Vϕ .
R1 + jX 1 + jX M
XM
VTH = Vϕ .
• XM >> X1 and XM >> R1, the R12 + ( X 1 + X M )
2
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Induction Motor Torque-Speed Characteristics
• For ZTH the equivalent circuit is
shown in Fig.
Z1.Z M
ZTH =
Z1 + Z M
ZTH = RTH + jX TH
jX M (R1 + jX1 )
ZTH =
R1 + j( X1 + X M )
2
• XM >> X1 and (X1 + XM)>> R1, ⎛ XM ⎞
using these approximations RTH ≈ R1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
the thevenin resistance and ⎝ X1 + X M ⎠
reactance are approximately
given by: X TH ≈ X 1
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VTH PAG
I2 = τind =
ZTH + Z2 ωSYNC
VTH R2
I2 = QPAG = 3I22
s
RTH + R2 + jXTH + jX2
s 2 R2
3VTH
VTH s
I2 = τind =
⎡ 2
⎤
ωSYNC⎢⎛⎜ RTH + R2 s ⎞⎟ + ( XTH + X2 )2 ⎥
2
⎛ R + R2 ⎞ + ( X + X )2
⎜ TH s ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎣⎝ ⎠
TH 2
⎦
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Comments on the Induction Motor Torque Speed Curve
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Induction Motor Torque-Speed Characteristics
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Maximum Pull out Torque in Induction Machine
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Class Activity 4
• Example 7-4: A two pole, 50 Hz induction motor supplies 15
kW to a load at a speed of 2950 rpm.
a) What is the motor slip.
b) What
h is the
h induced
d d torque in the
h motor in N.m. under
d
these conditions.
c) What will the operating speed of the motor be if its torque
is doubled.
d) How much power will be supplied by the motor when the
torque is doubled.
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Class Activity 5
• Example 7-5: A 460 V, 25-hp, 60 Hz, four pole, Y-connected
induction motor has the following impedances in ohms per
phase referred to stator circuit:
R1 0 641 Ω
R1=0.641 R2 0 332 Ω
R2=0.332
X1=1.106 Ω X2=0.464 Ω, XM=26.3 Ω
a) What is the maximum torque of the motor. At what speed
and slip does it occur.
b) What is the starting torque of this motor.
c) When the rotor resistance is doubled, what is the speed at
which the maximum torque occurs. What is the new
starting torque of the motor.
d) Calculate and plot the torque-speed characteristics of this
motor both with the original rotor resistance and with the
rotor resistance doubled.
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Class Activity 5
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