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    Advanced Metallura Y Materials: Al-Mustansiryia University College of Engineering Materials Engineering Department

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    rose
    This report discusses creep, which is the slow deformation of materials over time under constant stress, especially at high temperatures. Creep occurs in three stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary. The creep curve is obtained by applying a constant load to a specimen at high temperature. Creep rate depends on factors like load, temperature, composition, grain size, and heat treatment. Tests are conducted to determine creep resistance and model long-term performance.

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    Advanced Metallura Y Materials: Al-Mustansiryia University College of Engineering Materials Engineering Department

    Uploaded by

    rose
    83 views8 pages
    This report discusses creep, which is the slow deformation of materials over time under constant stress, especially at high temperatures. Creep occurs in three stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary. The creep curve is obtained by applying a constant load to a specimen at high temperature. Creep rate depends on factors like load, temperature, composition, grain size, and heat treatment. Tests are conducted to determine creep resistance and model long-term performance.

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    This report discusses creep, which is the slow deformation of materials over time under constant stress, especially at high temperatures. Creep occurs in three stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary. The creep curve is obtained by applying a constant load to a specimen at high temperature. Creep rate depends on factors like load, temperature, composition, grain size, and heat treatment. Tests are conducted to determine creep resistance and model long-term performance.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    83 views8 pages

    Advanced Metallura Y Materials: Al-Mustansiryia University College of Engineering Materials Engineering Department

    Uploaded by

    rose
    This report discusses creep, which is the slow deformation of materials over time under constant stress, especially at high temperatures. Creep occurs in three stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary. The creep curve is obtained by applying a constant load to a specimen at high temperature. Creep rate depends on factors like load, temperature, composition, grain size, and heat treatment. Tests are conducted to determine creep resistance and model long-term performance.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 8

    AL-MUSTANSIRYIA UNIVERSITY

    COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
    MATERIALS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

    ADVANCED
    METALLURA
    Y
    MATERIALS
    CREEP
    A report about the creep deformation its mechanism,
    test and other information. (DEFORMATIO
    N)

    BY: BALSAM MAHMOOD SHAKER


    Introduction
    When materials under severe service conditions are required to sustain
    steady loads for long periods of time, they undergo a time dependent
    deformation.
    •This is known as creep
    •can also be defined as "the slow and progressive deformation of a
    material with time at constant stress."
    Creep is found to occur at higher temperature than at lower temp.
    Therefore the study of creep is very important for those materials which
    are used at high temp like components of gas turbines, furnaces, rockets,
    missiles etc.
    Creep curve
    •The creep curve is obtained by applying a constant tensile load below
    the yield point to a specimen maintained at constant temp.

     Creep deformation of materials up to failure are divided into 3


    stages:
    i) Primary creep
    ii) Secondary creep
    iii) Tertiary creep.

    1
    i. Primary creep: This is the first stage of the creep which represents
    a region of decreasing creep rate.
    •In this region the rate at which the material deforms decreases with time
    until it reaches a constant value.
    •The creep rate goes on reducing because as the metal deforms it
    undergoes strain hardening and offers more and more resistance to further
    elongation.
    ii. Secondary creep: [steady state creep]
    Nearly constant creep rate, because strain-hardening and recovery effects
    balance each other.
    Creep in this region takes place by the viscous flow in the materials.

    iii. Tertiary creep :


    This stage is period of increasing strain rate.
    Tertiary creep occurs when there is an effective reduction in cross-
    sectional area due to necking or internal void formation. (1)

    2
    Regions of creep (2)
    Creep mechanism
    • Bulk Diffusion (Nabarro-Herring creep)
    Creep rate decreases as grain size increases
    • Grain Boundary Diffusion (Coble creep)
    Stronger grain size dependence than Nabarro Herring
    • Dislocation climb/creep
    Controlled by movement of dislocations, strong dependence on applied
    stress.
    • Thermally activated glide
    Occurs in polymers and other viscoelastic materials. (3)

    Creep properties
    1) Creep strength/ or creep limit:
    It is defined as the highest stress that material can withstand without
    excessive deformation for a specified length of time.
    2) Creep rupture strength: - it is defined as the highest stress that a
    material can withstand without rupture for a specified length of time.
    3) Creep life: It is defined as the TIME to fracture under a given static
    load.

    3
    Factors affecting Creep
     Load: Creep rate increases as load increases.
     Temperature: Creep rate increases as T increases.
     Composition: Pure metals are softer than alloys, the different
    phases present stops the dislocation glide. Hence creep is more in
    pure metals.
     Grain size: “Smaller the grain, stronger the material.”
     Heat Treatment: This changes the structure, obviously the materials
    property changes, creep resistance also changes. (4)

    Creep resistance
    Creep resistance is a term used in materials science that refers to a solid
    material’s ability to resist “creep,” which refers to the tendency of a
    material to slowly deform over a long period of exposure to high levels of
    stress. (5)
    Increase creep resistance by choosing material with:
    –High Tm
    –High E
    –Larger grain size
    –Solid-solution alloying
    –Dispersion hardening
    –Directional solidification
    –Single crystal structure. (6)
    A case of creep
    4
    Though mostly due to the reduced yield strength at higher temperatures,
    the Collapse of the World Trade Center was due in part to creep from
    increased temperature operation.

    Subsequent modeling suggests that in the north tower the internal trusses
    supporting the building's concrete floors failed as a result of heat-induced
    Creep. (7)
    Creep test
    • Useful for modeling long term applications which are strain
    limited.
    • Provides prediction of life expectancy before service. This is
    important for example turbine blades.
    • Creep generally occurs at elevated temperatures, so it is
    common for this type of testing to be performed with an
    environmental chamber for precise heating/cooling control.

     procedure

    5
    • The unloaded specimen is first heated to the required T and the
    gage length is measured.
    • The predetermined load is applied quickly without shock.
    • Measurement of the extension are observed at frequent interval.
    • Average of about 50 readings should be taken.

    Creep parameter
    • To predict the stress and time for long lives on the basis of
    much shorter data.
    • Plant life 30 to 40 years
    • Creep data is usually not available beyond lives of more than
    30000 hrs.
    • Larson Miller Parameter and other material specific models are
    used.
    • Model based on Arrhenius rate equation.

    LMP= T(C+log t )
    r

    6
    Where T = temperature (K or ºR)

    t = time before failure (hours)


    r
    C= material specific constant. (8)

    References
    1- https://www.scribd.com/document_downloads/direct/202032253?
    extension=pdf&ft=1605550986&lt=1605554596&user_id=385265
    704&uahk=Q2nti6XEC_lTkZUVbwrVCb9ouW0
    2- https://www.coursehero.com/api/v1/documents/download/9891718
    /
    3- https://web.iit.edu/sites/web/files/departments/academic-
    affairs/academic-resource-center/pdfs/MaterialsCreep.pdf
    4- Scribd (n 1)
    5- https://www.safeopedia.com/definition/5667/creep-resistance
    6- https://www.coursehero.com/api/v1/documents/download/9891718
    / (n 2)
    7- https://www.coursehero.com/api/v1/documents/download/8935578
    /
    8- https://web.iit.edu/sites/web/files/departments/academic-
    affairs/academic-resource-center/pdfs/MaterialsCreep.pdf (n 3)

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