INTRODUCTION

Name: RAFIA UMAR

Roll No: IEM-18-19
Semester: 4th
Assignment No: 02
Assignment Title: Computer Numerical Machines
Submitted to: Ma’am Sana

“Institute of Quality & Technology Management”

University of The Punjab
QUESTION NO 01:
Identify the machine given in the picture. Write down
any three features of it.

The given picture is known as NC System.

 Control unit.
 Machine tool.
 Program of instructions.
 Manual control.
 The given picture is known as Milling machine but with a Numerical
Control System.
 Machine control unit.
 Machine tool.
 Feedback device.
 Machine logic which receives the information and
passes it on the Machine Control Unit.

Question No 02:
Describe the type of computer required to control the
machine shown below?

I think CNC is used because it takes digitalized data from

Computer Aided manufacturing. The CNC machines are
the most unique piece of equipment, it utilize s innovative
technology to handle complex designs. As a result, the
products achieved by the CNC machine are precise and
accurate.

Question no 03:
Explain any 3 reasons of connecting machine tools
with a host computer.

This figure is related with the Direct Numerical Control

(DNC).

This Type of system in which several NC or CNC machines are

controlled remotely from a Host/Main frame computer or direct
numerical control (DNC) – control of multiple machine tools by a single
(mainframe) computer through direct connections.

 So that on demand distribution of data to machines

became possible.
  The part-program is downloaded to the machines
directly omitting the tape reader from the computer
memory.
 This reduces the amount of communication required
between the central computer and each machine tool.
 The computer can program simultaneously many NC
machines.

QUESTION NO:04
Explain the basic elements of a MCU and summarize their
function as well?

DPU and CLU are the basic elements of a MCU.

DPU:
 DPU stands for Data processing unit.
 DPU includes ROM AND ROM.
 ROM controls and execute the programs.
 RAM uses for the transformation of part program.
  DPU software includes Control system, Calculation algorithms,
translation software that converts the part program into a usable
format for the MCU.
CLU:
 CLU stands for Control loops unit.
 It works as an Interpolator.
 CLU used as an Amplifier circuits.
 It also consists of Feedback circuits.
 Interpolation algorithm to achieve smooth motion oh the
cutter, and editing of part program in case of errors and changes.

Question No 05:
Identify the machine shown in the figure, state its
features as well?
These are the components of NC machine. Numerical control refers to
the controlling of directly inserted coded numerical instructions into
machine tool.

Components of NC system are:

 Program of instructions.
 Controller unit.
 Machine tool.

1) Program of Instructions.
 From the Part program instructions are needed to drive the
machine tool components.
 Instructions can be made Manually or by the use of Computers.
 Instructions include Machining parameters, Sequence of actions.
 Instructions are stored in the form of Tapes or Floppy disks.

2) Machine Control Unit (MCU):

 Electronics and control hardware.
 Execute the instructions.
 Monitor the results.

3) Machine Tool:
 Mechanical structure that performs machining.
 Machine tool also include components that drive each axis of
motion.
Question no 06:
Distinguish between the reference point system shown in the figure
below, write the code to be used for them.

In Figure no 1 Absolute
positioning is used. In the absolute system, all dimensions or positions
are given from one reference point on the job or machine. All
dimensions are given from the zero or reference point, which in this case
is the upper left-hand corner on the work piece. Therefore, in the
absolute system of dimensioning or programming, an error in any
dimension is still an error, but the error is not carried on to any other

To reach at point B because it’s an absolute positioning so, it can be

written in two ways like X + 70 or Y + 30.
Figure 7 (a) and (b) both are the have Incremental positioning system.
Incremental or chain positioning tells the control by what amount the
tool is to move from its present position. The present position of the tool
acts as the program zero point.

For 7(a). Due to incremental it can be written as X + 50, Y + 20 (to

reach B from A).
For (b). Due to incremental it can be written as X + 30, Y - 10 (to
reach B from C).

Question no 07:
To make the profile shown in the picture, select a
suitable G code and don’t forget to state the reason
of using that code?
According to my point of view G00 rapid positioning.
Format will be N_G00X_Y_Z_

Question No: 08
Looking at the number of axis, infer to the type of
machine and state its function.

This is known as Standard Lathe Coordinate System.

The main function of a lathe is to remove metal from a piece of work to
give it the required shape and size. This accomplished by hold the work
piece securely and rigidly on the machine and then turning to regain the
cutting tool. It removes the work piece in the form of chip.
Vertical Milling Machine Coordinate System:
The milling machine removes metal with a revolving cutting tool called
a milling cutter. With various attachments, milling machines can be used
for boring, slotting, circular milling dividing, and drilling. This machine
can also be used for cutting keyways, racks and gears and for fluting
taps and reamers.
CNC manufacturing has continuously
strived to
meet the increasing customer demand of
quality control
parts with minimum lead time. This
essentially means
developing CNC machine tool solutions
which will result in
less variation in the dimensions of
manufactured products. It
has been established in the recent past that
static errors on a
machine tool area major contributors in the
overall errors
for manufactured parts. The authors have
proposed a
feedback model to compensate the machine
tool static error
and provide compensated part feature
positions. This model
has been developed to map the static errors
(as an effect of
the movement in the kinematic joints of
the machine tool)
with the deviations in the locations of the
part features. It
has been then tested in a real time
manufacturing
environment using an industrially inspired
test piece. The
significant improvement in measurement
results (for drilling
positions) of manufactured parts shows the
efficacy of the
model
CNC manufacturing has continuously
strived to
meet the increasing customer demand of
quality control
parts with minimum lead time. This
essentially means
developing CNC machine tool solutions
which will result in
less variation in the dimensions of
manufactured products. It
has been established in the recent past that
static errors on a
machine tool area major contributors in the
overall errors
for manufactured parts. The authors have
proposed a
feedback model to compensate the machine
tool static error
and provide compensated part feature
positions. This model
has been developed to map the static errors
(as an effect of
the movement in the kinematic joints of
the machine tool)
with the deviations in the locations of the
part features. It
has been then tested in a real time
manufacturing
environment using an industrially inspired
test piece. The
significant improvement in measurement
results (for drilling
positions) of manufactured parts shows the
efficacy of the
model
CNC manufacturing has continuously
strived to
meet the increasing customer demand of
quality control
parts with minimum lead time. This
essentially means
developing CNC machine tool solutions
which will result in
less variation in the dimensions of
manufactured products. It
has been established in the recent past that
static errors on a
machine tool area major contributors in the
overall errors
for manufactured parts. The authors have
proposed a
feedback model to compensate the machine
tool static error
and provide compensated part feature
positions. This model
has been developed to map the static errors
(as an effect of
the movement in the kinematic joints of
the machine tool)
with the deviations in the locations of the
part features. It
has been then tested in a real time
manufacturing
environment using an industrially inspired
test piece. The
significant improvement in measurement
results (for drilling
positions) of manufactured parts shows the
efficacy of the
model
CNC manufacturing has continuously
strived to
meet the increasing customer demand of
quality control
parts with minimum lead time. This
essentially means
developing CNC machine tool solutions
which will result in
less variation in the dimensions of
manufactured products. It
has been established in the recent past that
static errors on a
machine tool area major contributors in the
overall errors
for manufactured parts. The authors have
proposed a
feedback model to compensate the machine
tool static error
and provide compensated part feature
positions. This model
has been developed to map the static errors
(as an effect of
the movement in the kinematic joints of
the machine tool)
with the deviations in the locations of the
part features. It
has been then tested in a real time
manufacturing
environment using an industrially inspired
test piece. The
significant improvement in measurement
results (for drilling
positions) of manufactured parts shows the
efficacy of the
model
CNC manufacturing has continuously
strived to
meet the increasing customer demand of
quality control
parts with minimum lead time. This
essentially means
developing CNC machine tool solutions
which will result in
less variation in the dimensions of
manufactured products. It
has been established in the recent past that
static errors on a
machine tool area major contributors in the
overall errors
for manufactured parts. The authors have
proposed a
feedback model to compensate the machine
tool static error
and provide compensated part feature
positions. This model
has been developed to map the static errors
(as an effect of
the movement in the kinematic joints of
the machine tool)
with the deviations in the locations of the
part features. It
has been then tested in a real time
manufacturing
environment using an industrially inspired
test piece. The
significant improvement in measurement
results (for drilling
positions) of manufactured parts shows the
efficacy of the
model
CNC manufacturing has continuously
strived to
meet the increasing customer demand of
quality control
parts with minimum lead time. This
essentially means
developing CNC machine tool solutions
which will result in
less variation in the dimensions of
manufactured products. It
has been established in the recent past that
static errors on a
machine tool area major contributors in the
overall errors
for manufactured parts. The authors have
proposed a
feedback model to compensate the machine
tool static error
and provide compensated part feature
positions. This model
has been developed to map the static errors
(as an effect of
the movement in the kinematic joints of
the machine tool)
with the deviations in the locations of the
part features. It
has been then tested in a real time
manufacturing
environment using an industrially inspired
test piece. The
significant improvement in measurement
results (for drilling
positions) of manufactured parts shows the
efficacy of the
model
CNC manufacturing has continuously
strived to
meet the increasing customer demand of
quality control
parts with minimum lead time. This
essentially means
developing CNC machine tool solutions
which will result in
less variation in the dimensions of
manufactured products. It
has been established in the recent past that
static errors on a
machine tool area major contributors in the
overall errors
for manufactured parts. The authors have
proposed a
feedback model to compensate the machine
tool static error
and provide compensated part feature
positions. This model
has been developed to map the static errors
(as an effect of
the movement in the kinematic joints of
the machine tool)
with the deviations in the locations of the
part features. It
has been then tested in a real time
manufacturing
environment using an industrially inspired
test piece. The
significant improvement in measurement
results (for drilling
positions) of manufactured parts shows the
efficacy of the
model
CNC manufacturing has continuously
strived to
meet the increasing customer demand of
quality control
parts with minimum lead time. This
essentially means
developing CNC machine tool solutions
which will result in
less variation in the dimensions of
manufactured products. It
has been established in the recent past that
static errors on a
machine tool area major contributors in the
overall errors
for manufactured parts. The authors have
proposed a
feedback model to compensate the machine
tool static error
and provide compensated part feature
positions. This model
has been developed to map the static errors
(as an effect of
the movement in the kinematic joints of
the machine tool)
with the deviations in the locations of the
part features. It
has been then tested in a real time
manufacturing
environment using an industrially inspired
test piece. The
significant improvement in measurement
results (for drilling
positions) of manufactured parts shows the
efficacy of the
model
CNC manufacturing has continuously
strived to
meet the increasing customer demand of
quality control
parts with minimum lead time. This
essentially means
developing CNC machine tool solutions
which will result in
less variation in the dimensions of
manufactured products. It
has been established in the recent past that
static errors on a
machine tool area major contributors in the
overall errors
for manufactured parts. The authors have
proposed a
feedback model to compensate the machine
tool static error
and provide compensated part feature
positions. This model
has been developed to map the static errors
(as an effect of
the movement in the kinematic joints of
the machine tool)
with the deviations in the locations of the
part features. It
has been then tested in a real time
manufacturing
environment using an industrially inspired
test piece. The
significant improvement in measurement
results (for drilling
positions) of manufactured parts shows the
efficacy of the
model
CNC manufacturing has continuously
strived to
meet the increasing customer demand of
quality control
parts with minimum lead time. This
essentially means
developing CNC machine tool solutions
which will result in
less variation in the dimensions of
manufactured products. It
has been established in the recent past that
static errors on a
machine tool area major contributors in the
overall errors
for manufactured parts. The authors have
proposed a
feedback model to compensate the machine
tool static error
and provide compensated part feature
positions. This model
has been developed to map the static errors
(as an effect of
the movement in the kinematic joints of
the machine tool)
with the deviations in the locations of the
part features. It
has been then tested in a real time
manufacturing
environment using an industrially inspired
test piece. The
significant improvement in measurement
results (for drilling
positions) of manufactured parts shows the
efficacy of the
model
CNC manufacturing has continuously
strived to
meet the increasing customer demand of
quality control
parts with minimum lead time. This
essentially means
developing CNC machine tool solutions
which will result in
less variation in the dimensions of
manufactured products. It
has been established in the recent past that
static errors on a
machine tool area major contributors in the
overall errors
for manufactured parts. The authors have
proposed a
feedback model to compensate the machine
tool static error
and provide compensated part feature
positions. This model
has been developed to map the static errors
(as an effect of
the movement in the kinematic joints of
the machine tool)
with the deviations in the locations of the
part features. It
has been then tested in a real time
manufacturing
environment using an industrially inspired
test piece. The
significant improvement in measurement
results (for drilling
positions) of manufactured parts shows the
efficacy of the
model
Question no 09:
Summarize the reason of getting feedback from the
machine tool?
CNC manufacturing has continuously strived to meet the increasing
customer demand of quality control parts with minimum lead time. This
essentially means developing CNC machine tool solutions which will
result in less variation in the dimensions of manufactured products. A
Special feedback model used to compensate the machine tool static error
and provide compensated part feature positions.

Question No 10:
Explain the steps involved to operate the machine?
Step No 1:
First of all, part drawing is made which is going to be made with proper
dimensions and manufacturing point of view.
Step NO 2:
Written Numerical control program is made on the wider paper tape or
magnetic tape and on PUNCH CARDS for storing purpose.
Step NO 3:
Tapes are sent to the tape reader and controller.
Step no 4:
After that program instructions sent to the Numerical control machine
which send the proper program instructions to machine tools.
Step no 5:
After sometimes part is manufactured without the direct labor interaction
as such.
Question no 11:
Select an appropiate positioning system for each of the operation
shown in the figures, dnt forget to mention the G code!!!!

 Point to point tool movement. Figure(a) G01 due to linear

interpolation.
 Continuous path tool movement. Figure(b) G03 Circular
interpolation counterclockwise (CCW)

Question No 12:
State the differences between the control system
shown in the figures.
Definition of a control system can be simplified as a system,
which controls other systems.
Hence, there are two main types of control system. They are as follows:

1. Open loop control system.

2. Closed loop control system.

The given 1st figure belongs to Open Control system.

A control system in which the control action is totally independent of
output of the system then it is called open loop control system.

 The feedback element is absent.

 It is stable one.
 It is an economical.
 Less maintenance.

The given 2nd figure belongs to Closed control loop system.

Control system in which the output has an effect on the input quantity in
such a manner that the input quantity will adjust itself based on the
output generated is called closed loop control system.

 The feedback element is always present.

 It may become unstable.
 It is costly.
 More maintenance.