CNC MACHINING

PRODUCT REALISATION TECHNOLOGY PRACTICUM (IC-141P)

CENTRAL WORKSHOP
INDIAN INSTIUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MANDI
 CNC MACHINING

Introduction to CAD: CAD involves the use of computers for design, analysis and
modification of a new or existing product. In CAD systems, the images are created using basic
geometric elements such as points, lines, circles, and curves. These can be modified (rotated,
moved, reduced, etc), rotated and transformed on the CRT screen using the respective
commands leading to creation of desired model.

Geometric Modeling: Geometric modeling in CAD refers to the creation of the geometry of
an object, which is the computer compatible mathematical description. The software for CAD
is the interface between the designer and the hardware. In geometric modeling, the designer
creates the graphical image of the required product on the CRT screen of the ICG system by
inputting three types of commands to the computer. The first type of command generates basic
geometrics like points, lines, curves, etc. The second type of command is used to form
transformations actions like scaling, modifying, rotation, etc. The third type of command is
used to obtain desired shape of the product. During geometric modeling process, the computer
converts these commands into a mathematical model, stores it in its data storage place, and
displays it on the CRT screen.

There are 3 basic features of geometric modeling.

1. Wireframe modeling
2. Surface modeling
3. Solid modeling

The Wire Frame Modeling (WFM) is the basic form of geometric modeling. These
wireframes are used to represent an object. The object is displayed by interconnecting lines.

WFM is classified into 3 types:

1. 2D: Two-dimensional representation is done for flat objects.

1
2. 2 D: This represents a 3-D object without any lateral surface details.
2
3. 3D: Three-dimensional representation with complete geometry.

Surface modeling is the enhancement of WFM, in which the object is represented with surfaces.
Solid Modeling uses solid geometric shapes such as cylinders, cubes, etc called primitives to

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construct an object. It also considers physical properties of the created object based on the
inputs given.

PART PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS

1.1 NC Procedure

The following are the basic steps in NC procedure:

→ Process Planning
→ Part Programming
→ Part Program Entry
→ Proving the Part Programs
→ Production
1. Process Planning: The part programmer will often carry out the task of process planning.
Process planning is the procedure of deciding what operations are to be done on the
component, in what order, and with what tooling and work holding facilities. Both the
process planning and part programming aspects of manufacture occur after the detail
drawings of a component have been prepared. The following procedure may be used as a
guide to assist the programmer, by describing each step required in preparing the method
of production.

Process Planning Procedure:

➢ Receive the part drawing. From part drawing information, check the suitability of part
to he machined against the machine capacity.
➢ Determine a method of driving the component (chuck type, chuck size, type of jaw,
collar size, face driver, etc.) & the method of machining.
➢ Determine the tooling required to suit the method of machining and utilise as much
possible the tools, which are permanently in the turret set upon the machine.
➢ Determine the order of machining and the tooling stations.
➢ Determine planned stops (Cycle Interrupt Procedure, Incorporating Block Delete Code)
for checking dimensional sizes where required by operator.
➢ Determine cutting speeds based on:
o Component material, method of driving, rigidity of component
o The tooling selected for roughing and finishing: tool holders with carbide drills,
high-speed steel drills, & ceramics.

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 ➢ Determine the depths of cut & feeds for roughing operations based on - Horsepower
available for culling and rigidity of the part.
➢ Determine from surface finish requirements the Cutter nose radius most suited for
finishing operations and determine feed rates.
➢ Allocate tool offsets as required.
➢ Complete planning sheet.
2. Part Programming

➢ After completing the planning sheet, draw the component showing the cutter paths (a
simple sketch is sufficient for simple components.
➢ Select a component datum & carry out the necessary calculations at slopes and arcs.
➢ Prepare tooling layout sheet showing tools to be used in the program & indicate the station
number for each tool.
➢ Indicate the ordering code for each tool & the grade & the type of inserts to be used.
➢ Write the part program according to the sequence of operations.

3. Part Program Entry or Tape Preparation: The part program is prepared/punched on a

25 mm (1-inch) wide paper tape with 8 tracks and is then fed to MCU in order to produce
a component of interest on machine tool. Other forms of input media include punched cards,
magnetic tape, 35 mm motion picture film. The input to the NC system can be in two ways:

i. Manual Data Input

ii. Direct Numerical Control

i. Manual Data Input (MDI): Complete part programs arc entered into the CNC control unit
via the console keyboard. It is suited only for relatively simple jobs. The most common
application for MDI is the editing of part programs already resident in controllers' memory.

One variation of MDI is a concept called "Conversational Programming" CNC machines

are programmed via a question and answer technique whereby a resident software program
asks the operator a series of questions. In response to the operator's input, and by accessing
a pre-programmed data file, the computer control can.

➢ Select numerical values for use within machining calculations

➢ Perform calculations to optimize machining conditions
➢ Identify standard tools & coordinates

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 ➢ Calculate cutter paths & coordinates
➢ Generate the part program to machine the component

A typical dialogue from the machine would be as follows for the operator to identify such
things as:

➢ Material to be cut
➢ Surface roughness tolerance
➢ Machined shape required
➢ Size of the raw material blank
➢ Machining allowances, cut directions
➢ Tools & tool details etc

The operator may then examine and prove the program via computer graphics simulation
on the console VDU. After this, the program is stored or punched on tape. Although there
is some sacrifice in machine utilization, actual programming time is minimal and much
tedious production engineering work (calculating feeds and speeds etc,) is eliminated.

ii. Direct Numerical Control: The process of transferring part programs into the memory of
a CNC machine tool from a host computer is called Direct Numerical Control or DNC.

4. Proving Part Programs: it is a sale practice to check the programmed path for any
interference between the tool & the work before using the part program for production.
This process known as Proving Part Program is done in several ways:
➢ Visual Inspection
➢ Single Step Execution
➢ Dry Run
➢ Graphical Simulation
a. Visual Inspection: it represents the method of checking visually the program present
in the memory of the CNC machine, In this, actual program is run and the programmed
movements in all axes are to be checked along with ensuring the tool offset and cutter
compensation feature. This method represents the least form of verification and should
not be relied upon entirely.
b.
c. Single Step Execution: Before auto-running the part program it should be executed in
a single step mode i.e., block by block. During this execution, spindle speed and feed

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 rate override facilities are to be used so that the axes movement can be easily monitored.
This operation may be carried out with or without mounting the component on the
machine

d. Dry Run: A dry run consists of running the part program in auto-mode. During this,
the component is not installed on the machine table and the cutting is done in air The
purpose of this run is to verify the programmed path of the tool under continuous
operation and to check whether adequate clearance exists between the clamping
arrangement and other projections within the setup. Feed rate override facilities are used
to slow down the speed of execution of the program.

e. Graphical Simulation: A graphical simulation package emulates the machine tool and,
using computer graphics, plots out the machine movement on a VOU screen. Machine
movement often takes the form a cutting tool shape moving around the screen according
to the programmed movements. When the tool shape passes over a shaded
representation of the component, it erases that part of the component. The resulting
shape, left after the execution represents the shape of the finished component. Any gross
deviations from the intended tool path can be observed and any potential interference
can be highlighted.

1.2 NC Organisation:

Program Preparation Methods: Part programming of NC production machines comprises

the collection of all data required to produce the part, the calculation of a tool path along which
the machine operations will be performed, and the arrangement of those given and calculated
data in a standard format, which could be converted to an acceptable form for a particular
machine control unit.

Different methods can be employed in the preparation of NC programs depending on how a

particular company has organized its NC programming, and also depending on what additional
data processing aids are available. They are:

➢ Programming in the planning department

➢ Programming in the workshop.
➢ Manual programming.

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 ➢ Computer assisted programming
➢ Higher level programming languages

Programming in the Planning Department: This method is advantageous where

➢ The existing CNC systems are complicated

➢ The workpieces have complex geometry
➢ There are many similar CNC machines in the plant
➢ Workshop personnel are qualified
➢ Programming Systems can be utilized

Workshop Programming: Many CNC machines are designed for workshop programming as
a fundamental concept, and there can be wide differences in how the machines are operated.
To support the operator in the workshop, most CNC systems feature operator guidance. When
such guidance is available, the screen shows consecutively or simultaneously, in any situation,
these functions that can be selected. When inputting programs, it is particularly useful that the
screen not only shows the program instruction input, but also the possible supplementary
functions (coordinates, feed rates, etc.).

1.3 Part Programming Geometry

1. Coordinate System for a CNC Lathe: Machining of a workpiece by an NC program

requires a coordinate system to be applied to the machine tool. As all machine tools have
more than one slide. It is important that each slide is identified individually. There are three
planes in which movement can take place.
➢ Longitudinal
➢ Vertical
➢ Transverse

Each plane is assigned a letter and is referred to as an axis. i.e.,

➢ Axis X
➢ Axis Y
➢ Axis Z

The three axes are identified by upper case X, Y and Z and the direction 0 movement along
each axis is specified as either PLUS (+) or MINUS (-). The Z-axis is: always parallel to

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 the main spindle of the machine. The X-axis is always parallel to tilt work-holding surface,
and always at right angles to the Z-axis. The Y-axis is at right angle to both Z and X-axis.
The Coordinate System for turning operations is shown in Fig. 1.

The coordinate system for designating the axes is the conventional “Right Hand
Coordinate System” as shown in Fig.2. A labeling of the axes is a right hand coordinate
system whenever the fingers of the fight hand are aligned with the positive X axis and are
then rotated (through the smaller angle) toward the positive Y axis, then the thumb of the
right hand points in the direction of the positive Z axis. Otherwise, the orientation is a “Left
Hand Coordinate System”.

The right hand coordinate system is also known as “Clockwise Rotating Coordinate
System”. The reason for this is the sequence of the axis definitions if the X-axis is rotating
in the direction of the Y-axis, the movement is the same as if a screw is turned in the Z
direction as shown in Fig.3.

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One could use his right hand to get these alternative relative positions of the same right hand
coordinate system as shown in Fig.4

In programming it must be assumed that the workpiece is stationary and the tools move in the
coordinate system. The workpiece is positioned within the coordinate system so that the Z-axis
coincides with the turning center-line (axis of rotation) and the X and Y coordinates always
have the same values. Therefore the Y coordinate is not used in turning.

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2. Zero Points & Reference Points:

On CNC coordinating systems controls machines tool traverses. Their accurate position within
the machine too1 is established by “Zero Points” as shown in fig. 5.

Machine zero point (M): is specified by the manufacturer of the machine. This is the zero point
for the coordinate systems & reference points in the machine. On turning lathes, the machine
zero point as shown in F/G.6 & FIG.7 is generally at the center of the spindle nose face. The
main spindle axis (center line) represents the Z-axis; the face determines the X-axis. The
directions of the positive X and Z-axis point toward the working area. When the tool traverses
in the positive direction, it moves away from the workpiece.

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Reference Point (R): This point serves for calibrating and controlling the measuring system
of the slides and tool traverses. The position of the reference point as shown in Fig. 8 is
accurately predetermined every traverse axis by the trip dogs and limit switches. Therefore, the
reference point coordinates always have the same, precisely known numerical value in relation
to the machine zero point. After initiating the control system, the reference point must always
be approached from all axes to calibrate the traverse measuring system. If current slide and tool
position data should be lost in the control system as, for example, through electrical failure.
The machine must again be positioned to the reference point to re-establish the proper
positioning values

Workpiece Zero Point (W): This point determines the workpiece coordinate system in relation
to the machine zero point. The workpiece zero point is chosen by the programmer and input
into the CNC system when setting up the machine. The position of the workpiece zero point

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can be freely chosen by the programmer within the workpiece envelope of the machine. It is,
however, advisable to place the workpiece zero point in such a manner that the dimensions in
the workpiece drawing can be conveniently converted into coordinate values and orientation
when damping/chucking, setting up and checking, the traverse measuring system can be
effected easily. For turned parts, the workpiece zero point should be placed along the spindle
axis (center line), in line with the right-hand or left-hand end face of the finished contour as
shown in FIG.9. Occasionally, the workpiece zero point is also called the “Program Zero
Point”.

Tool Point: Which machining a workpiece, it is essential to able to control the tool point or the
tool cutting edges in precise relationship to the workpiece along the machining path Since tools
have different shapes and dimensions, precise tool dimensions have to be established
beforehand and input into the control system. The tool dimensions arc related to a fixed tool
setting point during pre-setting.

The tool selling point .E is located at a certain point on the tool holder as shown in Fig. 10.
This setting point permits measuring of tools away from the CNC machine. The data thus
measured such as tool length, tool point offset or tool radius is input into the tool data storage
(memory) or the control system. The mate of the tool setting point is the Socket point N on the
tool carrier. When the tool or tool holder is inserted into the tool carrier (e.g., turret), the setting
point and the tool socket point coincide.

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3. CNC Related Dimensioning:

Dimensional information in a workpiece drawing can be stated in two ways: Absolute

Dimension System and Incremental Dimension System.

Absolute Dimension System: Data in absolute dimension system always refer to a fixed
reference point in the drawing as shown in Fig.11. This point has the function of a coordinate
zero point as shown in Fig. 12. The dimension lines run parallel to the coordinate axes and
always start at the reference point. Absolute dimensions are also called as “Reference
Dimensions”

Advantages of Absolute Dimension System:

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1. In case of interruptions that force the operator to stop the machine, the cutting tool
automatically returns to previous position, since it always moves to the absolute coordinate
called for, und the machining proceeds from the same block where it was interrupted.

2. Possibility of easily changing the dimensional data in the part program whenever required

3. When describing contours and positions, it is always preferable to employ absolute

dimensions, because the first incorrect dimensioning of an individual point has no effect on
the remaining dimensions & the absolute system is easier to check for errors.

1.4 NC Program Buildup:

In an NC program, the machining steps (operations) for producing a part on the machine tool
are laid down in a form that the control system can understand. A program is composed of
several blocks. A block is a collection of NC words. An NC word is a collection of address
letter and a sequence of numbers. Table.1 shows the address letters according to DIN 66025.

CHARACTER MEANING
A Rotation about. X-axis.
B Rotation about, Y-axis
C Rotation about, Z-axis
D&E Rotation about additional axes
F Feed
G Preparatory function, identifying the action to be executed
H Unassigned
I Interpolation parameter / Thread pitch parallel to X-axis
J Thread pitch parallel to Y-axis
K Thread pitch parallel to Z-axis
L Unassigned
M Auxiliary function

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 N Block number
O Not used
Thread movement parallel to X, Y, & Z-axes respectively. P & Q are
P, Q, R
also used as parameters in cycles
S Spindle speed
T Tool
U, V, W Second movement parallel to X, Y, Z axes respectively.
X Movement in X-axis
Y Movement in Y-axis
Z Movement in Z-axis

Table. 1: Address Characters as per DIN 66026

Miscellaneous & Preparatory Functions

Miscellaneous Function (M codes): M Codes are instructions describing miscellaneous

functions 1ike caH1ng the tool, spindle rotation, coolant on etc.

M00 Program Stop

M02 Optional Stop
M03 Spindle Forward (CW)
M04 Spindle Reverse (CCW)
M05 Spindle Stop
M06 Tool Change
MO8 Coolant On
M09 Coolant Off
M10 Vice open
M11 Vice close
M62 Output 1 On
M63 Output 2 On
M64 Output 1 Off

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 M65 Output 1 Off
M66 Output 2 Off
M67 Wait Input 1 On
M76 Wait Input 1 Off
M77 Wait Input 2 Off
M98 Subprogram Call
M99 Subprogram Exit

M01 Optional Stop: Cycle operation is stopped after a block containing MO1 is executed.
This code is only effective when the optional stop switch on the machine control panel has
been pressed. Example: M01

M02 Program End: This code is inserted at the end of the program. When encountered the
cycle will encl. To produce another the system must be reset.

Example: M02

M03 Spindle Forward: Starts the spindle spinning forward, clockwise or negative direction
at the last specified spindle rate. Example: M03 51200

M04 Spindle Reverse: Starts the spindle spinning reverse, counter clockwise of positive
direction at the last specified spindle rate. Example: M04 51000

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M05 Stop Spindle: Stops the spindle without changing the spindle speed. Example: MOS

M06 Tool Change: The M06 in conjunction with “T” WORD, is used to can up the required
tool on an automatic indexing turret machine, and to activate its tool offsets. The left most digit
of the “T” ignoring zeros selects the new tool. Tool changes are normally performed with the
tool post at a safe position away from the workpiece, so the code G28 REFERENCE POINT
RETURN would be used in the block prior to M06.

Example: M06 and T0200

& T20

& T2 all select tool 2

M08 Coolant On: M08 turns the coolant on.

M09 Coolant Off: M09 turns the coolant off

M10 Chuck Open: M10 opens pneumatic or similar automatic chuck to allow for bar feed.

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M11 Chuck Close: M11closes the chuck

M13 Spindle Forward, Coolant On: Sets spindle rotation forward and coolant all. Example:
M13 51000

FAST TRAVERSE – G00

Description: The rapid traverse instruction

(function) is identified by the program word
GOO. A rapid traverse instruction traverses
the tool to the target point at maximum
traverse rate. As supplementary functions it
will be necessary to input the coordinates of
the target point. The tool normally takes the
shortest path from the starting point to the
destination point. The tool path is
determined by the non-linear interpolation
type positioning. Positioning is done Note: The rapid traverse rate in the G00
separately with each axis. The rapid traverse command is set for each axis independently by
is used for movements where no tools in the machine tool builder. Accordingly, the
engagement. rapid traverse rate cannot be specified in the
address F when programming.

G01 Linear Motion

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 Description: In accordance with the
established standards, the instruction
"straight-line at feed rate" requires the
program word G01. The following
Supplementary Functions are also needed:
Target point coordinates feed rate, spindle
speed or cutting speed. GO I traverses the
tool along a linear path to the given target
point with the feed rate input as a
supplementary function. The feed rate
determines the speed with which the
workpiece is machined. The choice of feed
rate depends on the tool (tool point geometry When giving the instructions G01, the
and tool material), the material being coordinates of the destination point can be
machined, and the required surface finish expressed using either absolute or
and the drive rating and rigidity of the incremental dimensions.
machine tool.

Note on G02/G03:

➢ 10 and K0 can be omitted.

➢ If X (U) all Z (W) are both omitted or if the end point is located at the same position as the
start point, and when the center is commanded by I & K, an arc of 360 (q complete circle)
is assumed.
➢ If I, K & R addresses are specified simultaneously the arc specified by address R lakes
precedence and the others are ignored.

G04 DWELL

Description Illustration

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 A G04 causes the program to wait for a specified amount of time. The
time can be specified in seconds with the “X” or “U” prefixes or in G04 X 1.5
milliseconds with the “p” prefix. During cutter motion the NC G04 U 1.5
controller usually applies a deceleration at the end of the motion
specified by one statement and acceleration at the start of the motion G04 P 1500
specified by the next statement. A G04 code can be inserted between
the two statements to make a sharp comer.

G20 Imperial: A G20 causes position to be as being in imperial units. All the input values are
in inches. This can only be at the start of the main program.

G21 Metric: A G21 causes positions to be interpreted as being in metric units. All the input
values are in nun. This can only be at the start of the main program.

G28 Go to Reference Point:

Description Illustration
A G28 causes a fast traverse 10 the specified, position and then to the G28 X35 Z5
machine datum
G28 DO WO

Compensate Function:

Description: Tool offset is used to compensate for the difference when the tool actually used
differs from the imagined tool used in programming (usually, standard tool), During
programming, a four digit number is programmed following the letter T, the first two digits
represent toe Tool number, and the second two digits represents the Tool offset number. Fig.18
illustrate the concept of Tool offsets

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Tool Geometry Offset & Tool Wear Offset: With the option of tool geometry and wear
compensation, it is possible to divide the tool offset for compensating the tool shape or
mounting position to the geometry offset, & tool wear to the wear offset. The total value of the
tool geometry offset and tool wear offset are set as the tool offset value if the tool geometry
and wear compensation option is not equipped Fig's. 19 & 20 illustrate the method of
differentiation of tool geometry offset from tool wear offset

Tool Nose Radius Compensation (G40-642): In turning operations on lathe, the positions and
cutter path for contouring motion cannot be declined directly on the basis of the dimensions
specified on a part drawing. The coordinates of the end position in each contouring motion
statement of an NC program must be calculated. This calculation is time consuming and error
prone. On modem CNC machines, special calculation functions or cutter-radius compensation
codes are provided to allow a user to utilize part-profile coordinates obtainable from the part
drawing to program a contouring motion. These are the G41 and G42 codes for tool radius

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compensation on the left- and right-hand sides of a profile, respectively. A left or right
compensation is based on the fact that the tool is on the left - or right-hand side when one goes
along the part profile in the direction specified by the contouring motion statements in the
program. A G40 code is provided to cancel the cutter-radius compensation. The tool nose radius
compensation function together with the tool-offset function automatically compensates for the
error in culling due to tool nose roundness. FIG. 21 illustrates the 1001 nose radius
compensation

The nose of a Lathe cutter is only a section of a circle and does not rotate, like an end mill,
during the cutting process. Therefore different cutter compensation vectors (or directions) must
be applied with different types of cutting tools as shown in Fig. 22, which illustrates the
relationship between the tool and the start point. The end of the arrow is the imaginary tool
nose. The direction of the imaginary tool nose viewed from the toot nose center is determined
by the direction of the tool motion during cutting; this is set in advance with the offset values.
Imaginary tool nose numbers 0 and 9 are used when the tool nose center coincides with the
start point.

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Fig. 24 shows programming using imaginary tool nose. The imaginary tool nose is required because
it is usually more difficult to set the tool nose center to the start point

The tools installed on the turret have different relative positions with respect to the turret center. To
compensate for these differences, one should set the offsets in the X and Z directions for different tools
as shown in the Table.2. The number of pairs of offsets is restricted to the number of tools

OFR Tool OFT

OFX Offset OFZ Offset
Offset Nose Radius Direction of
Amount on Amount on
Number Compo Imaginary
X axis Z axis
Amount Tool No.
01 0,03 0,02 002 1
02 0.06 0.03 003 2
Table.2 Tool Offsets

Note: On Tool Nose Radius Compensation

➢ In the linear move before entering the Tool nose compensation always add on a more than the
radius of the tool.
➢ After the Tool Radius Compensation has been applied and the particular move has been executed
(i.e., an arc has been turned) then two linear straight-line moves must be made before canceling
IIT MANDI PRODUCT REALISATION TECHNOLOGY PRACTICUM 2020

the tool radius compensation with a G.40

➢ The two linear moves must be greater than the tool radius compensation.

G50 Co-Ordinate Setting: GSO enables tool nose radius compensation to the left of the programmed
path. G50 has 2 uses. Coordinate setting block has "X", "Z", "LJ" OR "W"' upon it. A maximum
spindle speed block docs not.

G50 Clamp Spindle: GSO sets the maximum spindle speed for constant surface control. An “X”, “Z”,
“u” or “W” prefix must not be on the block or it will be interpreted as a coordinate setting block. G50
creates a new coordinate system in which the tools current position is set to the specified coordinates.
The new coordinates can be in absolute or incremental form.

G96 Constant Surface Speed: The cutting speed during turning is the peripheral speed of the work.
The peripheral speed of a rotating work represents the peripheral path in a given unit time as shown ill
FIG.33 The peripheral speed or cutting speed is thus the fully stretched chip length produced in one
time. The cutting speeds vary in direct relation to the diameters, even if the number of revolutions per
minute is the same in all cases.

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IIT MANDI PRODUCT REALISATION TECHNOLOGY PRACTICUM 2020

The correct selection of the cutting speed for turning is very important.

Cutting Speed Too Low: Time Loss & Low surface finish with increasing cutting speed the surface
speed is improved

Cutting Speed Too High: High Tool Wear

Table for Words acceptable to the EMC interpreter

D tool radius compensation number M miscellaneous function (see below)

F feed rate N line number
G general function (see below) P dwell time with G4 and canned cycles
H tool length offset key used with G10
I X-axis offset for arcs Q Q feed increment in G83 canned cycle
X offset in G87 canned cycle R R arc radius
J Y-axis offset for arcs canned cycle plane
and Y offset in G87 canned cycle S S spindle speed
K K Z-axis offset for arcs T T tool selection
X
and Z offset in G87 canned cycle X-axis of machine
L Y
L number of repetitions in canned Y-axis of machine
Z
cycles Z-axis of machine
and key used with G10

Table for Definition of Common Axes

X - Primary Linear Axis U -Secondary axis parallel to X A - Angular axis around X axis
V -Secondary axis parallel to Y B - Angular axis around Y axis
Y - Primary Linear Axis
W- Secondary axis parallel to Z C - Angular axis around Z axis
Z - Primary Linear Axis

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IIT MANDI PRODUCT REALISATION TECHNOLOGY PRACTICUM 2020

Preparatory Words

Some G words alter the state of the machine so that it changes from cutting straight lines to cutting
arcs. Other G words cause the interpretation of numbers as millimeters rather than inches. While still
others set or remove tool length or diameter offsets. Most of the G words tend to be related to motion
or sets of motions. Table lists the currently available g words.

Table for G Code List

G0 rapid positioning G58 use preset work coordinate system 5

G1 linear interpolation G59 use preset work coordinate system 6
G2 circular/helical interpolation (clockwise) G59.1 use preset work coordinate system 7
G3 circular/helical interpolation G59.2 use preset work coordinate system 8
(c-clockwise) G59.3 use preset work coordinate system 9
G4 dwell G80 cancel motion mode (includes canned)
G10 coordinate system origin setting G81 drilling canned cycle
G17 xy plane selection G82 drilling with dwell canned cycle
G18 xz plane selection G83 chip-breaking drilling canned cycle
G19 yz plane selection G84 right hand tapping canned cycle
G20 inch system selection G85 boring, no dwell, feed out canned cycle
G21 millimeter system selection G86 boring, spindle stop, rapid out canned
G40 cancel cutter diameter compensation G87 back boring canned cycle
G41 start cutter diameter compensation left G88 boring, spindle stop, manual out
G42 start cutter diameter compensation right canned
G43 tool length offset (plus) G89 boring, dwell, feed out canned cycle
G49 cancel tool length offset G90 absolute distance mode
G53 motion in machine coordinate system G91 incremental distance mode
G54 use preset work coordinate system 1 G92 offset coordinate systems
G55 use preset work coordinate system 2 G92.2 cancel offset coordinate systems
G56 use preset work coordinate system 3 G93 inverse time feed mode
G57 use preset work coordinate system 4 G94 feed per minute mode
G98 initial level return in canned cycles

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IIT MANDI PRODUCT REALISATION TECHNOLOGY PRACTICUM 2020

Fixture Offsets (G54-G59.3)

Fixture offset are used to make a part home that is different from the absolute, machine coordinate
system. This allows the part programmer to set up home positions for multiple parts. A typical
operation that uses fixture offsets would be to mill multiple copies of parts on "islands" in a piece,
similar to the figure below

To use fixture offsets, the values of the desired home positions must be stored in the control, prior to
running a program that uses them. Once there are values assigned, a call to G54, for instance, would
add 2 to all X values in a program. A call to G58 would add 2 to X values and -2 to Y values in this
example.

G53 is used to cancel out fixture offsets. So, calling G53 and then G0 X0 Y0 would send the
machine back to the actual coordinates of X=0, Y=0.
G53 is used to cancel out fixture offsets. So, calling G53 and then G0 X0 Y0 would send the
machine back to the actual coordinates of X=0, Y=0.

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G53 motion in machine coordinate system

G54 use preset work coordinate system 1

G55 use preset work coordinate system 2

G56 use preset work coordinate system 3

G57 use preset work coordinate system 4

G58 use preset work coordinate system 5

G59 use preset work coordinate system 6

G59.1 use preset work coordinate system 7

G59.2 use preset work coordinate system 8

G59.3 use preset work coordinate system 9

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IIT MANDI PRODUCT REALISATION TECHNOLOGY PRACTICUM 2020

Experiment CNC

Aim To perform Facing, turning and grooving operations on lathe machine

Drawing

Material required Mild Steel

Length=110 mm, Dia. = 32 mm
Equipment and • Vernier Calliper
tools required • Single point cutting tool
(Please illustrate • Tool holder
equipment and tools • Hammer
using appropriate • Allen key set
drawings)
Sequence of • Hold the desired length of job into the chuck
operations • Start the lathe
• Move tool post in front of the job until it just touches the end of the job
(for facing)

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• In case of turning place the tool post at the outer circumference of the end
of the job
• In first pass rough surface may be obtained
• For smoother surface, second pass can be done
• For grooving purpose, depth of cut can be increased for a particular
length
Procedure • Hold the desired length of job into the chuck
• Centring can be required in case of 4 jaw chuck
• Fix the tool holder along with tool in the tool post
• Start the lathe
• Move tool post in front of the job until it just touches the end of the job
(for facing)
• In case of turning place the tool post at the outer circumference of the end
of the job
• In first pass rough surface may be obtained
• For smoother surface, second pass can be done
• For grooving purpose, depth of cut can be increased for a particular
length
Precautions • Ensure that the work-piece and single point cutting tool are mounted
securely before taking a cut.
• Don’t take a heavy cut or use to rapid a feed.
• Always use the cutting fluid for the material being cut.
• Make sure the power OFF, before changing the cutter.
• Do not use cracked or damaged cutters.
• Position guards to deflect chips to a safe area.
• Never run the machine faster than the correct cutting speed.
• Keep hands away from moving/rotating Machinery.

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