Function: Electrical, Electronic and

Control Engineering
After completing this subject, the cadets will be able to :
 Acquire knowledge about Basic electrical engineering
 Demonstrate and Acquire Marine Electro-technology
 Design features and system configurations of operational
control equipment for electrical motors
 The interpretation of electrical and simple electronic diagrams
 Design features and system configurations of operational
control equipment for electrical motors
The interpretation of electrical and simple electronic diagrams
Power Distribution Systems

Distribution
Handles for opening the doors on switchboard cubicles are usually linked or
interlocked to an isolating switch.
• Fused isolators are isolating switches that
incorporate fuses.

• Fused isolators can also be interlocked with the

cubicle door handle.
The main generator supply cables
are connected directly to their
respective circuit breakers. Short
copper bars from each generator
connect it to the three bus-bars
which run through the length of the
switchboard.
MAIN CIRCUIT BREAKER
AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER
The main function of air circuit breaker is to:
• Open and close a 3 phase circuit, manually or automatically.
• Open the circuit automatically when a fault occurs. Faults can be of various
types – under or over voltage, under or over frequency, short circuit,
reverse power, earth fault etc.
• The main feature of ACB is that it dampens or quenches the arcing during
overloading.
What is the purpose of interlocks fitted to circuit breakers?
Interlocks fitted to breakers suggest that a load is supplied from two separate
sources. An example would be where one breaker is supplied from a utility
source and the other breaker will be supplied from a generator source. To
prevent both breakers from being on at the same time to supply the load, an
interlock is placed across both breakers.
This allows only one breaker to be on at a time. Manual interlocks
allow a person to make the decision as to which power source will
supply the load. Automatic transfer switches have built in interlocks
and will sense where the source power is coming from. This type of
system switches from one electrical source to another without any
human intervention.
FUSES
In electronics and electrical engineering, a fuse (from the French fuser,
Italian fuso, "spindle") is a type of low resistance resistor that acts as
a sacrificial device to provide overcurrent protection, of either the load
or source circuit.
Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too
much current flows through it, interrupting the circuit that it
connects.
Example of a blown fuse
Emergency Power Supply

• Supports important electrical systems on loss of normal power

supply. A standby power system may include a standby generator,
batteries and other apparatus.

• Emergency power supply are installed to protect life and property

from the consequences of loss of primary electric power supply.
System Diagram of a
Typical Distribution System
Onboard
 Insulation

Material that retards or prevents the progression or transmission

of electricity, heat, moisture, shock, or sound from one item or medium to
another.
Insulator

An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not

flow freely, and therefore make it nearly impossible to conduct an electric
current under the influence of an electric field.

The purpose of the insulation is to prevent direct contact with live

conductors.

http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/the-good-bad-ugly-cable-
insulation
Insulator

The flow of leakage currents through surface deposits is called tracking,

which is also affected by the creep age and clearance distances between
Terminals.
Insulator
The use of insulation materials on electrical equipment, whilst being
necessary, also has the effect of preventing heat loss, i.e. the heat is not
able to dissipate, thus creating the possible danger of fire. In addition, the
insulating material has a maximum temperature rating – this is heat it
can withstand without being damaged. The current rating for all
equipment and electrical components is therefore limited to keep the
heat generated within safe limits. In addition, the maximum voltage
present needs to be considered when choosing insulation.
When the magnitude of the leakage current exceeds the design limit,
the cable will no longer deliver energy efficiently.
Why A Cable Becomes Bad?
All insulation deteriorates naturally with age, especially when exposed to
elevated temperature due to high loading and even when it is not physically
damaged. In this case, there is a distributed flow of leakage current during a
test or while energized.

Many substances such as water, oil and chemicals can contaminate and
shorten the life of insulation and cause serious problems
Insulation Resistance Test
The insulation resistance (IR) test (also commonly known as a Megger) is
a spot insulation test which uses an applied DC voltage (typically either
250Vdc, 500Vdc or 1,000Vdc for low voltage equipment <600V and
2,500Vdc and 5,000Vdc for high voltage equipment) to measure
insulation resistance in either kΩ, MΩ or GΩ. The measured resistance is
intended to indicate the condition of the insulation or dieletric between
two conductive parts, where the higher the resistance, the better the
condition of the insulation
Factors Affecting Test Results

There are two main factors that will affect IR test results:

• Temperature
• Humidity
Temperature

Electrical resistance has an inverse exponential relationship with temperature, i.e.

as temperature increases, resistance will decrease and vice versa. Since the
minimum acceptable IR test values are based on a fixed reference temperature
(usually 20oC), the measured IR test values must be corrected to the reference
temperature in order to make sense of them.
As a rule of thumb, the resistance halves for every 10oC increase in temperature
(and vice versa). So if the measured IR test value was 2MΩ at 20oC, then it would
be 1MΩ at 30oC or 4MΩ at 10oC.
ANSI/NETA ATS-2009 Table 100.14 provides correction factors for IR test
measurements taken at temperatures other than 20oC or 40oC, which were in turn
based on the correction factors in the freely available Megger book "A stitch in
time..."
Humidity
The presence (or lack) of moisture can also affect the IR test
measurements, the higher the moisture content in the air, the
lower the IR test reading. If possible, IR tests should not be
carried out in very humid atmospheres (below the dew point).
While there are no standard correction factors or guidance for
humid conditions, it is good practice to record the relative
humidity of each IR test so that they can be used for baseline
comparisons in future tests. For example, having past data on
the IR test values for dry and humid days will give you a
foundation for evaluating future test values.
Ampacity ( current-carrying capacity)

Ampacity is defined as the maximum amount of electric current a

conductor or device can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive
deterioration. Also described as current rating or current-carrying capacity,
ampacity is the RMS electric current which a device or conductor can
continuously carry while remaining within its temperature rating.
The ampacity of a conductor depends on:

• its insulation temperature rating;

• the electrical resistance of the conductor material;
• frequency of the current, in the case of alternating current;
• ability to dissipate heat, which depends on conductor geometry and
its surroundings;
• ambient temperature.
All common electrical conductors have some resistance to the flow of electricity.
Electric current flowing through them causes voltage drop and power dissipation,
which heats conductors. Copper or aluminum can conduct a large amount of
current without damage, but long before conductor damage, insulation would,
typically, be damaged by the resultant heat.
• The ampacity for a conductor is based on physical and electrical properties of
the material and construction of the conductor and of its insulation, ambient
temperature, and environmental conditions adjacent to the conductor. Having a
large overall surface area can dissipate heat well if the environment can absorb
the heat.
• In cables different conditions govern, and
installation regulations normally specify that the most severe
condition along the run will govern each cable conductor's rating.
Cables run in wet or oily locations may carry a lower temperature
rating than in a dry installation. Derating is necessary for multiple
cables in close proximity. When multiple cables are in close
proximity, each contributes heat to the others and diminishes the
amount of external cooling affecting the individual cable
conductors.
• The overall ampacity of insulated cable conductors in a bundle of
more than three cables must also be derated, whether in
a raceway or cable. Usually the derating factor is tabulated in a
nation's wiring regulations.
• Depending on the type of insulating material, common maximum
allowable temperatures at the surface of the conductor are 60, 75,
and 90 °C, often with an ambient air temperature of 30 °C. In
the United States, 105 °C is allowed with ambient of 40 °C, for larger
power cables, especially those operating at more than 2 kV.
Likewise, specific insulations are rated 150, 200, or 250 °C.
The allowed current in a conductor generally needs to be decreased
(derated) when conductors are in a grouping or cable, enclosed in
conduit, or an enclosure restricting heat dissipation. e.g. The United
States National Electric Code, Table 310.15(B)(16), specifies that up to
three 8 AWG copper wires having a common insulating material
(THWN) in a raceway, cable, or direct burial has an ampacity of
50 A when the ambient air is 30°C, the conductor surface temperature
allowed to be 75°C. A single insulated conductor in free air has 70 A
rating
• Ampacity rating is normally for continuous current, and short
periods of overcurrent occur without harm in most cabling systems.
The acceptable magnitude and duration of overcurrent is a more
complex topic than ampacity.
• When designing an electrical system, one will normally need to
know the current rating for the following:
• Wires
• Printed Circuit Board traces, where included
• Fuses
• Circuit breakers
• All or nearly all components used
• Some devices are limited by power rating, and when this power
rating occurs below their current limit, it is not necessary to know
the current limit to design a system. A common example of this
is lightbulb holders.
Transformers

Electrical generation on board ship is typically at three-phase AC, 440 V, 60

Hz (or 380 V, 50 Hz), while fixed lighting and other low power loads are
supplied with 220 V AC single-phase from very efficient (typically>900/0)
static transformer units.
Ships with HV generation require three phase transformers to supply the
LV engine room and accommodation sub-switchboards, eg using
6600/440V units (see Figure)
The principle of operation of a single-phase transformer is
straightforward.
An applied AC voltage (V1 ) to the primary winding sets up an
alternating magnetic flux in the laminated steel core.
The flux induces an emf in the secondary, whose size is fixed by the ratio
of primary and secondary turns in the pair of phase windings (N1 & N2)
The secondary voltage V2 is available to drive current through a load.
It is the load connected to the secondary that sets the size and power
factor angle of the load current .
Transformer arrangements
The transformers are generally air cooled and mounted in sheet steel
enclosures that are often located adjacent to the main switchboard.
Alternatively, they may be fitted within the switchboard so that
transformer enclosures are not required.
Three-phase 440/220V lighting transformers are usually composed of 3
separate single-phase units interconnected to form a three-phase
arrangement. This enables easy replacement of a single-phase
unit if it develops a fault. The alternative is to use a single three-phase unit
with all windings mounted on a common magnetic core. This type has to
be completely isolated in the event of a fault on one phase only. The
power transformers for use on three-phase insulated systems are generally
interconnected in a delta-delta circuit configuration (other
configurations, such as delta-starand star-delta, are also in use) using
either copper links or power conductors between the phase windings
Transformers are static items of equipment that are usually very reliable
and trouble free. However, like all electrical equipment, transformers must
be subject to the usual maintenance checks. At regular specified intervals,
transformers must be switched off, covers removed and all accumulated
dust and deposits removed by a vacuum cleaner and suitable brushes.
Windings must be inspected for any signs of damage or overheating.
Winding continuity resistance values are measured, recorded and
compared with each other for balance. Any differences in continuity
readings will indicate winding faults, such as short-circuited turns.
The insulation resistance of all windings must be measured, both with
respect to earth and to the other phase windings. The cause of any low
insulation resistance reading must be investigated and rectified. Cable
connections must be checked for tightness