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Assignment on RFID for Agricultural purpose and

its different business utilization.

Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology

and Sciences
Prayagraj (Uttar Pradesh) Pin-211001

SUBMITTED BY: - SUBMITTED TO: -

Jai Kumar Jaiswal Pradhyuman slakhwat
PID NO :19MBAAB023 (Associate Professor)
MBA(Agribusiness)
3rd SEMESTER

Department of Agricultural Economics

Batch: 2019-2021
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What is RFID?
RFID is a term for "radio-frequency identification" and refers to a technology by which a
reader captures digital information encoded in RFID tags or smart labels through radio
waves. RFID is close to barcoding in that a computer that stores information in a database
collects information from a tag or label. However, RFID has many advantages over programs
that use software for barcode asset monitoring. Most notable thing is that it is possible to read
RFID tag information outside the line-of - sight, while barcodes must be matched with an
image sensor. Take the next move if you are considering implementing an RFID solution and
contact the RFID experts.
To rapidly identify and track tags attached to objects, radio-frequency identification (RFID)
uses electromagnetic fields. A tiny radio transponder, a radio receiver and a transmitter are
part of an RFID tag. The tag transmits digital data, usually a defining stock numbers, back to
the reader when activated by an electromagnetic investigation wave from a nearby RFID
reader unit. This variable can be used to track items for inventory.
Tags or marks applied to the objects to be marked are used by a radio-frequency
identification device. Two-way radio transmitting-receivers referred to as investigator or
readers give the tag a signal and read its response.
Smart labels and RFID tags
An RFID tag consists of an integrated circuit and an antenna, as mentioned above. The tag is
often made up of a protective substance that keeps the pieces together and protects them from
different environmental circumstances. On the application, the protective material depends.
Employee ID badges containing RFID tags, for example, are normally made of sturdy plastic,
and the tag is inserted between the plastic layers. RFID tags are either passive or active and
come in several shapes and sizes. The most used are passive tags, since they are smaller and
less costly to introduce. The RFID reader must be "powered up" by passive tags before they
can transmit data. Active RFID tags have an onboard power supply (e.g. a battery) in contrast
to passive tags, allowing them to transmit data always.
Tags
There are three components of RFID tags: a microchip (an integrated circuit that stores and
interpret data and modulates and demodulates radio frequency signals), a signal collecting
and transmitting antenna and a substratum. The tag information is stored in a non-volatile
memory. For processing the transmission and sensor data, the RFID tag contains either fixed
or programmable logic. RFID tags may be passive, active, or battery-assisted passive tags.
An active tag has an on-board battery and transmits its ID signal periodically. A passive
battery-assisted system has a battery pack on board and is triggered when an RFID reader is
present. Since it has no battery, a passive tag is cheaper and smaller; then, the tag uses the
radio energy transmitted by the reader. It must, however, be enhanced with a power level
approximately a thousand times harder than an active signal transmission tag to operate a
passive tag.
Two forms of RFID tags exist:
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Passive tags
Passive tags are driven by energy through interrogating radio signals from the RFID reader.
Active tags
Active tags are operated by a battery, so they can be read from the RFID reader at a wider
variety, up to hundreds of metres. The tag does not need to be beyond the reader's line of
sight, unlike a barcode, so it can be inserted in the tracked object. One automated recognition
and data capture tool is RFID.
Deciding RFID tags
The next big chunk you need to take care of is correctly marking your assets after you have
opted for an acceptable asset monitoring system. Improperly marking the properties will hurt
the functionality of any of the best tracking systems.
Here is some of the significant variables that you need to look out for to appropriately tag
your properties.
Read Range
A reasonable reading range is the primary factor to consider when selecting an RFID tag. The
range of reading indicates the distance between an asset's RFID tag and the RFID reader.
Choosing the correct reading range depends significantly on the type of company you are in.
For example, to distinguish its vehicles and equipment from away, it is reasonable for a
building company to go out for a longer reading range. Whereas a retail store with its point-of
- sale stations will opt for a shorter reading range alongside each line.
Size of RFID tag
In general, the larger the RFID tag, the wider the reading range. However, you need to
consider the size of your assets to determine the right tag size, too. There would be little room
for tags for smaller devices or items which are already very busy with printed relevant data
and their subcomponents, etc.
Extra treatment is required in this case to place tags so that no essential information or
component is disrupted. On the other hand, larger assets can accommodate larger tags with
RFID.
Climate at work
While RFID tags will operate without being in line of sight of the scanner, it is necessary to
ensure that the path of radio transmissions is not significantly obstructed by your workplace
environment. The labels may also be impaired by highly humid, combustible, or
electromagnetic conditions and alter their signals.
It is recommended to use metal-mount and robust passive UHF RFID tags without
compromising on efficiency for rough working conditions such as these.
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Placement of Tag
A basic rule of thumb is to always mount tags on assets where, during transit or use, they are
most safe from injury. Ensure they do not cover any air ducts or interfere with the
electromagnetic field of the machinery itself if you mount the tags on mechanical equipment.
How is RFID working?
RFID belongs to the category of Automatic Recognition and Data Capture (AIDC)
technologies. AIDC approaches automatically classify, collect, and enter items directly into
computer networks with little to no human interaction, gathering data about them. To do this,
RFID techniques use radio waves. RFID systems contain 3 parts at a basic level: an RFID tag
or smart mark, an RFID reader, and an antenna. An integrated circuit and an antenna are
included in the RFID tags, which are used to relay data to the RFID reader. The reader then
transforms the radio waves to a type of data that is more accessible. The information obtained
from the tags is then passed to a host computer system via a communication interface, where
even the data can be stored in a database and evaluated later.
Advantages of RFID systems
RFID technology has grown over time to respond to changing market developments since its
launch. In several ways, using it in your organizational work will improve your company.
1. Increases production
The RFID tracking system enhances performance.
RFID needs less effort than its predecessors, mainly because, even at a distance, it can read
tags. Also, fixed RFID readers allow multiple items to be mass scanned. This implies that the
extra seconds you would have spent on boring person scanning to concentrate on more
significant tasks can be squeezed out.
2. It gives access to data in real time.
With RFID, any changes in the volume and position of asset inventory and inventory items
are automatically updated in the online database. This makes demand forecasting, and the
production of procurement lists simpler. Let 's say, you work for a construction company and
a larger number of forklifts are needed for an ongoing project than normal.
3. It avoids inventory theft and misplacement.
If they are used by hundreds of workers every day, it also becomes difficult to monitor the
money. RFID labels enable you to keep track of where your assets are being distributed as
well as how. Keeping a watchful eye on your stock avoids loss by misplacement, theft, or
careless handling.
Tracking system for RFID: Features and uses
By taking in consideration your specific business requirements, an RFID monitoring system
helps you to run friction-less operations. To help you refine the workflows in the long run,
you can choose from a host of different features.
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1.To ensure accountability, check-in, and checkout

To speed up everyday business duties, large companies keep many properties. Each
department only has its own range of personalised products dedicated to its employees for
use. If a worker in the administration office takes a laptop from the finance department for
use and is not properly tracked, it may be lost for forever.
For this purpose, every asset must be stamped with a unique RFID tag so that you always
know its whereabouts.
Each RFID label shows in what department a specific asset belongs. So, you can insert it into
the records against the employee's username any time an employee from other department
checks that out for use. RFID systems, both active or passive, maintain strict control of
objects and avoid wilful misinterpretation.
2.Setting minimum thresholds for procurement to prevent stock outs
One of a company's most difficult everyday tasks is to preserve a balance between stocking
its stock over and under. If there is no way you can control how much more item is used, you
did not have an efficient procurement strategy in place.
To start with, if you purchase any inventory, you need to update your stock record in the
database. It helps you to get a better understanding of the inventory at hand. First, for each
inventory object, you need to specify a minimum stock threshold. This number depends on
the level of use of inventory during each project.
The RFID monitoring device helps dramatically with restocking. When the stock quantity
exceeds the threshold, tags inserted in the goods warn the device so that the stock can be
restocked until it sells out entirely.
In the following ways, timely procurement with RFID can assist your business:

 Via correct stock levels, you save a lot on your budget

 There is much more space for asset utilisation improvements by forecasting
 Must has ample ability to deal with fluctuating demands for work

3.Updates on location for successful distribution

Some business workflows consist of hundreds of products being received and dispatched on a
constant basis. Resources typically move through several control points until they hit the
place of a business to be used. To ensure smooth transit, it is essential to keep records of
where and in what condition the inventory is.
For all your asset products, an RFID monitoring system enables you to clock in bin locations.
This means that wherever it goes, from shipping to destination, you can enter and trail along
the GPS coordinates of an inventory object.
For sectors such as rental companies whose inventory is constantly on the move, monitoring
the real-time position of goods is extremely useful. It is also useful for businesses
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undertaking a warehouse task. It increases your resources' transparency so that you can carry
out your operations as expected.
 
RFID in Agriculture
RFID technology is a farm monitoring device that now helps farmers to protect their crops
from pests.
Using wireless technologies, livestock such as cattle could also be tracked.
The scanning of code printed on packaged foods, connecting the barcode to a food category
and a certain batch, is one common application.
This tracing process is cheap and simple to carry out.
For agri-food supply chain track and trace, RFID is a great technique.
RFID solutions, like agricultural tags, will help farmers address the key problems they face
daily.
Likewise, by using RFID systems to assist with remote control of animals using dedicated
hardware and software systems, livestock management has already made many strides.
RFID advantages in agriculture
One of the benefits of this technology in Agriculture is that it can be used to brand hay bales.
Such tags will store data like the harvest date, the field in which it was harvested, each bale's
temperature, weight, moisture level and nutritional information.
Without even any touch, these advanced RFID tags and tag readers may work.
They have a high level of acknowledgement, store a vast amount of information, have safe
access, and can be easily incorporated into an established system.
Using these advanced RFID tags and readers, data collection in greenhouses can also be
performed to monitor and document growth time, moisture content, equipment management,
and even personnel management.
RFID Restriction in Agriculture
RFID tags are a secure method for identifying plants and foods protected by rights or subject
to specific plant identification regulations.
It can be used for examining plant pathologies, such as detection of viruses or phytoplasma.
Security issues identified with RFID tags for agricultural applications are one problem in the
industry.
The encryption method for data stored in RFID systems can be very costly. Often, as
compared to other alternatives, the cost of RFID tags is greater.
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These are some of the drawbacks of RFID in agriculture, but some of the restrictions on the
use of technology in farm management will be addressed as modern farming progresses.
Especially in terms of cost, with a view to making the objective of food security achievable
and sustainable, especially in advanced economies.
RFID 's future in agriculture
A CAGR of more than 11 percent from 2017 to 2021 is expected to be generated by the
global RFID tag market for the agricultural sector.
Strong government help for farmers to implement smart agricultural processes and
technologies will help to achieve that figure. Wi-Fi and RTLS can be combined with RFID
tags that can support farmers with quality assurance problems.
Advanced RFID semiconductor devices for a few clients are currently being produced. These
devices help to automate the farming process, make the farm more productive, manage time,
monitor property access, manage crop inventory, and provide better maintenance of
equipment.
RFID does not run on its own, but it includes the use of the large-data IoT software
framework to capture, process, store and analyse farm data. By monitoring growing
conditions such as sunlight levels, humidity, temperature, and soil chemistry, farmers are
using advanced technology methods to deliver as many as five crops each year.

Different utilization of RFID in Agriculture

1.Livestock traceability and protection 
Implanting cattle with an RFID enhanced microchip or ear tag will not only allow instant
implantation. Identifying but also retaining a wide variety of individuals Data such as body
shape, growth performance, breeding value of lineage and lactation. Hence, RFID makes the
Recording and monitoring of individual animals during their entire lives Lifecycle of. RFID
use helps to monitor the herd 's wellbeing, keep individual records of drugs and vaccines and
stop. The spread of illness through the control and segregation of infected individuals, Early
stage poultry, leading to efficient isolation and isolation treatment that saves the remainder of
the herd and retains the quality of the animal meat in question. Therefore, RFID leads to the
improvement of Management of farms by improved efficiencies, feed reduction increased
performance and improved herd health, as well as labour costs.
2.Production and processing
The RFID tag tracks data such as temperature, humidity, heat, air, etc. velocity and
precipitation during planting and cultivating. By inserting RFID tags in the collar, card,
injection, pill or just on the packages of agricultural products and assessing the product's
healthy condition. For processing companies, it is easy to add details on the tag at the same
time, such as company code, processing date, batch processing and package weight, Used etc.
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in manufacturing. Therefore, including the supply chain, the reliability of farm produce
knowledge can be effectively preserved.
3.Packaging for Food
Integrated sensors in food packages may help customers by ensuring freshness and
consistency, while allowing food stocks and product quality to be controlled more effectively
by the retail industry. Smart sensor radio-frequency labels are capable of measuring
temperature, humidity, and volatile amine compound content. Temperature control and
identification of food degradation indicators, such as carbon dioxide, ethanol, and ethylene,
allow the detection of food deterioration and the preservation of food quality in packaging.
Indicators of freshness are used to track the consistency of food products by responding to
changes in packaging colour due to microbial growth or chemical changes in the fresh food
item. It is also possible to use freshness indicators as a shelf life prediction for perishable
goods and to regard them as direct food quality indicators. By tracking the package
headspace, integrity indicators suggest any leakage in a package.

4.Storage, sales, and distribution

The data contained in the RFID tag will directly be transferred to the machine before
agricultural products reach the warehouse. The system will give the warehousing instructions
to the necessary rack and slots. In addition, depending on the product specification and
demand, the correct inventory pattern may be selected. The selecting and slotting task will be
created by the agricultural product logistics management system as soon as it arrives the
order from the customer. 
5.Health Care of Plants
RFID can be used for the management of plant health, particularly for the examination and
inspection of plant health, agrochemical management and performance of their effects.
Identification of radiofrequencies may help limit the effects of plant pathogens. For various
purposes, RFID has been inserted in several plants, such as in Cactus to prevent theft, Citrus
tree for disease and breeding monitoring, cottonwood for disease monitoring, grapevine for
quality control and clonal selection, and in roses for digital urban garden management.
Conclusion
Combined with the required infrastructure, RFID technology will allow end-to - end
traceability at low cost throughout the supply chain. Application of RFID will allow growers
to solve problems with spoilage. Using RFID technology, at each point of the cold chain, the
temperature and shelf life of perishable goods can be tracked and both manufacturers and
consumers can be informed of custody and shipping conditions. RFID technology overcomes
competitive challenges, regulatory criteria, the global supply chain, and safety issues in the
agri-food industry. Some problems and drawbacks, in addition to their benefits, are also
related to this technology and should be faced in the coming years. RFID working for a long
time in tough environment with dirt and high temperatures results in a large amount of data
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that is difficult to handle and requires longer reading frequency ranges due to the decrease in
signal power, different frequency behaviour, standards diversity and granularity level. But
with work going on, we hope that in the future, with the aid of a special algorithm, they will
create some applications that will calculate the collected data into meaningful knowledge. In
the coming years, the implementation of RFID will boom due to benefits such as the identity
of goods and logistics tracing at reduced costs, which will surely lead to a revolution in
logistics of agricultural products and transform into new-born economic growth.
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Reference
https://www.abr.com/what-is-rfid-how-does-rfid-work/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID
https://juniperpublishers.com/artoaj/pdf/ARTOAJ.MS.ID.555924.pdf
https://www.intechopen.com/books/designing-and-deploying-rfid-applications/impacts-of-
rfid-on-business-models
https://agritechsupport.com/agriculture-technology/radio-frequency-identification-
technology-in-agriculture/
https://www.abr.com/what-is-rfid-how-does-rfid-work/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification