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    A Tutorial 1

    Uploaded by

    Amirah Rahman
    The document contains 20 examples of arguments labeled as either deductive or inductive. The majority are correctly identified as deductive if the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises. Arguments are identified as inductive if the conclusion is probable or likely, but does not necessarily follow from the premises. Key indicators of inductive arguments include words like "usually", "majority", "odds", and conclusions said to follow with probability rather than necessity.

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    A Tutorial 1

    Uploaded by

    Amirah Rahman
    727 views3 pages
    The document contains 20 examples of arguments labeled as either deductive or inductive. The majority are correctly identified as deductive if the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises. Arguments are identified as inductive if the conclusion is probable or likely, but does not necessarily follow from the premises. Key indicators of inductive arguments include words like "usually", "majority", "odds", and conclusions said to follow with probability rather than necessity.

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    TUTORIAL FOR STUDENTS

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    The document contains 20 examples of arguments labeled as either deductive or inductive. The majority are correctly identified as deductive if the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises. Arguments are identified as inductive if the conclusion is probable or likely, but does not necessarily follow from the premises. Key indicators of inductive arguments include words like "usually", "majority", "odds", and conclusions said to follow with probability rather than necessity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    727 views3 pages

    A Tutorial 1

    Uploaded by

    Amirah Rahman
    The document contains 20 examples of arguments labeled as either deductive or inductive. The majority are correctly identified as deductive if the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises. Arguments are identified as inductive if the conclusion is probable or likely, but does not necessarily follow from the premises. Key indicators of inductive arguments include words like "usually", "majority", "odds", and conclusions said to follow with probability rather than necessity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    The text provides examples of deductive and inductive arguments and discusses how to distinguish between the two types based on whether the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises or is probable.

    Examples of deductive arguments provided include arguments about snails being invertebrates, Jack being taller than Joey, and whales not living in fresh water.

    Examples of inductive arguments provided include arguments about dinosaurs likely being cold-blooded, cookies possibly being good to eat, and packages usually arriving on certain days of the week.

    1. I heard lots of barking last night.

    The neighbor’s dog must’ve been pretty upset about


    something, since he rarely barks.

    The correct answer was: b. Inductive.


    References: The speaker is relying on a collection of experiences to draw an
    inference. The speaker infers that the barking emanates from a dog, and not just
    any dog but the neighbor’s dog. Moreover, the speaker associates being upset
    with lots of barking, and a lack of the latter with respect to the neighbor’s dog.

    2. All dogs bark. Fido is a dog, so he barks.

    The correct answer was: a. Deductive.


    References: The premises guarantee the conclusion.

    3. On a National Geographic map, no two adjacent nations appear shaded with the same
    color. Brazil is shaded green on this map, and it is a National Geographic map. Only two
    nations in South America are not adjacent to Brazil. So at most three South American
    nations on this map are shaded green.

    The correct answer was: a. Deductive.


    References: The conclusion follows necessarily from the premises, so this is a
    deductive argument.

    4. The majority rules in the House of Representatives. Either the Democrats or the
    Republicans will control the House of Representatives. As there are an odd number of
    representatives in the House, it follows that there is no way there will be a tie in the House
    of Representatives.

    The correct answer was: a. Deductive.


    References: This conclusion follows necessarily from the premises, so it is
    deductive.

    5. No book in English begins numbering its pages on a left-hand page. This is a book in
    English, therefore it will begin its numbering on a right-hand page.

    The correct answer was: a. Deductive.


    References: The conclusion follows necessarily from the premises, so this is a
    deductive argument.

    6. Based on a survey of 2200 randomly selected likely voters, 56.2% indicate that they will
    vote for the incumbent in the upcoming election. Therefore, approximately 56% of the
    votes in the upcoming election will be for the incumbent.

    The correct answer was: b. Inductive.


    References: The conclusion does not follow necessarily from the premise. The
    conclusion follows with some probability, if the generalization was done well.

    7. The overwhelming majority of mutations are not beneficial to an organism’s survival. So


    the odds are that no mutation is going to give an organism super powers.

    The correct answer was: b. Inductive.


    References: As words such as “majority” and “odds” indicate, this is an inductive
    argument.

    8. Some cookies are burnt. Some burnt things are good to eat. So some cookies are good to
    eat.
    The correct answer was: b. Inductive.
    References: The conclusion does not follow necessarily from the premises, as the
    some cookies in the first premise may not be any part of the some burnt things in
    the second premise. At best the conclusion may be probable, so this argument is
    best classified as inductive.

    9. The telegraph was a technological breakthrough that allowed rapid communication across
    vast distances. In doing so, it made communities more homogeneous and diminished
    diversity. Ultimately, the benefits probably outweigh such hard-to-measure costs.

    The correct answer was: b. Inductive.


    References: The conclusion is claimed to follow with probability, so it is inductive.

    10. All reptiles ever examined are cold-blooded. Dinosaurs resemble reptiles in many ways. So
    dinosaurs were cold-blooded.

    The correct answer was: b. Inductive.


    References: Not every argument with the word “all” in it is deductive. This
    argument settles for probability twice, by allowing that all reptiles that have
    been examined are cold-blooded, and that dinosaurs resemble reptiles.

    11. All mollusks are invertebrates. Snails are mollusks, so snails must be invertebrates.

    The correct answer was: a. Deductive.


    References: The premises guarantee the conclusion.

    12. Jack is taller than Jill. Jill is taller than Joey. Therefore, Jack is taller than Joey.

    The correct answer was: a. Deductive.


    References: This argument’s premises guarantee the conclusion.

    13. Winners never quit and quitters never win. The President quit smoking, so he will never
    win.

    The correct answer was: a. Deductive.


    References: While the speaker’s intentions are not entirely clear, the conclusion
    follows necessarily from the premises, which makes this a deductive argument.

    14. I shall leave no stone unturned in my search for the truth. I am searching for the truth in a
    field with eighty-six stones. Thus, I shall turn over the eight-six stones in this field.

    The correct answer was: a. Deductive.


    References: While the speaker’s intentions are not entirely clear, the conclusion
    follows necessarily from the premises, which makes this a deductive argument.

    15. Cats routinely kill birds and mice. There is a cat, so it almost assuredly kills birds and
    mice.

    The correct answer was: b. Inductive.


    References: Words such as “routinely” and “almost assuredly” indicate the
    inductive character of the argument.

    16. Crackers almost always have salt on them, so the crackers at this restaurant will most
    likely be salted in some way. 

    The correct answer was: b. Inductive.


    References: “Almost always” and “most likely” indicate the speaker claims the
    conclusion to follow with probability, so this is inductive.
    17. No whale lives in fresh water, and the lake is fresh water, so there are no whales living
    there.

    The correct answer was: a. Deductive.


    References: In this argument, it is impossible for the conclusion to be false if the
    premises are true, so this is a deductive argument.

    18. Rodents all have large, sharp front teeth that they use for gnawing. A capybara is a
    rodent, so it too must have large, sharp front teeth. 

    The correct answer was: a. Deductive.


    References: The conclusion follows necessarily from the premises, so this is a
    deductive argument.

    19. All dogs bark. Fido is a dog. So Fido barks.

    The correct answer was: a. Deductive.


    References: If the premises are true, it is impossible for the conclusion to be
    false, so this is a deductive argument.

    20. It usually takes 2–3 days for a delivery to ship from the warehouse to your door via most
    major shipping services. You ordered on Tuesday morning, so it’s safe to assume your
    package will arrive Thursday or Friday.

    The correct answer was: b. Inductive.


    References: The word “usually” tells us that the conclusion can only be expected
    to follow with probability, making this an inductive argument.

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