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Network Basics

The document discusses basic network terminology and concepts including data communications, transmission mediums, and networking models. It covers the fundamentals of communication over LANs, MANs and WANs including simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex transmission. Packet switching is introduced as well as requirements for addressing, routing, and supporting different transmission types. Network errors and their causes are briefly covered at the end.

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Aqib Sherazi
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
28 views

Network Basics

The document discusses basic network terminology and concepts including data communications, transmission mediums, and networking models. It covers the fundamentals of communication over LANs, MANs and WANs including simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex transmission. Packet switching is introduced as well as requirements for addressing, routing, and supporting different transmission types. Network errors and their causes are briefly covered at the end.

Uploaded by

Aqib Sherazi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Network Basics

2
Basic Terminologies
 Telecommunications
Communication between parties at a distance
Voice Telephony

 Data Communications
Exchange of data between two or more parties
Internet

Now, both of these networks are merging


together
 Data Processing (Computers) and
Data Communication (Transmission & Switching
Equipment) are merging with each other

 For us, Data can be in any form:


Text, Image, Audio, Video, etc.

 The fundamentals of communication over LAN,


MAN, WAN are similar
 The fundamental purpose of communication system is:
The exchange of data between different entities
 Key elements in this model are:
 Source
 Transmitter
 Transmission medium
 Receiver
 Destination
 Simplex
Transmission only in one direction
e.g. Radio, Television transmission
 Half duplex
At one time transmission is in one direction
At other time transmission is in other direction
Two way alternatively
e.g. Transmission over shared link
 Full duplex
Transmission in both directions at the same time
Two way simultaneously
e.g. Telephone, Multiplexed transmission


 Low Frequency Signal
 Cover more distance
 Less number of base stations are required to cover the
area
 Country wide coverage covering rural areas
 Have less bandwidth
 Have low quality
 KHz, MHz
 High Frequency Signal
 Have more bandwidth available
 Have more quality
 Cover lesser distance
 More number of base stations are required to cover
same area
 Urban area deployment
 GHz

Requirements from
1

[1.2.1; P&D]
Direct Link

Multiple-access Link
Direct Link

Multiple-access Link
Switches/ Routers
Hosts, PCs
Source
(Caller) Call establishment
Data transfer
Connection close
(before data transfer)

Destination
(Callee)
 Message is broken down in packets
 Each packet is addressed is separately routed
 Packet switches use
paradigm
 More (which is )
 Service like a (snail-mail) service
unlike the telephone-like service of circuit
switching
Source
1
2

Destination
Message
1 2
Packets
Source
1
2

Message Destination
1 2
Packets
Source
1
2

Message Destination

1 2
Packets
Net 1

Net 2 Net 3
1. Addressing
2. Routing messages
3. Support for unicast/ multicast/ broadcast
2

[1.2.2; P&D]
frequency

time
frequency
time
Packets

40
3

[1.2.3; P&D]
 Typically due to power surge, lightning,
interference, etc.
 Typically low: 1 in 106/107 for Cu Cable;
1 in 1012/1014 for Optical fiber

 Uncorrectable bit error;


 Lack of buffer space; buggy software
 Difficult to distinguish between packets

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