CSE1004

NETWORK & COMMUNICATION

Module 1
Networking Principles and layered architecture

Dr. S. Renuka Devi

Associate Professor
SCOPE
VIT Chennai Campus
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Module Outline
 Data Communication - Introduction
 Components of Data Communication
 Data Flow
 Introduction to Network
 Network categories
 Internet
 Network Topologies
 Protocols and Standards
 Network Models (OSI, TCP/IP)

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 Data Communication
 Exchange of data between two devices via transmission
medium
 The communicating devices must be part of a
communication system made up of a combination of
hardware and software
 The effectiveness of a data communications system
depends on four fundamental characteristics:
 Delivery
 Accuracy
 Timeliness
 Jitter
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Components of Data Communication
System

Message

Sender Receiver
Transmission medium
Protocol Protocol

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 Data Flow
Communication between two devices can be
Simplex

 Communication is unidirectional
 Only one of the two devices on a link can transmit; the other
can only receive
 E.g., Keyboards and traditional monitors

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 Data Flow
 Half-Duplex
 Each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the
same time
 When one device is sending, the other can only receive, and
vice versa
 E.g., Walkie-talkies

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 Data Flow contd…
 Full-Duplex
 Both stations can transmit and receive simultaneously
 Signals sharing can occur in two ways:
 Either the link must contain two physically separate

transmission paths, one for sending and the other for

receiving
 Or the capacity of the channel is divided between signals

traveling in both directions.

 E.g., Telephone network

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 What is a Network ?
 A network is a set of devices (nodes) connected by
communication links
 A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device
capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by
other nodes on the network
 Network Criteria
 Performance
 Reliability
 Security

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Type of Connections
 Point-to-Point
 Provides a dedicated link between two devices

 The entire capacity of the link is reserved for

transmission between those two devices

 Connected via wire, microwave or satellite links

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Type of Connections
 Multipoint
 More than two specific devices share a single link

 The capacity of the channel is shared, either

spatially or temporally

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Categories of Network

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LAN
 Privately owned

 Links the devices in a

single office, building,
or campus

 Limited to a few
kilometers

 Data rates are normally

100 or 1000 Mbps 12
 WAN
 Provides long-distance transmission of data over large
geographic areas
 Consists of a number of interconnected switching nodes
 Messages are routed through these internal nodes
 WANs have been implemented using
 Circuit Switching
 Packet Switching
 Frame Relay
 Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

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WAN

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MAN
 Network with a size between a LAN and a WAN

 It normally covers the area inside a town or a city

 It is designed for customers who need a high-speed

connectivity, normally to the Internet, and have
endpoints spread over a city or part of city

 Examples include Telephone company network,

Cable TV network

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 Internet
 Internet is a computer network that interconnects
hundreds of millions of computing devices throughout the
world
 Computing devices – PCs, workstations, servers, laptops,
smart TVs, web cam, gaming consoles, automobiles, home
electrical and security system, and so on
 End systems are connected together by a network of
communication links and packet switches
 A packet switch takes a packet arriving on one of its
incoming communication links and forwards that packet on
one of its outgoing communication links

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 Internet contd…
 Router and link layer Switches - most prominent packet
switches
 The sequence of communication links and packet switches
traversed by a packet from source to the destination - route or
path
 End systems access the Internet through Internet Service
Providers (ISPs),including residential ISPs such as local cable
or telephone companies; corporate ISPs; university ISPs; and
ISPs that provide WiFi access in airports, hotels, coffee shops,
and other public places
 Each ISP is in itself a network of packet switches and
communication links 17
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Requirements
 Perspectives
 Scalable Connectivity
 Cost effective resource sharing
 Support for common services
 Manageability

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Applications
 World Wide Web
 Email
 Online social networking
 Streaming audio and video
 Instant messaging
 File-sharing

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Physical Topology
 Physical topology refers to the way in which a network
is laid out physically
 It is the geometric representation of the relationship of
all the links and linking devices (nodes) to one another
 Four basic topology
 Bus

 Star

 Ring

 Mesh

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Bus Topology
 Multi-point connection
 One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the
devices in a network
 Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines
and taps
 Signal becomes weaker and weaker as it travels
farther and farther

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 Bus Topology
Advantages
Easy to install

Less cabling

Disadvantages
A fault or break in the bus cable stops all transmission

Difficult reconnection and fault isolation

Difficult to add new Devices

Signal reflection at the taps cause degradation in quality

Applications
Ethernet LANs can use a bus topology

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 Star Topology
 Each device has a dedicated point-
to-point link only to a central
controller, usually called a hub

 The devices are not directly linked

to one another

 The controller acts as an exchange

 The number of links requires with n

nodes is n 24
Star Topology
Advantage
Less Expensive

Easy to install and reconfigure

Less cabling needed

Robust

Easy fault identification and isolation

Disadvantage
Single point of contact

Applications
High-speed LANs often use a star topology with a

central hub 25
 Ring Topology
 Each device has a dedicated point-to-point connection
with only the two devices on either side of it
 A signal is passed along the ring in one direction, from
device to device, until it reaches its destination
 Each device in the ring incorporates a repeater
 The number of links requires with n nodes is n

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Ring Topology
Advantage
Easy to install and reconfigure

Disadvantage
Unidirectional Traffic

A break in the ring can disable the entire network

Application
IBM’s Token ring network

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Dual Ring Topology

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 Mesh Topology
 Every device has a dedicated
point-to-point link to every
other device
 Dedicated link carries traffic
only between the two devices it
connects
 Every device on the network
must have n – 1 I/O ports
 The number of links in a fully
connected mesh network with n
nodes is n(n-1) / 2

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Mesh Topology
Advantages
Robust

No traffic problem

Privacy

Easy fault identification and isolation

Disadvantages
No. of links and I/O ports required is high

Expensive

Installation and reconnection are difficult

Applications
Used in the backbone network

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Hybrid Topology
A star backbone with three bus networks

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References
 Data Communication and Networking, Behrouz A. Fourozan,
McGraw Hill Education, Fifth Edition, 2012

 Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach Featuring the

Internet, J.F.Kurose and K.W. Ross, Sixth Edition, Pearson
Education, 2012

 Data and Computer Communications, William Stallings, Eighth

Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall,

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Thank You