Chapter 8: World War I

1914-1918

http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/ww1/photoessay.htm
 Nationalism
 Nationalism- extreme pride or
devotion that a people feel for their
country or culture.

 This sense of nationalism in Europe

arose during the unification of
Germany and Italy in the 19th
century.
 Nationalism (cont’d)
 Europe has several ethnic groups that
have extreme passion for their
country or culture.

 The Balkans was a very strained area

due to many different ethnic groups.
 Imperialism
 World Powers began acquiring territories
that were considered to be socially
primitive.
 Countries typically used their
imperialistic beliefs to further their
country’s economic demands or spread
religious views.
 Imperialism (cont’d)
 Great Britain- the world’s largest
empire with territories all over the
world.

 United States- acquired the Philippines,

Puerto Rico, and Guam during the
Spanish American War.
 Imperialism (cont’d)
 France- territories in Africa, Asia,
and South America.
 Germany- territories in Africa and in
the Baltics.
 Austria- Hungary- Began acquiring
territory from the collapsing Ottoman
Empire.
 The World Prior to WWI

http://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showthread.php?t=23357
 Militarism
 Militarism- The policy of military
preparedness and building up of
weapons.

 1900- Germany began building a

navy that could compete with Great
Britain’s.
 Militarism (cont’d)
 Germany also began building up their
army and supplied it’s military with
the latest weaponry.

 They also developed a plan to fight a

two front war if one was to break out.

 This plan was known as the Schlieffen

Plan.
 The Schlieffen Plan
 This plan was intended to
defeat France on the Western
quickly so they could get to the
Eastern Front before the
Russians could fully mobilize.
 The Schlieffen Plan

http://brokenworld.wikispaces.com/13.2+War+in+Europe
 Militarism (cont’d)
 Along with Germany, other countries
began building up their militaries.

 With rising tensions they believed

that the threat of large militaries
would prevent war from breaking out.
 Alliance System
 Alliance- an agreement between two
or more countries.

 Before WWI begins several

countries begin forming alliances
with one another.
 Alliance System
 Triple Alliance- Germany,
Austria- Hungary, Italy

 Triple Entente- France, Great

Britain, Russia
 Alliance System
 European leaders believed that these
alliances would create a balance of power
and prevent war from breaking out.

 They believed that one country would not

attack another out of fear that the attacked
nation’s allies would join the fight.
 The Fuse is Lit!
 Austria-Hungary began to acquire the
states of Bosnia and Herzegovina
upon the collapse of the Ottoman
Empire.

 Many Serbians were opposed to the

new regime.
 The Fuse is Lit!
 The Black Hand- Serbian super nationalist
group that planned to assassinate the Archduke
of Austria-Hungary.

 They believed this would lead to an

independent Bosnia.

 On June 28, 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a member

of the Black Hand, fired the shot that killed
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife.
 Archduke Franz
Gavrilo Princip
Ferdinand

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavrilo_Princip http://www.private-prague-guide.com/article/archduke-franz-
ferdinand-of-austria-and-his-assassination-june-28-1914/
Assassination of Archduke
Franz Ferdinand

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Assassination_of_the_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand.jpg
 WWI Begins
 The assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand would spark the beginning of
WWI.

 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia

after officials found out that the Black
Hand had been supplemented by the
Serbian government.
 WWI Begins
 Serbia Slavs had an alliance with
Russia, thus mobilizing the Russian
Army.

 Germany saw this has an act of war,

and declared war on Russia.

 Germany also declared war on France,

an ally of Russia.
 WWI Begins
 Germany, following the Schlieffen
Plan, invades Belgium.

 Germany’s invasions of Belgium

forced Great Britain to join the war.
 The Sides are Set
 With Great Britain joining the war, the
Allied Powers were formed to oppose
the Central Powers.

 Allied Powers- Great Britain, France,

and Russia

 Central Powers- Germany, Austria-

Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire
http://www.annefrank.org/en/Subsites/Timeline/World-War-One-1914-1918/Theme-1/1914/MAP---World-War-One-is-a-conflict-between-the-Central-Powers-and-the-Allies/#!/en/Subsites/Timeline/World-War-
One-1914-1918/Theme-1/1914/MAP---World-War-One-is-a-conflict-between-the-Central-Powers-and-the-Allies/
 A New Kind of Warfare
 WWI brought about a new form of
warfare on a scale never before seen in
world history.

 Early on, the French army was not

prepared to fight against the German
army.

 The French were fighting in a traditional

18th and 19th method.
 A New Kind of Warfare
 The German army was equipped with
the newest technology in warfare: The
Machine Gun.

 A German machine gun had 50 to 100

times the firepower of one French rifle.

 The French had nearly 15,000 deaths a

day.
WWI German Machine Gun

http://boivieapedia.pbworks.com/w/page/8081157/World%20War%201
 The First Battle of Marne
 Began on September 7, 1914
 The German Army was within 25 miles
of Paris, France.
 Involved more than 2 million soldiers
along a 125 mile battlefront.
 French had pushed back the Germans 40
miles.
 Over 250,000 lives were lost during the
battle.
http://www.wpclipart.com/world_history/warfare/WW1/French_soldiers_first_battle_of_Marne.jpg.html
 Trench Warfare
 Soldiers began building massive
networks of trenches in order to protect
themselves from artillery shells,
machine gun fire, and grenades.

 On the Western Front, over 400 miles

of trenches were dug.

 Soldiers lived in very harsh conditions.

http://youwishyouwerecrystal.wordpress.com/trench-warfare-weapons-of-world-war-one/
 Trench Warfare
 Soldiers would sleep, eat, and be treated
for wounds or left for dead in the
trenches.

 Soldiers had to constantly be aware of the

enemy.

 Soldiers also stay below the trenches

walls in order for them not to be killed.
 Trench Warfare
 Trench warfare created a stalemate that
would amount to great losses of life
during WWI.

 Commanders would order their troops

out of the trench and would meet a
barrage of machine gun fire.

 “No Man’s Land” is where many

soldiers would lost their lives.
 Birth of Modern Warfare
Technology

http://incredibleimages4u.blogspot.com/2011/04/tanks-used-for-first-time.html
 Birth of Modern Warfare
Technology
 The tank invented in 1915, was used to
level areas in “no man’s land” and to enter
enemy trenches.
 Poison gas- invented in Germany and first
used in WWI.
 Chlorine gas would destroy the lungs of
soldiers.
 The use of the gas masks would make
poison gas less effective.
 Birth of Modern Warfare
Technology
 The first time airplanes were used in
warfare was during WWI.
 Planes would get in air battles known as
“dogfights.”
 They would also harass the trenches by
throwing bricks and other heavy things.
 Airplanes were later mounted with
machine guns.
 The Red Baron

http://www.fotopedia.com/items/oGrgsfdBDZM-fXsT_zPkkQI

http://hushkit.wordpress.com/2012/04/29/painting-the-sky-in-blood-2/
The United States Prior to WWI

 The United States had a strong

tradition of isolationism.

 When the war broke out America

began leaning towards the allies
because of the harsh war tactics of
Germany.
The United States Prior to WWI
 Germany began using their U-boats as a
weapon against the Allied powers.
 The US traded primarily with Great Britain
during early part of WWI, because of the naval
blockade they had set up to prevent Germany
from trading with other powers.
 On May 1, 1915, the Lusitania, a British
luxury liner carrying over 1900 passengers
was torpedoed by a German U-Boat, killing
1200 people, including 128 Americans.
 German U-Boat

http://www.sjsapush.com/ch23.php
 The Lusitania

http://www.sjsapush.com/ch23.php
 US Entry into WWI
 March 24, 1916- The Sussex was
torpedoed once again by German
U-boats.

 Germany issued the Sussex Pledge,

telling the US they will not torpedo
any merchant ship without warning.
 US Entry into WWI
In February of 1917, Germany reassumed
unrestricted submarine warfare forcing the US
to cutoff diplomatic relations.

The Zimmerman Note would become

another sticking point for the US to go to War.
 US Entry into WWI
The Zimmerman note was a proposal by
Arthur Zimmerman to Mexico to declare war
on the US.
Mexico was to reacquire its old provinces of
Texas, New Mexico and Arizona.
It was intercepted by the British and
published in American newspapers.
http://rutlandhs.k12.vt.us/jpeterso/uboatcar.htm
 US Entry into WWI
 The Zimmerman Note and unrestricted
submarine warfare, along with the
uncertainty of Russia remaining in the
war, pressured Wilson to ask for a
Declaration of War on April 2, 1917.
 The United States joined the Allied
Forces on April 6, 1917.
 Preparing for War
 In order to raise an army for the war in
Europe, Congress passed the Selective Service
Act in May of 1917.

 This required men between the ages of 21 and

30 to register to be drafted into the military.

 If drafted, these men would enter training with

little to nothing ready for them to be trained
with or live in.
 Arriving in Europe
The Americans that fought in Europe
were known as the AEF (American
Expeditionary Force) led by General John
J. Pershing.

To transport troops to Europe safely, the

US used the convoy system, in which
troop transports were surrounded by
destroyers or cruisers for protection.
General John J. Pershing

http://www.old-picture.com/american-legacy/003/Pershing-General.htm
 The Convoy System

http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/firstworldwar/military_conflict/p_convoy.htm
 Allied Setbacks
 In November of 1917, the Bolsheviks took
control of the Russian government.
 The Bolsheviks were communists, people
who seek equal distribution of wealth and the
end of all private property.
 Vladimir Lenin withdrew the Russian army
from the Eastern Front and made peace with
Germany, this allowed the Germans to focus
all its forces on the Western Front.
 US Troops in Battle
 US troops did not see action for nearly
a year.

 They were a major factor in WWI.

 Helped defeat the Germans at

Chateau-Thierry and Belleau Wood,
which prevented the Germans from
taking Paris.
 American Military Women
 American women played a vital role in
WWI.
 Many French-speaking American
woman would work as switchboard
operators known as “Hello Girls.”
 American women would also work as
nurses, typist, bookkeepers, radio
operators, electricians, and telegraphers.
 The War Comes to an End
 In 1918, The Germans began to suffer
crippling defeats in France.
 The war had crippled the German
economy and people began to suffer
from starvation.
 These same problems began to happen
throughout the Central Powers and
armies began to surrender.
 The War Comes to an End
 On November 7, 1918, peace
negotiations began between both sides.

 The Germans were to surrender their

aircraft, heavy artillery, tanks, and U-
boats.

 On November 11, 1918, the armistice

was signed and the war was over.
 The War on the Home Front

http://www.rainfall.com/posters/WWI/1069.htm
 The War on the Home Front
 Liberty bonds were a type of loan that
the US used for the war effort in
Europe.
 The effort to sell Liberty bonds were
very intense.
 Many celebrities, along with men in
uniform, would hold large rallies in
order to promote Liberty Bonds.
 Liberty Bond
Rally on Wall St.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/46317563@N04/favorites/page11/?view=lg
 Mobilizing the Economy
In order to pay for the war,
Congress passed the War Revenue
Act of 1917.
It increased taxes up to 77% on the
wealthiest Americans.
The US government also began
regulating production, fuel, and food.
 Mobilizing the Economy
 Congress created hundreds of administrative
boards to regulate both industrial and
agricultural production and distribution.
 One of the most important boards created during
WWI was the War Industries Board (WIB).
 The WIB was headed by Wall Street business
leader Bernard Baruch.
 The WIB regulated all materials needed for the
War in Europe.
 Mobilizing the Economy
 Congress also began regulating food and
fuel with the passage of the Lever Food and
Fuel Act of 1917.
 During the war, Herbert Hoover led the
Food Administration and increased
production three times as much as the US
had produced prior to WWI.
 The consumption of fuel and food was
promoted with days such as “meatless
Mondays” and “gasless Sundays.”
WWI “Victory Garden” Poster
 Mobilizing Workers
Businesses during the war saw large increases in
profits during the war.
This helped raise the wages of factory workers,
however, the rising cost of food and housing
barely helped those who worked.
Work conditions became more hazardous but the
urgency of war goods led to faster production.
With the harsh conditions and long hours, labor
union memberships increased 60% between 1916
and 1919.
 Mobilizing Workers
 With the threat of strikes and stoppage
in production, the Wilson administration
created the National War Labor Board
in 1918.
 The NWLB acted as a mediator between
the workers and management.
 In the short time it existed, the NWLB
handled 1200 cases involving over
700,000 workers.
 Mobilizing Workers
 Women also played a vital role in America’s
economy during WWI.
 Women took jobs that were traditionally held by
men, such as working on railroads, docks, and in
factories.
 Nearly 1 million women entered the workforce
during WWI.
 Women’s efforts did not go unrecognized.
Women’s suffrage advocates used their efforts
during the war to justify their right to vote.
 Women Workers During WWI

http://atdetroit.net/forum/messages/6790/57392.html?1129598706
 Epidemic on the Home Front
 In 1918 an influenza epidemic broke out in
Europe and quickly spread to the United States.
 Nearly half of the American soldiers that died
during WWI lost their lives to the flu.
 This influenza was like none that had ever been
seen before.
 By the time the influenza epidemic passed,
nearly 675,000 Americans had lost their lives.
 Spanish Influenza

http://www.lib.iastate.edu/spcl/exhibits/150/template/epidemic.html
 Winning American’s Support for
the War
 Many Americans favored neutrality in the
war in Europe and Wilson had to convince
those to support the war effort after
neutrality was broken.
 Wilson created the Committee on Public
Information (CPI) less that two weeks
after declaring war on Germany.
 Wilson appointed George Creel to run the
CPI.
Committee on Public Information
 The CPI used propaganda- posters, newspaper
stories, speeches, and other materials that were
designed to influence people’s opinions about
the war in Europe.
 Creel hired the biggest movie stars of the time
to speak on behalf of the war effort.
 He also hired artist to create patriotic posters
and pamphlets.
 These worked extremely well and even began
an anti-German sentiment in the US.
 Limiting Anti-War Speech
 In 1917, Congress passed the Espionage Act,
which punished those that aided the enemy
or refused military service.

 A year later Congress passed a related law

known as the Sedition Act, which made it
illegal for Americans to “utter, print, write, or
publish any disloyal…or abusive language”
criticizing the government, flag, or military.
 Limiting Anti-War Speech
 Many believed these laws violated the First
Amendment of the US Constitution.
 Charles Schenck, arrested under the Espionage
Act, for distributing 15,000 leaflets opposing
the government’s war policies.
 In Schenck v. United States, the Supreme
Court upheld Schenck’s conviction, stating that
things during wartime can cause problems for
the government or endanger soldiers on the
battlefield.
 “Peace Without Victory”
 Before the war had ended Woodrow
Wilson wanted a “just and lasting
peace” so that the Great War would
never happen again.

 In January 1918, he gave his famous

Fourteen Points speech, which
outlined his plan for peace.
 Wilson’s Fourteen Points
 The first four points called for open diplomacy,
freedom of the seas, removal of trade barriers,
and the reduction of military arms.
 The fifth point proposed a fair system to resolve
disputes over colonies.
 The last eight points dealt with self-
determination, or the right of the people to
decide their own political status.
 In the fourteenth point, Wilson called for the
establishment of a League of Nations.
 Paris Peace Conference
The Paris Peace conference began on
January 12, 1919.
It had leaders from 32 countries including
the Big Four.
The Big Four consisted of President
Woodrow Wilson, British Prime
Minister David Lloyd George, French
Premier Georges Clemenceau, and
Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando.
 Paris Peace Conference
 Wilson had a vision of nations dealing with
each other openly and trade fairly, while many
other Allied Powers wanted to punish Germany
for its role in the war.
 Other countries such as Czechoslovakia,
Yugoslavia , and Poland wanted their
independence.
 Eventually the Allied Powers reached an
agreement and presented their peace treaty to
Germany in May 1919.
The Treaty of Versailles (1919)
The Treaty of Versailles called for Germany
to accept sole responsibility for the war.
It also called for Germany to pay massive
reparations for damages caused during the
war and it limited the size of the German
army.
It called for the establishment of a League of
Nations.
It called for the Central Powers to give all of
their colonies to the Allies.
 The Fight over the Treaty
The fight to ratify the Treaty of
Versailles in Congress became very
difficult for Wilson.
Their were three specific groups in
Congress; Democrats who supported
immediate ratification, Irreconcilables,
who urged the outright rejection of the
treaty, and the Reservationist, who
demanded changes to the treaty.
 The Fight over the Treaty
Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, head of the
Committee of Foreign Relations, led the
reservationist in Congress.
The reservationist believed that the use of
US military force was unnecessary to carry
out the League’s decisions.
This caused Wilson to go on an 8,000 mile
cross country trip to promote the people to
pressure the Republicans to ratify the treaty.
 The Fight over the Treaty
 The treaty’s ratification was ultimately
rejected once in November 1919 and again
in March of 1920.

 The United States would not join the newly

created League of Nations.

 The United States also signed a separate

peace treaties with Germany after the
Treaty of Versailles was rejected.
 The Impact of WWI
At the end of WWI, nearly 14 million
people had lost their lives.
7 million people were permanently
disabled.
It was the most expensive war in
world history to that point in time
($280 Billion).
 The Impact of WWI
 Political- Led to overthrow of
monarchies in Russia, Austria
Hungary, Germany, and the Ottoman
Empire.
 Economic-It devastated European
economies, however, the US became
the world’s leading economic power.
 The Impact of WWI
 Social- The impact of women in the
workforce led to the ratification of the 19th
Amendment in 1920 giving women the
right to vote. African-American populations
began to move to northern cities thus
causing race relation changes in the US.
 The Impact of WWI
 Impact in Europe- Countries had nearly
lost entire generations of men. France was
in ruins, Great Britain's debt to the US was
great, and the reparations imposed on
Germany crippled their economy. It left to
many issues unresolved in Europe. It would
not be the “war to end all wars. ”