General Education (English)

November 28-29, 2020

 English 1 English 3 English 2
• Word formation • Communication: • Writing: Properties of
processes -Nature and misconception well-written texts
• Euphemisms -Elements -Spelling and diction
• Tag questions -Models -Parts of speech and
-Forms grammar
-Types -Common errors in
written discourse
• Types of speech style
• Speech Act
• Types of speech
MORPHOLOGY
Word formation Processes
 BORROWING
algebra → Arabic
pizza → Italian
boondocks → Tagalog
 CLIPPING
gymnasium → gym
laboratory → lab

COMPOUNDING
book+worm = bookworm
goal+driven = goal-driven
 BLENDING
Advertisement + entertainment = advertainment

Spoon+fork= spork
 DERIVATION
-a.k.a affixation
-root word + affix

dislike
lovely
BACK FORMATION
Word – affix

television→ televise
babysitter → babysit
 CONVERSION
a.k.a zero derivation

interview → interview
I will interview you. (verb)
I have an interview. (noun)

That’s an object. (noun)

I object. (verb)
 NEOLOGISM
a.k.a coinage

selfie
nomophobia
e-waste
 EPONYM
pasteurization
californium

BRANDING
Xerox → xerox
**kleenex
 COMPREHENSION CHECK
CHOICES: 1. Charles C. Boycott→ boycott eponym
Borrowing 2. highlight compounding
Compounding
3. cybernetic + organism → cyborg blending
Blending
Neologism 4. resurrection → resurrect backformation
Derivation 5. exam clipping
Back Formation 6. tamale borrowing
Eponym 7. project conversion
Branding
8. einsteinium eponym
Conversion
Clipping 9. classy derivation
10. selfie neologism
 Euphemism (you-fuh-miz-em)
came from the Greek word “euphemia” meaning “use of
good words”

• to replace another with one that is considered less offensive or

less vulgar than the word or phrase it replaces

• used to express what is socially difficult in direct terms and to

avoid what might be disturbing, offensive, or embarrassing

• used to express taboos and to talk about things that are best
avoided like sickness, death, and war
 Techniques for Creating Euphemisms
• They may be in the form of abbreviations.
B.O. (body odor)

• Foreign words may be used to replace an impolite expression.

faux (fake), or faux pas (foolish error)

• Sometimes, they are abstractions.

before I go (before I die)
 Techniques for Creating Euphemisms
• They may also be indirect expressions replacing direct ones which
may sound offensive.
rear-end, unmentionables

• Using longer words or phrases can also mask unpleasant words

flatulence for farting, perspiration for sweat
 Techniques
Techniques for Creating
CreatingEuphemisms
Euphemism
• Using technical terms may reduce the rudeness exhibited by words.
gluteus maximus

• Deliberately mispronouncing an offensive word may reduce its

severity.
darn, shoot
 What does this euphemism mean?

• My father is between jobs but he is confident that

he’ll find a new job soon.
a. travelling to work

b. does not have a job

c. have two jobs

By using context clues, it is easier to understand the meaning

of each euphemism.
• My father is between jobs but he is confident that he’ll
find a new job soon.

• Meaning: Unemployed
• The correctional facility was expanded to house
more inmates.

• Meaning: jail; prison

• You do not live in a slum but in substandard housing,
or in an economically depressed neighborhood.
You’re not buying a used or second-hand car, you are
purchasing a pre-enjoyed or pre-loved vehicle.
If you say you
committed
terminological
inexactitude, or you
misspoke the truth, well
that means you just told
a lie.
• His grandmother passed away at the age of 100.
Meaning: died

• Enhanced interrogation methods were used to

identify the names of they spies.
Meaning: Torture
 TAG QUESTION
• statement followed by a mini-question
• turns a statement to a question
• checks information or asks for agreement

• Example: It’s cold, isn’t it?

Positive main clause Negative tag
 TAG QUESTIONS
aren’t they?
The plants are healthy, ________________?
Positive main clause Negative tag
Steps:
1. Main clause: Positive/ negative?
2. Identify the auxiliary verb for the tag question
She lives here, ________________?
doesn’t she
Positive main clause Negative tag

3. Use the tenses as your clue; no verb - do/does/did

• Present simple 'be’ She's Italian, isn't she?
• Present simple other verbs They live in London, don't they?
• Present continuous We're working tomorrow, aren't we?
• Past simple 'be’ It was cold yesterday, wasn't it?
• Past continuous We were waiting at the station, weren't we?
• Present perfect They have been to Japan, haven't they?
• Past simple other verb He went to the party last night, didn't he?
• Present perfect continuous She has been studying, hasn't she?
• Past perfect He had forgotten his wallet, hadn't he?
• Past perfect continuous We had been working, hadn't we?
• Future simple She will come at six, won't she?
• Future continuous They’ll be arriving soon, won't they?
SPEECH AND ORAL
COMMUNICATION
 Look for quotes or memes

interaction between two parties to

transmit information and mutual
understanding between themselves
 Nature of Misconceptions in
Communication Communication
• Communication is • Meaning is in the
•dynamic. words we use.
• Communication
•symbolic. means talking.
•irreversible. • The more we
•inevitable. communicate,
the better.
SENDER
ENCODES a
message
MESSAGE
 ideas or thought
transmitted from the
sender to the receiver

SYMBOLS
 observable signals
 CHANNEL
 medium through which the message is
sent
 air, microphone, cellphone, computer,
paper
BARRIERS
 CHANNEL
1. External barriers

noise
 CHANNEL
1. Internal barriers

Internal conflict
CHANNEL

emotional state
RECEIVER
DECODES a
message
FEEDBACK
reply or response
to the message
of the speaker
 PROCESS OF
COMMUNICATION
 CHANNEL decode
SENDER encode RECEIVER
MESSAGE
BARRIER
FEEDBACK
 FORMS OF
COMMUNICATION
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
 NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION

KOPICHOP
1. KINESICS
comes from the word kinesis- “movement,”

study of hand, arm, body, and face

movements
a. FACIAL EXPRESSION
 Our faces are the most expressive part of our body
and can communicate an array of different
emotions.
b. GESTURES c. POSTURE
 movements of part of the  position of a person’s body
body, especially a hand
or the head, to express
an idea or meaning
The eyes are the windows to the soul.
2. OCULESICS
3. PROXEMICS territoriality, distance
4. ICONICS
 use of visual signs and representations that stand for an
idea
5. CHRONEMICS
time
6. HAPTICS
 Who can you touch?
 When can you touch?
 How can you touch?
7. OBJECTICS
- display of clothing, ornaments, jewelry, glasses, and other
artifacts that have communicative potential
8. PARALANGUAGE
a.k.a. vocalics
nonverbal means of communication
that accompany speech
and convey further meaning
a. INTONATION
 the rise and fall of the voice in speaking

b. PITCH
 highness or lowness of voice

c. JUNCTURE
 breaks or pauses in speech
 VERBAL
words
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
KOPICHOP
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
…provide a useful blueprint
to see how the
communication process
works…
-Chris Searle
1. LINEAR
• one-way process in which the
speaker speaks and the listener
listens
Examples:

MESSAGE
 Laswell’s Model (1948)
 based on 5 questions WITH
SAYS IN WHICH WHAT
WHO CHANNEL
TO WHOM =
WHAT EFFECT

Shannon and Weaver Model

 includes noise or interference
2.INTERACTIONAL
• exchange of ideas and messages taking
place both ways from sender to receiver
3.TRANSACTIONAL
• communicators are simultaneously
the receiver and sender
In a nutshell…
 TYPES OF
COMMUNICATION
OR
SPEECH CONTEXTS
INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
 talking
to yourself
 may involve:

-DELIBERATION – decision making

-MEDITATION – thinking about life,
reflection
-WORRY – thinking of problems,
anxiety
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
• talking to one or a limited number of people
-feedback and clarification
DYAD -2 individuals
SMALL GROUP – 3 or more individuals

• requires you to adjust your speech

 PUBLIC COMMUNICATION

 expressing ideas to a wide group of people

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
communication between
individuals or groups of
different linguistic and
cultural origins

minimize contextualization,
lingua franca
 SPEECH STYLES

CONSULTATIVE CASUAL

FORMAL
FROZEN INTIMATE
SPEECH STYLES
patterns of speaking
characterized by distinctive
pronunciation, vocabulary,
intent, participants, and
grammatical structures

*formality
Martin Joos
• claimed the order of the
five kinds of style

• common to shift from

one style to another
INTIMATE
• people who have very close relationships
• own meaning to certain words
• X -Grammar and pronunciation
CASUAL
• conversational style among friends, social
interaction
• Uses trendy words, incomplete sentences, slang
CONSULTATIVE
• used in semi-formal communication, standard form
• Societal expectations
• Information, does not result in closeness
• SPEAKER - pronounces words well, chooses words carefully,
speaks in complete sentence
companies, group discussion,
doctor-patient, expert-apprentice
FORMAL
• Used in formal settings (despite relationship)

• Requires careful attention: well-formed sentences,

logically-organized and well-planned speech

• meetings, speeches, court, corporate meeting, interview

MY COUSIN VINNY LEGALLY BLONDE
FROZEN
• fixed speech- very formal style
• respectful situation
• long sentence with good grammatical
structure and vocabulary
 Speech Act
•term coined by John Austin and developed
by John Searle
•act done by saying it
•“In every utterance, there is an action”
1. Illocution
-speaker’s intention
Searle’s Categories of Illocutionary Acts
D irectives
E xpressives
C ommissives
A ssertives
D eclaratives
Directives
•to make the listener perform an action
•request, command, invitations

Expressives
•to express feelings
•apologizing, congratulating, thanking
Commissives
•to commit the speaker to future action
•promise, pledge, assure

Assertives
•to tell what the speaker knows or believes in
•concluding, boasting, asserting
 Declaratives
•change state of things immediately

You are fired!

The defendant is guilty!
I now pronounce you husband and wife.
We’re through!
2. Locution
•utterance or words in a message

3. Perlocution
•effect to the listener
•listener’s response
SPEECH ACT REVIEW:
I llocution intention
L ocution utterance
P erlocution response
TYPES OF SPEECH DELIVERY

Surrey Toastmasters
 Impromptu Speech
• given off the cuff, no preparation

Advantage Disadvantage
• spontaneity • result → rambling and
• no preparation required incoherent
• not enough time for
adequate research or
audience analysis
 Extemporaneous Speech
• with preparation, outline or key terms

Advantage Disadvantage
• flexible • requires practice
• audience interaction
• less time to prepare
 Manuscript Speech
• speech is read from the text

Advantage Disadvantage
• error is minimized • lacks freshness
• appropriate→ extremely • difficult to react to
careful wording audience feedback
• speech may sound stilted
 Memorized Speech
• speech is written and committed to memory verbatim

Advantage Disadvantage
• delivery skills are • Less/no adaptation during
maximized delivery
• recovery is difficult if you
make a mistake
• time consuming to prepare
PARTS OF SPEECH
 NOUN
name of a person, place,
thing, event, etc.
 KINDS OF NOUNS
1. Common-refers to any class of person, place or thing
2. Proper– names a specific person, thing or place
3. Collective-noun that names a group of persons, things,
etc.
 KINDS OF NOUNS
4. Count-noun which can be counted and
quantified using numbers

5. Mass– cannot be counted

-abstract nouns
e.g. informations
PRONOUN
stands for a noun
 KINDS OF PRONOUNS
1. Personal-refers to the person speaking, the person
spoken to, or thing spoken about

SINGULAR PLURAL
FIRST
PERSON I, me we, us
SECOND PERSON
YOU
THIRD PERSON she, him, her, him, it they, them
 KINDS OF PRONOUNS
2. Possessive- shows ownership
mine ours yours theirs his hers its

*use of apostrophe
The teacher’s decision → SINGULAR
The teachers’ decision → PLURAL
 KINDS OF PRONOUNS
2. Possessive
IT’S VERSUS ITS
It’s → contraction of it is
It’s great to be alive!

Its → possessive, ownership

The ref is empty. Its contents were eaten.
 KINDS OF PRONOUNS
3. Reflexive- refers to the subject
4. Intensive- shows emphasis
REFLEXIVE INTENSIVE
They were shocked about I, myself did all of that.
themselves.
He, himself cut the paper.
I see myself in his actions.
 KINDS OF PRONOUNS
3. Reflexive- refers to the subject
4. Intensive- shows emphasis
REFLEXIVE INTENSIVE
They were shocked about I, myself did all of that.
themselves.
He, himself cut the paper.
I see myself in his actions.
 KINDS OF PRONOUNS
5. Indefinite- do not refer to a specific noun
SINGULAR PLURAL S or P
any both Some
anybody few All
anyone many
everybody several
everyone
no one
each
 KINDS OF PRONOUNS
6. Demonstrative- used in pointing

SINGULAR This That

PLURAL These Those
 KINDS OF PRONOUNS
7. Interrogative- used in asking questions
Who What Whom Which Whose
 WHO → SUBJECT ; WHOM→ OBJECT
 “he”’ or “’she”→ who
 “him” or “her” → whom
You may have to temporarily rearrange the
sentence a bit while you test it.
Who/ whom ate my sandwich?

Who/ whom should I talk to about labeling food

in the refrigerator?
 KINDS OF PRONOUNS
7. Relative- introduces a dependent clause and
connects it to an independent clause
Who, whom, what, which, and that

I love those shoes that you wore yesterday.

Pronoun - antecedent agreement
replaces noun replaced noun gender number

John invited the writers.

He invited them.
Pronoun - antecedent agreement rules
1. ALWAYS PLURAL
their vows.
The bride and the groom took _______

FOMBS Few Others Many Both Several

Both carried their bags.
Many tried to sell their product.
them there.
Collect the papers and place _______
Pronoun-antecedent agreement (INDEFINITE PRONOUNS)
2. ALWAYS SINGULAR (17)

Each of them has given ___________

his or her money.
Everybody wants _________
his or her loved ones to be happy.

Neither of the men took _____

his bag.
Pronoun-antecedent agreement (INDEFINITE PRONOUNS)
3. SINGULAR OR PLURAL
Either…or/ Neither…nor
her project.
Either Juan or Maria will explain ____

Choose the antecedent closer to the verb/the second option

their
Neither the boy nor the adults paid _____ fee.
Pronoun-antecedent agreement (INDEFINITE PRONOUNS)
3. SINGULAR OR PLURAL (SANAM)
Some Any None All Most
Clue: word after “of the”
its wrapper.
All of the sugar is still in _____
their homework.
Some of the students left ________

its basket.
None of the apple was in _____

their happiness in living.

Most found _______
 RECAP: Pronoun-antecedent agreement
1. ALWAYS PLURAL → AND+FOMBS
Jack and Jill went to their house.
Few accepted their salary.
2. ALWAYS SINGULAR→ 17 pronouns on the list (check gender)
Each of them has his or her food. (indefinite-use “his or her”)
Either of the ladies has her purse.
Each of the firemen has his first-aid kit.
3. SINGULAR OR PLURAL→ either…or/neither…nor, SANAM
Either Mae or Mark got his paper. (second option)
Most of the students left their room. (CLUE:word after “of the”)
Most of the pear lost its flavor. (CLUE:word after “of the”)
 Specify the appropriate pronoun.
1. Several learned ______
their lesson.
2. Either the women or John studied in _____ his room.
3. Anybody who learns will enjoy thriving in ____ his or her
wisdom.
4. Anything in the museum has ____ its price.
her favorite folk song.
5. Either of the girls sang ____
 VERB
Action words
Expresses state of being
Link ideas, help other verbs
 NOTE: VERB VS. NOUN
NOUN VERB
SINGULAR no s/es with s/es

PLURAL with s/es no s/es

 Linking verbs Auxiliary Verbs Modal Verbs
Connect used to form used to talk
subject to questions, about ability,
complement usually used permission,
possibility,
with main request, offer,
verb to form suggestion,
tenses habit
Be (is, are) be (is bitten, can, could,
are riding), may, might,
*seem, feel, has, have, must, should
look, get, etc. do, does, will
SUBJECT-VERB
AGREEMENT
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
The Girl Scout troop (go, goes) to the park every Sunday.

Ham and eggs (is, are) my favorite combination for

breakfast.

Neither the coach nor the team members (has, have)

uniforms.
 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT RULES

1. Subjects and verbs must agree in number.

• The dog growls when he is angry.

• The dogs growl when they are angry.
 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT RULES

2. Intervening phrases do not affect agreement.

Intervening phrase
The dog, who is chewing on my jeans, is
usually very good.

Intervening phrase
The colors of the rainbow are beautiful.
 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT RULES
3. When sentences start with “there” or “here,” the
subject will always be placed after the verb.

• There is a problem with the machine.

REVERSE: A problem is there.
• Here are the papers you requested.
REVERSE: The papers you requested are here.
 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT RULES
4. Questions: Make sure you accurately identify the
subject before deciding on the proper verb form to
use.

• Where are the pieces of this puzzle?

Does Lefty usually eat grass?
 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT RULES
5. AND→ two different subjects→ plural
The cow and the pig are jumping over the moon.

6. AND→ same person or thing or taken as one →

singular
• Red beans and rice is my mom's favorite dish.
 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT RULES

7. If one of the words each or every comes

before the subject, the verb is singular.

Each of us has a responsibility.

Every man and woman is required to check in.
 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT RULES

8. The singular verb form is usually used for

units of measurement or time.

• Four quarts of oil was required to get the car

running.
 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT RULES

9. Some, half, none, and all → singular plural

depending on the word after “of the” .

• All of the chicken is gone.

• All of the chickens are gone.
 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT RULES

10. Either/or and Neither/nor→ consider the

second noun since it is closer to the verb.
Consider the second choice

• Either the bears or the lion has escaped.

Consider the second choice

• Neither the lion nor the bears have escaped .

 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT RULES

11. Collective nouns like herd, senate, class,

crowd, etc. usually take a singular verb form.

• The herd is stampeding.

 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT RULES
12. Titles of books, movies, novels, etc. are
treated as singular and take a singular verb.

• Beauty and the Beast is a movie.

 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT RULES
NOTE: Subjunctive Mood - verb form used to explore a
hypothetical situation (e.g., If I were you) or to express a wish,
a demand, or a suggestion (e.g., I demand he be present).

•If it were me, I'd go.

(As this explores a hypothetical situation, was becomes were.)
•I wish it were real.
(As this expresses a wish, was becomes were.)
•It is imperative that the game begin at once.
(As this expresses a demand, begins becomes begin.)
• I propose he work full time.
(As this expresses a suggestion, works becomes work.)
 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT RULES
“One of the”

One of the contestants is excited.

She is one of the contestants who are excited.

One of the greatest films is 3 Idiots.

Dr. Strange is one of the superhero films that were successful.
 ADJECTIVE
describes a noun
or pronoun
 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
BASE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

Happy Happier Happiest

Useful More useful Most useful

Active Less active Least Active

Bad Worse Worst

 ORDER OF ADJECTIVES: DeSiSACOM
 Determiner - one, a , the , six
 Size - big, small
 Shape - round, square
 Age - young, old
 Color - red, white , black
 Origin - European, Philippine
 Material - silver, gold,leather
 ADVERB
describes a verb,
adjective or
another adverb
 TYPES AND ORDER OF ADVERBS
(MaP FreT PC)
 Manner
 Place
I happily gaze at the view twice in the
 Frequency morning to make my day extremely
 Time awesome.
 Purpose
 Certainty or Degree
 CONJUNCTION
-joins and links words, phrases and clauses
 TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS

 Coordinating – connect words in the same

grammatical structure

 FANBOYS
 For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
 TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS

 Correlative – always appears in pairs

 Both…and
 Not only…but also
 Either…or
 Neither…nor
 Whether…or
 TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS
 Subordinating – connect two groups of words by making one
into a subordinating clause

after since whenever

as long as though as if
if only until before
that whereas if
unless as once
where because than
although even though unless
even if so that wherever
in order that when while
 PREPOSITION
shows the relationship of words in a
sentence
 EXAMPLES
about below excepting off toward
above beneath for on under
across beside(s) from onto underneath
after between in out until
against beyond in front of outside up
along but inside over upon
among by in spite of past up to
around concerning instead of regarding with
at despite into since within
because of down like through without
before during near throughout with regard to
behind except of to with respect to
 IN
 a belief, opinion, interest, or feeling:
I believe in the next life.
We are not interested in gambling.

 shape, color, or size:

The students stood in a circle.
This jacket comes in four different sizes.
 ON
 a surface of something
I put it on the table. The paper is on my desk.
 a device or machine
He is on the phone right now.
 part of the body
My mom kissed me on my cheek.
 state of something
This girl is on fire. Everything is on sale.
 AT
Email address:
Email me at1@yc.com.

Used to indicate an activity:

He laughed at my acting.
I am good at drawing a portrait.
 REMINDER

“cope with” not “cope up with”

based “on” not “from”
INTERJECTION
expresses strong
feelings or emotions
 INTERJECTION
 Aha! I know the answers to the exam questions.
YesUCan!
 Yehey! I topped the board exam!
 Hurrah, I am now a licensed professional teacher!
 ORGANIZATION

signal words,
arrangement of ideas

CLARITY
Ideas should not be vague but
should be adequately explained
has good structure
 has good structure
• Numbers 1-1
has good structure
1
 has good structure
• OTHER CONSIDERATIONS (GRAMMAR):
1. Pronoun-antecedent agreement
2. Subject-verb agreement

3. PARALLELISM
• balance between two or more similar words,
phrases or clauses
• makes ideas clear and consistent
HOW? 1. Look for a list or series of items
2. Check if they are stated consistently
Mikasa danced, studied, and exercised.
STEP 1 verb verb verb
STEP 2 past tense past tense past tense

They are cute, smart, and gives good jokes.

STEP 1
one one phrase
STEP 2 word word
PARALLELISM EXERCISES (Yes or No)
I run two miles, walk one mile, and jog half a mile.
YES
He smiled genuinely and responded in a fast manner.
NO responded quickly

The chef chopped the parsley, peeled the tomatoes and

was slicing the chayote.
NO sliced the chayote
PARALLELISM EXERCISES (Yes or No)
He wants his students not only to keep quiet but
also doing the task.
NO
to do the task

I was taught that to learn is understanding. NO

to understand
COMMON ERRORS
Run-on sentence and comma splice
 RUN-ON SENTENCE
• also known as fused sentence

• occurs when NO punctuation or

appropriate conjunction separates
independent sentences
• Example:
Cheating is an evil act honesty is great.
SENTENCE 1 or IND. CLAUSE 1 SENTENCE 2 or IND. CLAUSE 2
 COMMA SPLICE
• occurs when only a comma separates
two independent sentences
• Example:
Tony is dishonest, he steals money from others.
SENTENCE 1 or SENTENCE 2 or IND. CLAUSE 2
IND. CLAUSE 1
 MORE EXAMPLES
Ex:The dog barked loudly the cat meowed shyly.
RUN-ON SENTENCE

• Helen asked for money, Mom gave her coins.

COMMA SPLICE
 RUN-ON SENTENCE, COMMA SPLICE, or CORRECT?
1. She played with the dog , they had fun.
Answer: Comma splice
2. Reading is vital it saves us from ignorance.
Answer: Run-on sentence
 RUN-ON SENTENCE, COMMA SPLICE, or CORRECT?
3. I bought the red, leather bag it was expensive.
ANSWER: Run-on sentence
4. Due to climate change, the glacier is melting.
ANSWER: Correct
5. Cooking, cleaning, and watching are some of the
things I do when I have free time.
ANSWER: Correct
 FIXING
COMMA SPLICE (CS)
AND
RUN-ON SENTENCES (RS)
1. Use a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS)
For And Nor But Or Yet So
RS: Cheating is an evil act honesty is great.
FIXED: Cheating is an evil act but honesty is great.

CS: Tony is dishonest, he steals money from others.

FIXED: Tony is dishonest for he steals money from others.
2. Use a semicolon (for related ideas)
RS: Cheating is an evil act honesty is great.
FIXED: Cheating is an evil act; honesty is great.

CS: Tony is dishonest, he steals money from others.

FIXED: Tony is dishonest; he steals money from others.
3. Make different sentences
RS: Cheating is an evil act honesty is great.
FIXED: Cheating is an evil act. Honesty is great.

CS: Tony is dishonest, he steals money from others.

FIXED: Tony is dishonest. He steals money from others.
 4. Restructure the sentence as one
CS: Tony is dishonest, he steals money from others.
FIXED: Tony is dishonest because he steals money from others.

RS: The new plan was introduced the employees were eager to try it.
FIXED: When the new plan was introduced, the employees were eager to try it.
 MODIFIERS
provide description to the thing or person beside them

The red pencil is on the table.

I love the bag that was woven in Sagada.

 MISPLACED MODIFIER
description separated from the word it describes

I saw a man near a river that was talking.

Correct: I saw a man that was talking near a river.

 MISPLACED MODIFIER
description separated from the word it describes

Flying in the sky, the hunter caught an eagle.

Correct:
The hunter caught an eagle flying in the sky.
Flying in the sky, the eagle was caught by the
hunter.
The waiter served a piece of cake to
the man with a cherry on top.
The waiter served a piece of cake
with a cherry on top to the man.
Covered with hot melting
cheese, I ate the pizza.

I ate the pizza covered

with hot melting cheese.
 Fix the misplaced modifiers.
1. On her way to school, Lin found a gold man’s watch.
On her way to school, Lin found a man’s gold watch.

2. He put the white shoes on his feet that he bought in SM.

He put the white shoes that he bought in SM on his feet.

3. Burning intensely, Mr. Natsu saw the wood.

Burning intensely, the wood was seen by Mr. Natsu.
Mr. Natsu saw the wood that was burning intensely.
 Avoid MISPLACED
MODIFIERS to avoid
unintended meaning!
 DANGLING MODIFIER
description has no thing or person to describe
While playing in the park,
the sun grew hotter.

While the boy was playing

in the park, the sun grew
hotter.
Waiting for the bus, the time went by slowly.
Check:
While I was waiting for the bus,
the time went by slowly.

Check:
The time went by slowly when I
was waiting for the bus.
 Fix the dangling modifiers.
1. To enroll in UC, the form must be signed and placed in an
envelope.

To enroll in UC, students must sign and place the form in an

envelope.
 Fix the dangling modifiers.
2. Shocked by the gravity of the situation, something had to be
done.

Shocked by the gravity of the situation, they knew they had to

do something.
 Fix the dangling modifiers.
3. After studying all night, it was late and no taxis were
available.

After studying all night, I realized it was late and no taxis were
available.
 Summary of common errors that should be avoided

RUN-ON SENTENCE –no punctuation between 2 sentences

COMMA SPLICE –a comma separates 2 sentences
MISPLACED MODIFIER –description is separated from what it describes
DANGLING MODIFIER – description has nothing to describe
Thank you