Disaster Readiness and

Risk Reduction
Quarter 2 – Module 1:
Geological Hazards
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 1: Geological Hazards
First Edition, 2020

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Disaster Readiness and
Risk Reduction
Quarter 2 – Module 1:
Geological Hazards
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Grade 11/12 Alternative
Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Other Related Geological Hazards.

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

ii
For the learner:

Welcome to the Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction 11/12 Alternative Delivery
Mode (ADM) Module on Other Related Geological Hazards!

The hand is one of the most symbolized parts of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

iii
 Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

iv
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the Other Related Geologic Hazards. The scope of this module permits it to be used
in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module focuses only about the lesson:

Lesson 1 – Knowing different geological hazards

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Understand what a Rainfall-induced Landslide and sinkhole is.
2. Describe in his/her own words the definition of a landslide and a
sinkhole.
3. Explain the different types of landslides and sinkholes.
4. Produce a poster or a slogan regarding Landslide and Sinkhole.
5. Realize the importance of creating warning signs for the safety of living
creatures and mankind.
 What I Know

Pre-test

The Philippines is located in an archipelago characterized by having mountainous

terrains and is often visited by typhoons which bring heavy rain. These two
conditions combined in the most unfavorable manner may cause landslides and
sinkholes which are potential geologic hazard due to the topographic and geologic
composition of land.

Landslides and sinkholes are often referred to as a generic name for soil collapsing
downward but it also has different types and characteristics based on its
composition.

Read each item comprehensively and write the letter of the correct answer on
extra sheet of paper.
1. Landslide is the downward ground movement on a sloping terrain caused by
gravity. It also comes in scientific term such as ________.
a. land agitation c. landslip
b. landmass d. land tremors
2. Which of the following is a natural agent of erosion which flows and loosens
the soil?
a. air c. butane
b. alcohol d. water

3. What type of landslide has a very slow movement which is hardly noticeable?
a. debris flow c. slumping
b. rock fall d. soil creep

4. Which of the following happens when the slope becomes saturated with
water triggering a landslide of water sacked mass of rock and soil?
a. debris flow c. slumping
b. rock fall d. soil creep
5. Which of the following pertains to a sudden slide of rocks downslope?
a. rock failure c. rock slip
b. rock fall d. rock stead

6. Which of the following is a landslide characterized by short distance

movement down a slope, sliding along concave-upward or planar
surface?
a. debris flow c.soil creep
b. slumping d. topples
7. Which of the following is not a condition for a landslide to occur?
a. bare vegetation c. heavy rain
b. flat terrain d. inclined location

8. This is a depression in the ground that resulted from the collapse of the surface
layer of the soil.

a. earthquake c. sinkhole
b. landslide d. tsunami

9. Which of the following characteristics of a rock is essential in order to produce a

sinkhole?
a. dense c. lustrous
b. hard d. soluble

10. Which of the following is not an ideal environment for sinkholes to occur?
a. limestone saturated c. sedimentary deposits
b. salt beds d. volcanic craters

11. Which of the following is a type of sinkhole that develops abruptly which cause
catastrophic damage?
a. artificial b. cover collapse
c. cover subsidence d. dissolution

12. What type of sinkhole develops gradually where the covering sediments are
permeable and contain sand?

a. artificial c. cover subsidence

b. cover collapse d. dissolution
13. Which of the following occurs in areas where limestone is exposed at land
surface?

a. artificial c. cover subsidence

b. cover collapse d. dissolution

14. Which of the following sinkholes is primarily caused by various human activities
including groundwater pumping and construction activities?
a. artificial c. cover subsidence
b. cover collapse d. dissolution

15. Which of the following is always true about sinkholes?

a. can only form holes c. can only occur on land
b. can be shallow or deep d. can form above igneous rocks
 Lesson
Explain Different Types of
1 Geological Hazards

Geological hazards are natural phenomena that cause major problems around the
world. The expansion and development of cities has led to an increase in impact and
damage due to geological hazards. In general, most of the geological hazards are
related to natural conditions, although some may be due to human activities.

While landslides come in various names such as mudslide, flash flood, avalanche,
etc. The actual difference is in their composition provided that there is an inclined
terrain. Sinkholes, on the other hand, can occur on elevated or flat surfaces and can
range from massive to barely noticeable which may leave a dent, a hole, or a body of
water on the ground.

Therefore, as a student you need to be aware of the different types of landslides and
sinkholes in order to be prepared for the danger that it may cause.
 What’s In

Activity 1: Essay.

Direction: Analyze the illustration and answer the following questions thoroughly.

This is a before and after illustration of a debris

avalanche of Mount Pinatubo located on
the tripoint boundary of the Philippine
provinces of Zambales, Tarlac and Pampanga,
all in Central Luzon on the northern part
of Luzon. Based from the illustration, answer
the following question below.

Guide questions:

1.What happened to the appearance of the

crater after the volcanic eruption?

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

2. What happened to the portions of the

volcano that were removed?

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

3. What geologic hazard could be responsible

for the movement of the soil?

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

Image Source: “24 Shocking Before-After Photos You Won't Believe Are Real: Natural
Disasters, Geology, Before after Photo.” Pinterest. Accessed July 1, 2020.
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/232568768230237588/.
 What’s New

Activity 2: Present a situation.

Direction: These are the some of the landslide

precaution signs often found on the roadsides. Answer
the following questions below.

1. Have you ever seen one of these signages on the

roadsides? If yes, where, and when?

2. What do these signages mean?

3. Why is the second image highlighted in red?

4. When and where did you see these road signs?

5. What is common in these places where they are

placed?

Top
Gobierno de Colombia (2012). Colombia road sign SP-42. https://commons.wikimedia
.org/wiki/File:Colombia_road_sign_SP-42.svg#file. Marked under Public Domain

Bottom
Global Panorama (2014). Landslide sign. Digital Art. https://search.creativecommons.org
/photos/adf1c896-b48b-4d0c-923a-4a49bea8741a. Licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/?ref=ccsearch&atype=rich
 What is It

 Landslide
A landslide is a ground movement on a sloping terrain. It does not
happen on flat ground because of the angle on the ground, gravity
induces the land to move downward. It is aggravated by rain because
water is a natural agent for erosion. If rain or any source of water
frequently flows down a sloping area, the gravitational descent of
loosened soil makes it possible for landslide to occur.

Structures that are built on steep-slope mountains have a high

vulnerability to landslide hazards especially during heavy rains. Areas with:
steep slope, dense population and denuded terrain are distinguished by a high
susceptibility to rainfall-induced landslide hazards. Long or regular rain may
saturate the topsoil and the bedrock, weakening the soil base of buildings or
structures. Without plants and trees whose roots can absorb water and hold
the soil together, subsequent rain water can continue to loosen up the soil
that anchors the buildings. A heavy downpour of rain can quickly destroy
these buildings and communities, giving way to landslides, mudslides, or
mudflows.

Types of Landslide

1. Soil Creep Landslide

is a very slow
downslope movement
of particles that occurs
in every slope covered
with loose, weathered
material (Britannica
dictionary).

2. Slumping Landslide is a
downward movement of rock debris,
usually the consequence of removal
of buttressing earth at the foot of a
slope of unconsolidated material
(Britannica dictionary).
 3. Debris Flow Landslide happens
when the slope becomes saturated
with water, this then triggers a
landslide of water-soaked mass of
rock and soil that slides down the
slope.

4. Rock Fall landslides are sudden slides

caused by heavy rain the rock on the slope loosens
and then slides down the slope.

 Sinkhole
A sinkhole is a topographic depression created when groundwater
dissolves the underlying limestone bedrock. Often known as "sink" or "doline,".

Characteristics:

 occur in areas where the soil foundation is made of soft minerals

and rocks such as limestone, salt beds, or any acidic rocks.
 The depth of sinkholes ranges from a couple of meters to several
mile deep.

How it occurs:

Water from the rainfall seeps underneath the soil through the cracks
and fissures. As water passes through these cracks and fissures, it erodes the
soil and forms a conduit system, these underground water systems increase
in size as the soil is carried by the water through internal erosion. This can
either form a void filled with air with an underground drainage. If the void is
clogged with clay, then it forms a depression which then accumulates water
and forms a pond. Otherwise it forms a hole once the cover collapses into the
void which can be either filled with air or water.
 Types of Sinkholes

There are three main types of sinkholes, according to the geologist, but there
is an additional category, the artificial sinkholes which are caused by human
activity.

1. Cover Collapse Sinkhole

It develops suddenly (over an hour period) thus, causing catastrophic damage.

2. Cover Subsidence Sinkhole

It gradually grows where the sediment covers are permeable and contain sand.
3. Dissolution Sinkhole

It occurs in areas where calcareous is exposed on the ground or where thin

layers of soil and permeable sand are also covered. Limestone or dolomite
dissolution is most intense when the water first reaches the rock surface.

4. Artificial Sinkhole
Such types of sinks may be caused by various human activities, including
groundwater pumping and building.

What’s More

Activity 3: True or False

Write “true” if the statement is correct about landslides and sinkhole and “false” if
the statement is wrong.

1. An avalanche is a landslide.

2. Sinkholes form in sedimentary rock deposits.

3. Holes are the only byproduct of a sinkhole.

4. Cover-subsidence sinkholes can be undetected for long

periods.
5. Soil creep is faster than slumping.

6. Landslides only occur in inclined areas.

7. Depressions on the ground that resulted from the collapse

of the surface layer of the soil is called a sinkhole.
8. Rock fall landslides are made of water saturated soil.

9. Water is a natural agent of erosion.

10. Landslides that have hardly noticeable damage due to slow

movement are soil creep.
 What I Have Learned

Activity 4: Complete the statements.

Directions: Landslide and sinkholes are both geological hazards but are distinctly
different. Complete the following paragraphs based on what you have learned in the
lecture.

Rubrics: You will be given 10 points for each paragraph,1 point for each line and
four points for the last line if you have properly stated the difference between the
four types.

Landslide

I have learned that landslides are ________________________ and they are

formed by _________________________ which has four types namely,
__________________, ________________, ______________, _______________. The difference
between each type is ___________________________________________.

Sinkhole

I have learned that sinkholes are ___________________________ which are

formed by __________________________ that has four different types namely:
__________________, ___________________, ________________, _________________. The
difference between these sinkholes is that
_______________________________________________________________________.
 What I Can Do

Activity 5:
Create an evacuation plan for your household whenever a landslide or sinkhole may
occur. Countercheck the location of your home in google maps or you could use the
Project NOAH app of DOST and provide an escape route. Evaluate the risk of your
location to landslides and sinkholes. Use a bond paper and make use of arrows,
different colors of ink and standard symbols for clearer representation. Your plan
should include the following:
a. Floor plan of your household and location of possible exit and entry
points. Also indicate blocked exits.
b. Location of your house on a geologic hazard map.
c. A specific rendezvous point where you and your family members will
meet.
d. Include at least three exit plans from at least three different locations
of your household.
e. You must create a Legend panel to contain the meaning of the symbols
that you have used. Symbols must include the following:
- “X” mark of areas prone to landslide and sinkhole.
- “O” mark for evacuation areas and safe zones.

- “- - -” dashed lines to indicate direction of evacuation

Rubrics for scoring:
Criteria 4 3 2 1 TOTAL
SCORE
Accuracy All Most of the Some of the Very little of
and information information information the
Relevance is correct is correct is correct information
and all of and most of and some of is correct
the sources the sources the sources and none of
are listed are listed are listed the sources
are listed
Originality With One or two Graphics No graphics
exceptional of the made based made by the
degree of graphics on the student are
student reflects designs of included
creativity in creativity of others
their work. the students
Required The plan All required All but 1 are Several
Elements includes elements included on required
required are included the flyer elements
elements as on the flyer are missing
well as
additional
information
in the
legend pane
Neatness All writing is Most of the Some of the Very little of
tidy, photos writing is writing is the writing
and artwork tidy, photos tidy, photos is tidy,
are precisely and artwork and artwork photos and
placed, and are mostly are artwork are
all sections placed somewhat placed
are orderly carefully, placed poorly, and
and most of carefully, the sections
the sections and some of are
are orderly the sections disorderly
are orderly
Creativity The plan as Most of the Some of the Very little of
a whole is plan is plan is the plan is
interesting, interesting, interesting, interesting,
engaging, engaging, engaging, engaging,
imaginative, imaginative, imaginative, imaginative,
and original and original and original and original
Colorful The floor Most of the Some of the Very little of
plan is eye floor plan is floor plan is the floor
catching eye catching eye catching plan is eye
and vibrant and bright and average catching
and/or colors and/or and dull
coordinated and/or some and/or
colors are mostly mismatched mismatched
used coordinated colors are colors are
colors are used used
used
 Assessment

Read each item comprehensively and write the letter of the correct answer on
extra sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is a type of sinkhole that develops abruptly which

cause catastrophic damage?
a. artificial c. cover subsidence
b. cover collapse d. dissolution
2. What type of sinkhole develops gradually where the covering sediments are
permeable and contain sand?
a. artificial c. cover subsidence
b. cover collapse d. dissolution

3. Which of the following occurs in areas where limestone is exposed at

land surface?
a. artificial c. cover subsidence
b. cover collapse d. dissolution

4. Which of the following sinkholes is primarily caused by various human

activities including groundwater pumping and construction activities?
a. artificial c. cover subsidence
b. cover collapse d. dissolution
5. Which of the following is always true about sinkholes?
a. can only form holes c. can only occur on land
b. can be shallow or deep d. can form above igneous rocks

6. Which of the following is a landslide characterized by short distance

movement down a slope, sliding along concave-upward or planar surface?
a. debris flow c. soil creep
b. slumping d. topples

7. Which of the following is not a condition for a landslide to occur?

a. bare vegetation c. heavy rain
b. flat terrain d. inclined location

8. This is a depression in the ground that resulted from the collapse of

the surface layer of the soil.
a. earthquake c. sinkhole
b. landslide d. tsunami

9. Which of the following characteristics of a rock is essential in order to

produce a sinkhole?
a. dense c. lustrous
b. hard d. soluble
 10. Which of the following is not an ideal environment for sinkholes to
occur?
a. limestone saturated c. sedimentary deposits
b. salt beds d. volcanic craters

11. Landslide is the downward ground movement on a sloping terrain

caused by gravity. It also comes scientific term such as ________.
a. land agitation c. landslip
b. landmass d. land tremors

12. Which of the following is a natural agent of erosion which flows and
loosens the soil?
a. air c. butane
b. alcohol d. water
13. What type of landslide has a very slow movement which is hardly
noticeable?
a. debris flow c. slumping
b. rock fall d. soil creep

14. Which of the following pertains to a sudden slide of rocks downslope?

a. rock failure c. rock slip
b. rock fall d. rock stead

15. Which of the following happens when the slope becomes saturated
with water triggering a landslide of water sacked mass of rock and soil?
a. debris flow c. slumping
b. rock fall d. soil creep

Additional Activities

Enrichment Activity

Directions: Make an infographics that gives warning to people about the types of
landslides and sinkholes. An infographics is a graphic visual representation of
information, data or knowledge intended to present information quickly and clearly
to the viewers. This includes illustrations and descriptions. Put your work on a short
bond paper.

Criteria 4 3 2 1 TOTAL
SCORE
Accuracy All Most of the Some of the Very little of
and information information information the
Relevance is correct is correct is correct information
and all of and most of and some of is correct and
the sources the sources the sources none of the
are listed are listed are listed
 sources are
listed
Originality With One or two Graphics No graphics
exceptional of the made based made by the
degree of graphics on the student are
student reflects designs of included
creativity in creativity of others
their work. the
students
Required The All required All but 1 are Several
Elements infographics elements included required
includes are included elements are
required missing
elements as
well as
additional
information
in the
legend pane
Neatness All writing is Most of the Some of the Very little of
tidy, photos writing is writing is the writing is
and artwork tidy, photos tidy, photos tidy, photos
are precisely and artwork and artwork and artwork
placed, and are mostly are are placed
all sections placed somewhat poorly, and
are orderly carefully, placed the sections
and most of carefully, are disorderly
the sections and some of
are orderly the sections
are orderly
Creativity The Most of the Some of the Very little of
infographics infographics infographics the
as a whole is is infographics
is interesting, interesting, is interesting,
interesting, engaging, engaging, engaging,
engaging, imaginative, imaginative, imaginative,
imaginative, and original and original and original
and original
Colorful The Most of the Some of the Very little of
infographics infographics infographics the
is eye is eye is eye poster/slogan
catching catching catching is eye
and vibrant and bright and average catching and
and/or colors and/or dull and/or
coordinated and/or some mismatched
colors are mostly mismatched colors are
used coordinated colors are used
colors are used
used
What's In
1. Possible Answers: Larger/ wider crater, deformed landscape
2. Possible Answers: it fell down the volcano, it melted, it was
carried to the foot of the volcano by the lava
3. Possible Answers: avalanche-is also a landslide with ice and soil,
mudflow, landslide
PRE-TEST
Post-test
What's More 1. B
1. B 2. D
2. C 1. TRUE 3. D
3. D 2. TRUE 4. A
4. A 3. FALSE 5. B
5. B 4. TRUE 6. B
6. B 5. FALSE 7. B
7. B 6. TRUE 8. C
8. C 7. TRUE 9. D
9. D 8. FALSE 10. D
10. D 9. TRUE 11. B
11. B 10. TRUE 12. C
12. D 13. D
13. D 14. A
14. B 15. B
15. A
Answer Key
References

210 Lab #2. Accessed July 1, 2020. http://classes.colgate.edu

/bselleck/geol210/lab2/slump.htm.

“24 Shocking Before-After Photos You Won't Believe Are Real: Natural
Disasters, Geology, Before after Photo.” Pinterest. Accessed July 1,
2020. https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/232568768230237588/.

“Landslides Warning Sign Vector Images (over 180).” VectorStock. Accessed

July 1, 2020. https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-
vectors/landslides-warning-sign-vectors

Landslides. (n.d.). Retrieved July 01, 2020, from https://www.

klamathcounty.org/812/Landslides

Landslides - All the different Kinds: Landslide, Diagram, Geology. (n.d.).

Retrieved July 01, 2020, from https://www.pinterest
.ph/pin/394768723579480675/

Maynard, Barry. “Landslide Types-Creep.” Flickr. Yahoo!, December 2, 2008.

https://www.flickr.com/photos/fenneman/3076572501.

“Traffic Sign Landslide Warning Sign Rock, Rock, Angle, Text, Triangle Png.”
PNGWing. Accessed July 1, 2020.
https://www.pngwing.com/en/free-png-xmgit.

Villamor S. Quebral, Ed.D., ”Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction”, Lorimar

Publishing Inc.,2016, pp58-71
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