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  • Equations of Order One: Differential Equations Module 2A

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    Juvilee Rico
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    1. A solution to a differential equation satisfies the given equation by eliminating derivatives. General solutions contain arbitrary constants equal to the order of the equation, while particular solutions assign values to constants. 2. First-order differential equations can be separated into explicit or implicit forms. Equations that are variable separable can be transformed to the form A(x)dx + B(y)dy = 0 and solved by integrating each term. 3. Examples demonstrate solving separable first-order differential equations by algebraic manipulation and integration to find the general solution containing an arbitrary constant. Initial conditions are used to determine the particular solution.

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    DE Module 2a

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    1. A solution to a differential equation satisfies the given equation by eliminating derivatives. General solutions contain arbitrary constants equal to the order of the equation, while particular solutions assign values to constants. 2. First-order differential equations can be separated into explicit or implicit forms. Equations that are variable separable can be transformed to the form A(x)dx + B(y)dy = 0 and solved by integrating each term. 3. Examples demonstrate solving separable first-order differential equations by algebraic manipulation and integration to find the general solution containing an arbitrary constant. Initial conditions are used to determine the particular solution.

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    308 views5 pages

    Equations of Order One: Differential Equations Module 2A

    Uploaded by

    Juvilee Rico
    1. A solution to a differential equation satisfies the given equation by eliminating derivatives. General solutions contain arbitrary constants equal to the order of the equation, while particular solutions assign values to constants. 2. First-order differential equations can be separated into explicit or implicit forms. Equations that are variable separable can be transformed to the form A(x)dx + B(y)dy = 0 and solved by integrating each term. 3. Examples demonstrate solving separable first-order differential equations by algebraic manipulation and integration to find the general solution containing an arbitrary constant. Initial conditions are used to determine the particular solution.

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    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 5

    DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

    MODULE 2a
    EQUATIONS OF ORDER ONE

    SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

    A solution to a differential equation is an equation, free of derivatives,


    that satisfies the given differential equation.
    Example: Show that y=x 2 +cx is a solution of the differential
    equation x y ' =x 2 + y
    Solution:
    y=x 2 +cx y ' =2 x+ c
    If this is the solution, then it must satisfy the given differential
    equation. Substituting into the given differential equation, we
    have
    x ( 2 x +c )=x 2+(x 2 +cx )
    2 x2 + cx=2 x 2 +cx
    Therefore the equation is satisfied.

    Kinds of Solutions to Differential Equations

    1. General solution – a solution which contains a number of


    independent arbitrary constants equal to the order of the
    differential equation.
    2. Particular solution – a solution which can be obtained from the
    general solution by giving specific values to one or more of
    the constants.

    First Order Equations


    dy
    Explicit form: dx = F ( x , y )
    Implicit form: M ( x , y ) dx+ N ( x , y ) dy=o
    I. Equations that are VARIABLE SEPARABLE

    A first-order differential equation that is either of the


    explicit or implicit form, is variable separable if, by algebraic
    manipulation, it can be transformed into the form
    A ( x ) dx + B ( y ) dy=0
    The solution can then be obtained by integrating each term
    of the above equation.

    Illustrative Examples:
    1. Solve the equation sin x sin ydx +cos x cos ydy=0.
    Solution:
    Divide both sides of the equation by sin y cos x .
    sin x cos y
    dx + dy ¿ 0
    cos x sin y
    Integrating each term of the equation, we get
    −lncos x + lnsin y =ln c
    ln sin y=ln c+ ln cos x
    ln sin y=ln c cos x
    sin y=c cos x Ans.
    2

    2. Solve the equation xy 3 dx+ e x dy =0.


    Solution:
    2

    Divide both sides of the equation by y3 ex ,


    x dy
    x dx +¿ ¿0
    2

    e y3
    2

    x e−x dx + y −3 dy =0
    −1 − x y−2 c
    2

    2 e +¿ −2 −2
    =
    2

    e− x + y −2=c Ans.

    3. Solve the equation


    ( xy + x ) dx=( x 2 y 2 + x 2+ y 2+1 ) dy
    Solution:
    x ( y +1 ) dx=¿
    x ( y +1 ) dx=¿

    x ( y +1 ) dx=( x 2 +1 ) ( y 2 +1 ) dy

    Divide both sides of the equation by


    2
    ( y +1 ) ( x +1 ). Hence, we get
    x y 2+1
    2 dx = dy
    x +1 y +1
    Integrating each term of the above equation,
    ∫ x x+1 dx=∫( y−1+ y+2 1 ) dy
    2

    1 y2
    ln ( x 2 +1 )= − y +2 ln ( y +1 )+ 2 ln c
    2 2
    1 y2
    ln ( x 2 +1 )= − y +2 ¿
    2 2
    1 y2
    ln ( x 2 +1 )= − y +2 ln c ( y +1 )
    2 2
    ln ( x 2 +1 )= y 2−2 y + 4 ln c ( y +1 ) Ans.

    4. αdβ + βdα +αβ ( 3 dα + dβ ) =0

    Solution:
    First we distribute the terms.
    αdβ + βdα +3 αβ dα + αβdβ=0
    β (1+3 α ) dα +α (1+ β ) dβ=0

    Dividing both sides by αβ , we get


    1+ 3 α 1+ β
    dα +¿ dβ=0
    α β

    ∫ 1α +3 dα +∫ 1β + 1 dβ=0
    ( ) ( )
    ln α +3 α + ln β + β +ln c=0

    ln cαβ=−3 α −β or cαβ =e−3 α −β Ans.

    5. ( 2 a2−r 2 ) dr=r 3 sin θdθ, when θ=0 , r=a .


    Solution:
    3
    Dividing both sides by r , we get
    2 a2−r 2
    dr =sin θdθ
    r3
    dr
    2 a2∫ r−3 dr−∫ =∫ sin θdθ
    r
    −2
    r
    2 a2 −ln r =−cos θ−c
    −2
    a2
    r2
    + lnr =cos θ+ c general solution
    When θ=0 , r=a,
    a2
    + ln a=cos 0+c
    a2
    1+ln a=1+c c=ln a
    a2
    + lnr =cos θ+ ln a
    r2
    a2
    + lnr −ln a=cos θ
    r2
    a2 r
    r 2
    + ln =cos θ
    a Ans.
    2

    6. y ' =x e y− x ,
    when x=0 , y=0
    Solution:
    dy
    =
    2

    dx x e y e−x
    2

    dy =x e y e−x dx

    Dividing both sides by e , y

    dy
    =
    2

    x e−x dx
    ey
    2

    ∫ e− y dy =∫ x e− x dx
    −1 − x 1 2

    −e− y =¿ e − c
    2 2
    2

    2 e− y =e− x + c general solution


    When x=0 , y=0
    2 e−0=e−0 +c
    2=1+ c c=1
    2

    2 e− y =e− x +1 Ans.

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