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  • Elementary Applications: I. Growth and Decay

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    Juvilee Rico
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    This document discusses three examples involving differential equations that model growth and decay processes: 1. It determines the time for half of an original quantity of radium to decompose based on a 1.1% decomposition rate over 25 years. The answer is approximately 1567 years. 2. Given a radioactive substance with a 1620 year half-life, it calculates (a) the remaining mass after 810 years (2.8 grams) and (b) the time for 1.5 grams to remain (2292 years). 3. A bacterial population triples between noon and 2 PM. It determines the time for the population to become 100 times the noon level (8 hours and 23 minutes).

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    DE Module 3

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    This document discusses three examples involving differential equations that model growth and decay processes: 1. It determines the time for half of an original quantity of radium to decompose based on a 1.1% decomposition rate over 25 years. The answer is approximately 1567 years. 2. Given a radioactive substance with a 1620 year half-life, it calculates (a) the remaining mass after 810 years (2.8 grams) and (b) the time for 1.5 grams to remain (2292 years). 3. A bacterial population triples between noon and 2 PM. It determines the time for the population to become 100 times the noon level (8 hours and 23 minutes).

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    79 views5 pages

    Elementary Applications: I. Growth and Decay

    Uploaded by

    Juvilee Rico
    This document discusses three examples involving differential equations that model growth and decay processes: 1. It determines the time for half of an original quantity of radium to decompose based on a 1.1% decomposition rate over 25 years. The answer is approximately 1567 years. 2. Given a radioactive substance with a 1620 year half-life, it calculates (a) the remaining mass after 810 years (2.8 grams) and (b) the time for 1.5 grams to remain (2292 years). 3. A bacterial population triples between noon and 2 PM. It determines the time for the population to become 100 times the noon level (8 hours and 23 minutes).

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

    MODULE 3
    ELEMENTARY APPLICATIONS

    I. GROWTH and DECAY

    Illustrative Examples:
    1. Radium decomposes at a rate proportional to the quantity
    of radium present. Suppose that it is found that in 25
    years approximately 1.1% of a certain quantity of radium
    has decomposed. Determine approximately how long it
    will take for one-half the original amount of radium to
    decompose.
    Solution:
    Let x – the quantity of radium present at any time
    t – time in years
    dx
    dt – the rate of decomposition of radium
    From the Law of Radioactive Decay,
    dx
    ∝x
    dt
    dx
    ¿ kx
    dt
    The equation is variable separable.
    dx
    ¿ kdt
    x
    Integrating,
    ln x=kt+ ln c

    ln x=ln ekt +ln c


    ln x=ln cekt

    x=ce kt general solution


    When t = 0, x = x 0
    0
    x 0=ce c=x 0

    x=x 0 e kt

    When t = 25 yr, x = x 0 −0.011 x 0 = 0.989 x 0


    k (25)
    0.989 x = x e 0 0

    k 25
    0.989 = ( e )
    e k =( 0.989 )1/25

    x=x 0 ( 0.989 )t /25

    When x=0.5 x o

    0.5 x o=x 0 ( 0.989 )t /25


    0.5=( 0.989 )t /25

    ln 0.5=ln ( 0.989 )t / 25
    t
    ln 0.5= ln 0.989
    25
    25 ln 0.5
    t=¿
    ln 0.989 1567 yr Ans.
    ¿

    2. A radioactive substance has a half-life of 1620 years. (a) If


    its mass is now 4 grams, how much will be left 810 years
    from now? (b) Find the time when 1.5 grams of the
    substance remain.
    Note: The half-life of a radioactive substance is the length
    of time for half of a sample of the substance to decay.
    Solution:
    Let x – the mass of radioactive substance present at
    any time in grams
    t – time in years
    dx
    dt – the rate of disintegration of the substance

    From the Law of Radioactive Decay,


    dx
    ∝x
    dt
    dx
    ¿ kx
    dt
    The equation is variable separable.
    dx
    ¿ kdt
    x
    Integrating,
    ln x=kt+ ln c
    ln x−ln c=kt
    x
    ln =kt
    c
    x
    ¿ e kt
    c
    x=ce kt general solution
    When t = 0, x = 4 g
    4=ce0 c=4
    x=4 e kt

    When t = 1620 yr, x = 4/2 = 2 g


    k (1620)
    2=4 e

    2/4 ¿ ( e k )1620
    k 1/1620
    e =( 0.5 )
    x=4 ( 0.5 )t / 1620

    (a) When t = 810 yr,


    x=4 ( 0.5 )810/ 1620=2.8 g Ans.
    (b) When x = 1.5 g,
    1.5=4 ( 0.5 )t /1620
    1.5/4 ¿ ( 0.5 )t / 1620
    ln 0.375=ln ( 0.5 )t / 1620
    t
    ln 0.375=¿ ¿ ln 0.5
    1620
    1620 ln 0.375
    t=¿ ¿ 2292 yr. Ans.
    ln 0.5
    3. A bacterial population is known to have a rate of growth
    proportional to the population itself. If between noon and
    2 P.M. the population triples, at what time, no controls
    being exerted, should the population become 100 times
    what it was at noon?
    Solution:
    Let x – the bacterial population at any time
    t – time in hours
    dx
    dt – the rate of growth of the bacterial population
    Since the rate of growth is proportional to the population,
    we have
    dx
    ∝x
    dt
    dx
    ¿ kx
    dt
    The equation is variable separable.
    dx
    ¿ kdt
    x
    Integrating,
    ln x=kt+ ln c
    ln x−ln c=kt
    x
    ln =kt
    c
    x
    ¿ e kt
    c
    x=ce kt general solution
    When t = 0 i.e. 12 NN, x = x 0
    0
    x 0=ce c=x 0

    x=x 0 e kt

    When t = 2 hr i.e. from 12 PM to 2 PM, x = 3 x 0

    k (2)
    3x = x e
    0 0

    k 2
    3 = (e )
    e k =( 3 )1 /2

    x=x 0 (3 )t /2

    When x=100 x o

    100 x =x o 0 ( 3 )t /2

    100¿ ( 3 ) t/2

    ln 100=ln ( 3 )t /2
    t
    ln 100= ln 3
    2
    2 ln 100
    t=¿ 8.38 hr or 8 hr 23 min
    ¿
    ln 3
    Actual time – 8:23 P.M. Ans.

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