FINAL March 2010

FEASIBILITY STUDY

NILE BASIN INITIATIVE

NILE EQUATORIAL LAKES SUBSIDIARY ACTION PROGRAM

(NELSAP)

STUDY ON THE ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION LINES

LINKED TO THE RUSUMO FALLS HYDRO-ELECTRIC
GENERATION PLANT

VOLUME I

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

FICHTNER – RSWI

7244P01/FICHT-5896164-v1 - RSWI
TABLE OF CONTENTS: FEASIBILITY STUDY

VOLUME I
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

VOLUME II
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AND VISITED PERSONS
2. INTRODUCTION
3. FINDINGS OF THE PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY AND TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYING REPORT
4. LOAD FORECAST
5. POWER SYSTEM DESIGN (SUMMARY)
6. SUBSTATION DESIGN (SUMMARY)
7. OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN (SUMMARY)
8. ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT(SUMMARY)
9. ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL IMPACTS (SUMMARY)
10. RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN (SUMMARY)
11. SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (SUMMARY)
12. FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
13. INSTITUTIONAL AND COMMERCIAL CONSIDERATIONS
14. RISK ASSUMPTIONS
15. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

VOLUME III
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND INTRODUCTION
5. POWER SYSTEM DESIGN
6. SUBSTATION DESIGN
7. OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN

VOLUME IV
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND INTRODUCTION
8. ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT

VOLUME V
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND INTRODUCTION
9. ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL IMPACTS
10. RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN
11. SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

VOLUME VI
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND INTRODUCTION
RURAL ELECTRIFICATION REPORT

7244P01/FICHT-5896164-v1 - RSWI I
List of Abbreviations IV

Measures XI

Exchange Rates XI

1. Executive Summary 1-1

1.1 Introduction 1-1
1.2 Project objectives 1-2
1.3 Project Area 1-4
1.4 Load Forecast 1-5
1.5 Technical Analysis 1-7
1.5.1 Voltage Selection 1-7
1.5.2 Definition of Alternative line routings 1-9
1.5.3 Phase conductors 1-14
1.5.4 Substations 1-15
1.5.5 Power System Study 1-17
1.6 Environmental Report 1-18
1.6.1 Presentation 1-18
1.6.2 Project Description 1-19
1.6.3 Legal framework 1-20
1.6.4 Reference state of the zones crossed by the project 1-22
1.6.5 Consultation activities 1-23
1.6.6 Environmental impacts 1-24
1.6.7 Environmental Management Plan 1-25
1.6.8 Environmental Instructions 1-26
1.7 Socio Economic Assessment 1-27
1.7.1 Methodology and legal framework 1-27
1.7.2 Project Environment 1-27
1.7.3 Land use 1-28
1.7.4 Impacts 1-28
1.7.5 Rural Centers 1-29
1.7.6 Willingness to Pay (WTP) 1-30
1.7.7 Mitigation Measures 1-30
1.7.8 Monitoring 1-31
1.7.9 Public Consultation 1-31

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 1.8 Financial and Economical Analysis 1-33
1.8.1 Total investment costs 1-33
1.8.2 Financial model 1-34
1.9 Institutional and Commercial Considerations 1-35
1.10 Project Risk Assessment 1-36
1.11 Implementation schedule 1-38
1.12 Recommendations by the Consultant 1-39

List of Annexes 1-43

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List of Abbreviations

AAAC All Aluminum Alloy Conductor

ACSR Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced
ADF African Development Fund
AEPE Potable Water and Power Supply Programme
AfDB African Development Bank
AFSEC African Electrotechnical Standardization Commission
BAD Banque Africaine de Développement
= African Development Bank /
BD Bid documents
BNR National Bank of Rwanda
BUNEP Bureau National d’Études de Projets (Rwanda)
CAPP Central Africa Power Pool
CBO Community Based Organizations/s
Convention of the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination
CEDAW
against Women
CEEAC Communauté Economique des Etats de l’Afrique Centrale
(ECCAS)
CEPGL Communauté Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs
= Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries
cf compare
CID Canadian International Development Agency
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of
CITES
Flora and Fauna
COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
CONS Consumers
CP "Cash Power" Subscribers to the Prepayment Systems
CPD Comprehensive Preliminary Design
CPIC Country Planning and Implementation Committee
CSP Average Specific Consumption per Consumer Category
CST Constant
d day
DAC Development Assistance Committee of OECD
DD Displaced Person
DED District Executive Director
DGHER Direction Générale de l’Hydraulique et des Energies Rurales
DIPL Diplomats
DIT Direct Intertrip
DP Displaced Person
DPA Direction Provinciale de l’Agriculture et d’Elevage
DRC Democratic Republic of Congo
DW Deutsche Welle

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 =German Radio Broadcast
e.g. for example
EAC East African Community
EAPP East African Power Pool
ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States
EDF / FED European Development Fund / Fond Européen de
Développement
EDPRS Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy
EDPRS Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy
EDSR Demographic and Health Survey
EGL Energie des pays des Grands Lacs
= Great Lakes Energy (Agency / Burundi, RDC, Rwanda)
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
ELECTROGAZ Water; Gas and Electricity Production, Transmission and
Distribution Company, Rwanda
ELGZ ELECTROGAZ: the public utility for production, transmission
and distribution of water and electricity in Rwanda
EMA Environmental Management Act (Tanzania)
EMF Electromagnetic Fields
ENSAP Eastern Nile Subsidiary Action Program
ERA Electricity Regulatory Authority (Uganda)
ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan
et al. and other authors
EU European Community
EUR Euro
EWURA Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority
FBU Burundi Franc
FCO Fuse Cut Out
FEA Financial and Economic Analysis
FED Fond Européen de Développement
European Development Fund /
FRW Rwandan Francs
FS Feasibility Study
FUS Fuse Switch / Sectionalizer
GBoT Government of Tanzania
GDI Gender Development Index
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GHCN Global Historical Climatology Network
GNI Gross National Income
GNP Gross National Product

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 GoR Government of Rwanda
GOVT Government
GROS Large Consumers
GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Tehnische Zusammenarbeit
(German Technical Cooperation)
GW Ground Wire
GWh Gigawatt hour
HAB. Inhabitant
HDI Human Development Index (UNDO)
HDR Human Development Report (UNDP)
HEP Hydro Electric Plant
Hh household/s
HIPC Heavily Indebted Poor Countries
HIV human immunodeficiency virus
HRC High Rupture Capacity
HV High Voltage
HV t-line High Voltage transmission line
HVL High Voltage Line
ICHA Turnover tax
IDA International Development Association
IFC International Finance Corporation
IFO International Finance Organizations
ILFS Integrated Labour Force Survey (Tanzania)
IMF International Monetary Fund
Institute National pour l’Environnement et la Conservation de
INECN
la Nature (Burundi)
inh./HAB. inhabitants/s
INSR National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda
IPP Independent Power Producer
ISF Total Fertility Rate
ISW Insulated Shield Wire
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
IWGIA International Working Group on Indigenous Affairs
JPDA Joint Project Development Agreement
KBO Kagera Basin Organization
KenGen Kenya Electricity Generating Company Ltd
KfW Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau
(German Financial Cooperation)
KGL Kigali
Km Kilometre
KPLC The Kenya Power and Lighting Co. Ltd
kV kilovolt

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 kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatthour
LA Lightning Arrestor
LBS Load Break Sectionalizer
LCL Low Consumption Lamp
LCP Local Control Panel
LV Low Voltage
m meter
m month
MEM Ministère de l’Energie et des Mines
= Ministry of Energy and Mining
MINAGRI Ministry of Agriculture (Rwanda)
Ministry of Land Planning, Tourism and Environment
MINATTE [Ministère de l'Aménagement du Territoire, du Tourisme et de
l'Environnement (Burundi)]
MINECOFIN Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (Rwanda)
MINICOM Ministry of Commerce
MININFRA Ministry of Infrastructure (Rwanda)
Ministry of Lands, Environment, Forestry, Water and Mines
MINITERE
(Rwanda)
Mio million
MNT Modèle numérique de terrain
MoI Ministry of Infrastructures
MPD Management of Power Demand
MPD Management of Power Demand
MT Medium Voltage
MV Medium Voltage
MVL Medium Voltage Line
MW Megawatt
NBI Nile Basin Initiative
NBTF Nile Basin Trust Fund
NEL Nile Equatorial Lakes
NEL-CU NELSAP Coordination Unit
NELSAP Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Program
NEMC National Environment Management Council (Tanzania)
NEP National Environment Policy (Tanzania)
NEPAD New Partnership for African Development
NERC North American Electric Reliability Corporation
NGO Non-governmental Organization
NISR National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda
NLS No Load Switch / Sectionalizer
O.M. Subscribers of Ordinary Counters
O+M Operation and Maintenance

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 OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
OHL Overhead Line
OP Operational Policy
OPGW Optical Ground Wire
OPPC Optical Phase Conductor
ORDI Ordinary Consumers
Rwanda Office for Tourism and National Parks (Office
ORTPN
Rwandais du Tourisme et des Parcs Nationaux)
p person
p./pp. page/s
p.a. per year
p.c. per head
p.d. per day
p.m. per month
PAP Project Affected People
PARS Private Sector – Individual people
PART Parastatals
PFS Pre-Feasibility Study
PHDR Poverty and Human Development Report (Tanzania)
PIC Project Implementation Committee
PIP Priority Projects
PMC Project Monitoring Committee
PNA Akagera National Park (Rwanda)
PNR Ruvubu National Park (Burundi)
pop population
PPA Power Purchase Agreement
ppp Purchasing Power Parity
PREBU Programme of Rehabilitation of Burundi
PREBU Programme de réhabilitation du Burundi
= Rehabilitation Program of Burundi
PRS Poverty Reduction Strategy
PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
(as national poverty alleviation strategies)
PUSE Public Services
RADA Rwanda Agriculture Development Authority
RAP Resettlement Action Plan
RCC Resettlement and Compensation Committee
RCP Remote Control Panel
RDC République Démocratique du Congo
=Democratic Republic of Congo
REA Rural Energy Agency
REF Rural Energy Fund

7244P01/FICHT-5896164-v1 - RSWI VIII

 National Electricity Production and Distribution Company -
REGISEDO
Burundi
REMA Rwanda Environment Management Agency
RGPH General Census of the Population and Housing
RN Route National
RoR Republic of Rwanda
RoW Right of Way
RR Republique Rwandaise
RRFP Regional Rusumo Falls Hydropower and Multipurpose Project
RTU Remote Terminal Unit
RURA Rwanda Utility Regulatory Agency
RWF Rwandan Francs
s.a. see above
s.b. see below
SADC Southern Africa Development Community
SAP Subsidiary Action Program
SAPP South African Power Pool
SC Steering Committee of the Study
SINELAC Société internationale d’électricité des pays des grands lacs
= Great Lakes Electricity International
SiWER Single (1) Wire Earth Return

SME Small and Middle Enterprises

National Environment Strategy in Burundi (Stratégie nationale
SNEB
en matière d’environnement au Burundi)
SNEL Société National d’Electricité (RDC)
= National Electricity Company (DRC)
sqkm square kilometre/s
sqm square meters
SSEA Strategic/Sectoral, Social and Environmental Assessment of
Power Development Options in the Nile Equatorial Lakes
Region
STD Sexually Transmitted Diseases
SVP Shared Vision Program
SW Shield Wire
SWER Single Wire Earth Return
SWGR Single Wire Ground Return
TAC Technical Advisor Committee
TANESCO Tanzania National Electricity Supply Company
TCR Annual increase rate for consumers, specific consumption and
total consumption
T-lines transmission lines
ToR Terms of Reference
TSh Tanzanian Shilling
TWCM Tanzania Wildlife Conservation Monitoring

7244P01/FICHT-5896164-v1 - RSWI IX
 TWER Two (2) Wire Earth Return
UEGCL Uganda Electricity Generation Company Ltd
UETCL Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Ltd
UN United Nations
UNDP United Nations Development Program
UNICEF United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund
UPDEA Union of Producers, Transporters and Distributors of Electric
Power in Africa
UPEGAZ Lake Kivu Gas Promotion and Utilization Unit
URoT United Republic of Tanzania
US$ American Dollar
USAID Aid Organization in the United States
USc American Cent
VAT Value Added Tax
VEO Village Executive Officer
W Watt
WAPP West African Power Pool
WB World Bank
WDR World Development Report (by the World Bank)
WFP World Food Program
WHO World Health Organization
WTP Willingness to Pay

7244P01/FICHT-5896164-v1 - RSWI X
Measures

GWh Gigawatt-hour (billion Wh)

kV Kilovolt (thousand volts)
kW Kilo Watt (thousand watts)
kWh Kilowatt hours
M$ US Dollar Million
MW Megawatt (Million W)
MWh Megawatt-hour (million Wh)
sqkm. square kilometer
TOE Ton oil equivalent
V Volt (unit of measure of potential difference)
W Watt (unit of measure of active energy)
Wh Watt-hour (unit of measure of electric energy)

Exchange Rates

1 US $ 1 250 FBU
1 US $ 568 FRW
1 US $ 1 315 TSh

7244P01/FICHT-5896164-v1 - RSWI XI
1. Executive Summary

1.1 Introduction
The Nile Basin Initiative is based on the shared vision “to achieve
sustainable socio-economic development through the equitable utilization
of, and benefit from, the common Nile Basin Resource”. The riparian
countries of the Nile opted to translate their vision into action through a
Strategic Action Program (SAP) which involves projects both at the
basin level and at the sub-regions level. In addition to the Shared Vision
Program (SVP), two Subsidiary Action Programs (SAP) were
established, namely the Eastern Nile Subsidiary Action Program for
Eastern Nile (ENSAP) which comprises Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan with
the head office in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), and the Nile Equatorial Lakes
Subsidiary Action Program (NELSAP) consisting of Burundi, DR
Congo, Egypt, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. It should
be noted that Egypt and Sudan belong to both groupings.

The area of the three countries (Burundi, Rwanda and Tanzania) covered
by this study is characterized by economies which are dependent on rain
fed subsistence agriculture (non-irrigated), limited industrialization,
poorly developed infrastructure, high population growth and great
poverty. The population of the three countries adds up to some 50.9
million inhabitants. These countries’ per capita GNP is below 300US$,
with 83 US$, 220 US$ and 270 US$ respectively for Burundi, Rwanda
and Tanzania.1

In the region covered by the study, less than 10% of the population has
access to electricity, and yet the area has a vast reservoir of energy
resources, including hydroelectricity which is still untapped. The access
rate varies between 2% for Rwanda, 6 % for Burundi and 9-10% for
Tanzania. On the other hand, the region is characterized by small
electrical power grids/networks which are far from one another. Some
trade has been taking place (at bilateral level), but on a quite modest
level. This low level of development of national power grids hampers the
utilization of these resources at affordable cost at the national level.

Based in Kigali, Rwanda since December 2003, the Nile Equatorial

Lakes Subsidiary Action Program (NELSAP) was established in
Tanzania on December 3, 1999 by the Council of Ministers of the Nile
Basin Initiative. Under the Nile Basin Initiative, NELSAP intends to
develop actions on the ground to fight against poverty, enhance economic
growth and reverse the process of environmental degradation in the
region. In this connection, twelve multinational projects in different
sectors were identified, including power development.

1
Consultants letter of invitation

7244P01/FICHT-5896164-v1 - RSWI 1-1

 Multipurpose Development

Beside the feasibility study of connecting the Rusumo Falls power plant
to several terminal stations in Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi, there is a
sub-component relating to multipurpose development.

Regarding the project area the new high voltage transmission line shall
imply rural electrification of the rural growth centres along the lines
corridors and promote the use of electricity in smaller development
centres. The project will also consist in promoting small economic
activities as electric pumps for water supply and irrigation as well as
processing of agricultural produce in the project area.

The aim of the transmission lines component is, on one hand:

• to study the technical, financial, economic, environmental and social

feasibility of the electricity transmission lines project from the Rusumo
Falls Hydroelectric plant to the national networks of Burundi, Rwanda
and Tanzania and rural electrification along the corridors of the three
lines, and, on the other hand,
• to prepare the investment documents for this purpose.

1.2 Project objectives

The main objectives of the study of the transmission lines for the
provided electricity by the Rusumo Falls hydro-electric generation plant
to the Burundi, Rwanda and Tanzania networks are:

• to examine the technical, financial, economic, social and

environmental feasibility
• to describe possibilities of the electrification of rural growths centers
located along the transmission lines; and
• to prepare basic data and information for the investment documents
(bidding documents ) for transmission lines and rural electrification.

The new transmission lines shall connect the generation power plant of
Rusumo Falls to the terminal station of

• Gitega in Burundi (161 km)

• Birembo near Kigali in Rwanda (109 km) and
• Nyakanazi/Biharamulo in Tanzania (98 km).

The layouts and voltage levels shall be analyzed and determined by the
studies. In the medium term, these transmission lines shall constitute the
main backbone of the interconnection with East Africa.

7244P01/FICHT-5896164-v1 - RSWI 1-2

 The study is carried out in three phases:

1. the first phase will consider succinctly the pre-feasibility and

feasibility study of the new transmission lines: special attention shall
be devoted to the aspect of electrification of rural growth centres
along the corridors of the lines. Several layout options will be
considered before any choice is made for the selection of line layouts
that will be considered for more comprehensive studies;

2. the second phase will be devoted to technical, economic, financial,

social and environmental feasibility studies of all the transmission
lines in question. The findings of pre-feasibility studies will be
refined and the technical options (layouts, voltage levels, structures)
will be optimized; rural electrification as well as the small economic
projects using this electricity (water supply by electric pumping,
electric pumping for irrigated farming, small electric mills or others)
will be defined in details;

3. the third phase will consist in comprehensive preliminary design

studies and bid documents for all the selected transmission lines and
distribution lines for electrification of rural growth centers.

Based on long-term considerations, the stability, security and flexibility

of the inter-connected network linking power supply and transmission of
Rwanda, the Eastern territory of the Democratic Republic of Congo,
Burundi and Tanzania shall be improved as well as access of the local
population to electricity.

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1.3 Project Area
The project area is in the three countries Burundi, Rwanda and Tanzania.

HV Line / Ligne HT (220kV) Meters / Mètres

Substation / Poste 0 50 000

Map 1-1: General Map Project Area

In Burundi the proposed line from Rusumo Falls to Gitega passes Ngara
in Tanzania, then the border to Burundi to Muyinga and then to Gitega in
central Burundi.

In Rwanda the line from Rusumo Falls to Birembo near Kigali passes
either Kabarondo or the new Kigali Airport which is planned in the
Bugesera region.

In Tanzania the proposed line routing is from Rusumo Falls to

Nyakanazi/Biharamulo in the northwestern part of Tanzania. This
endpoint of the line is fixed by the contract and also marked in the actual
Master plan for Tanzania (April 2008).

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1.4 Load Forecast
After having reviewed existing load forecast calculations for Rwanda,
Burundi and Tanzania prepared by other consultants, Fichtner-RSWI has
carried its own load forecasts for these countries. Input data have been
collected at site and respective discussions with representatives of
ELECTROGAZ; REGIDESO and TANESCO have been held in the
three countries.

First of all, it had to be clarified which methodology should apply to

prepare the load forecast. While mainly concentrating on the end-user
approach, which focuses on the structure of the different electricity
consumer groups and their specific electricity consumption, some
elements of the trend-line and the econometric or statistical approach
have also been considered.

Referring to the terms of reference the load forecast models prepared by

the Consultant cover a period of 25 years. To reach a realistic forecast,
historical data have been reviewed. Afterwards, the following issues have
been investigated:

• Relevant consumer groups have been identified, such as ordinary

consumers (households) and big consumer (industry, public sector,
electricity supply companies themselves)
• The situation of tariff setting has been highlighted in order to
determine the impact of tariff changes on the energy consumption
and the corresponding load demand.
• Socio-economic parameters such as increase of the GDP, price
index, increase of the population and changes in the structure of
households have been considered.
• Additionally, a forecast of load shedding and voltage drop down has
been carried out. Expected losses have also been considered.
• The load forecasts have been prepared for different load centers.

It can be pointed out that the database for the load forecast was different
in the three countries. Whereas intensive discussions in Kigali led to a
comprehensive forecast for Rwanda, the Tanzania forecast is based on
real data provided by the client, but also on the Consultant’s own
estimates.

The results of the demand forecast considerations can be summarized as

follows:

• In all three countries a shortage of electricity supply has been

identified.
• There is a growing demand for electricity due to ambitious national
programs, especially for rural electrification and improvement of the
infrastructure in the concerned countries.
• The countries are changing their economic structures which will
have major repercussions on the electricity need.

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 • A growing demand has been identified for the Kagera region in
Tanzania as well as for the neighboring areas in Rwanda and
Burundi which all together form the region directly be influenced by
the Rusumo Falls hydropower project.

For each of the countries different scenarios of the load development

have been prepared, a high, a medium and a low scenario. These three
types of scenarios have been combined with two other options, one with
constant electricity tariffs and the other with a reduced tariff structure.

The medium scenario forecast for the three countries leads in 2020 and
2025 to the following results (constant tariff and reduced tariff):

LOAD FORECAST MEDIUM SCENARIO

YEAR 2020 CONSTANT TARIFFS REDUCED TARIFFS
BURUNDI 130 MW 147 MW
RWANDA 307 MW 328 MW
TANZANIA 2310 MW 2889 MW

LOAD FORECAST MEDIUM SCENARIO

YEAR 2025 CONSTANT TARIFFS REDUCED TARIFFS
BURUNDI 222 MW 251 MW
RWANDA 431 MW 460 MW
TANZANIA 3631 MW 4539 MW

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1.5 Technical Analysis

1.5.1 Voltage Selection

For an adequate voltage selection, the following line parameters were
used:

OHL Thermal Power Usual Power

30 kV 20 MVA 4 MVA
110 kV 120 MVA 50 MVA
220 kV 490 MVA 200 MVA
400 kV 13 800 MVA 600 MVA

The actual and planned voltage levels are

Burundi: 30 kV, 110 kV, 220 kV (still in discussion) probably with the
new hydropower plants RUSIZI 3 (140 MW) and SISI 5 (200 MW)

Rwanda: 30 kV, 110 kV, planned 220 kV (decided)

Tanzania: 33kV, 132 kV, 220 kV, planned 400 kV (decided)

Kenya: 33 kV, 132 kV, 220 kV, planned 400 kV (decided)

Uganda: 33 kV, 132 kV, 220 kV, planned 400 kV (still in discussion)

The construction of an OHL 110 kV which shall be converted after some

years to 220 kV can be organized as follows:

• Construction for 220 kV (towers, isolators, conductors) operating

initially at 110 kV; the costs for the 220 kV OHL are valid
• Prepared for 220 kV (220 kV towers only, isolators and
conductors for 110 kV), operating at 110 kV: additional costs as
compared to a 110 kV OHL are only 10 to 15 %.

The same calculation is valid for the comparison 220/400 kV, if

needed.

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 Summary
The main project objectives (see chapter 1.2) and the required voltage
levels are:

To transmit to the national electricity networks/grids their part of the

energy produced by the Rusumo Falls generation plant:

For evacuating the energy produced by the hydropower plant Rusumo

Falls (60 MW) the voltage level of 110 kV or 132 kV in Tanzania is
sufficient.

To improve the stability of the inter-connected network linking the

production and transmission of Rwanda, the East DRC, Burundi and
Tanzania:
220 kV voltage level is needed; the planned grid extension in Western
Tanzania and in Rwanda will be at this voltage level.

To improve the security of supply and the flexibility of operation of the

above-mentioned networks, and facilitate later the inter-connections with
the Southern Africa Power Pool (SAPP), East Africa Power Pool (EAPP)
and West Africa Power Pool (WAPP),
The voltage level of 220 kV is needed; 400 kV is only required if the
planned HV ring around the Lake Victoria will be closed via Geita,
Biharamulo Rusumo Falls, Birembo, Mbarara, Kampala, Nairobi in the
next 10 to 15 years. This information shall be given by the related Power
Pools and the BAD, who have more detailed and actual information
about the regional planning.

To supply energy to the local populations through rural electrification;

For the local supply the voltage level of 33 kV (Tanzania) and 30 kV

(Burundi and Rwanda) are foreseen in the power plant of Rusumo Falls
to create the possibility to connect the local consumers near hydropower
plant (one feeder for Rwanda and one feeder for Tanzania). Due to
technical reasons a joint voltage level is recommended.

Thus to contribute to the poverty reduction and the improvement of the

conditions of life of the neighboring populations along the transmission
line’s corridors. The design of the layouts will be determined by the
design report.

The recommendation is the use of the voltage level of 220 kV for the
interconnecting lines to Nyakanazi/Biharamulo, Birembo and Gitega,
while for the rural electrification nearby the hydropower plant a medium
voltage level of 33 kV or 30 kV is recommended.

The operation voltage and the voltage for the substations shall be 220 kV
for Tanzania and Rwanda. For Burundi 110 kV is sufficient in the first
years.

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 Referring to the new power plants RUZISI III (140 MW), SISI 5
(265 MW), Gas plants at Kibuye (100 MW) and Gisenyi (100 MW)
which may be realized in a short term, a 220 kV grid in this area is
needed and as a consequence the lines from Rusumo Falls to Birembo
shall be designed and operated at 220 kV.

1.5.2 Definition of Alternative line routings

The recommendation of the consultant for the line routing is as follows:

Burundi: Only one major alternative line routing Rusumo falls vers
Gitega
Rwanda: South route passing the new Airport at Lake Gashanga
Tanzania : South Route via Lusahunga and along the east side of the
main road up to Nyakanazi

The recommendation is the use of the voltage level of 220 kV for the
interconnecting lines to Nyakanazi/Biharamulo, Birembo and Gitega,
while for the rural electrification nearby the hydropower plant a medium
voltage level of 33 kV (Tanzania) or 30 kV (Rwanda, Burundi) is
recommended.

The operation voltage and the voltage for the substations shall be 220 kV
for Burundi, Rwanda and Tanzania.

Topographic Surveying Report

From October 2008 to November 2008 two surveying engineers were
assigned for the necessary surveys of the Rusumo Falls Transmission
line. During a two-month period, the proposed transmission line was
routed, checked and its horizontal and vertical coordinates measured.
Significant topographical features as well as angle points and tower
positions were surveyed to a general accuracy of less than 1 meter. The
equipment used was a differential GPS unit operating with a correction
signal. This state-of-the-art equipment enables fast and precise
measurements in real time.

Additionally, the measured points where used to adjust recent satellite

imagery which gives further topographic information along the
transmission line. These optical images provide current information on
land use, settlements and transport routes etc.

To derive a precise profile with a high point density, RADAR satellite

images were used. From stereoscopically acquired RADAR images, an
elevation model of the transmission line and its surroundings was
derived. To attain a high level of accuracy, the surveyed points were used
as references along the profile.

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 During the field campaign, nearly 1,000 points were surveyed and
documented. Wherever the line routing needed to be changed slightly,
new points were measured and documented in photos, videos or
comments. In the countries Burundi and Tanzania, the engineers were
accompanied by personal security guards as a protection against dangers
in the field and to overcome language barriers.

Picture 1-1: Field work with GPS

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 Equipment 220 kV

Burundi
The interconnection line from the hydropower plant Rusumo Falls passes
Muyinga, a future place of a HV substation and then continues to Gitega,
where via Bujumbura an interconnection to the other power plants in the
region (Rwegura, Rusizi I, Rusizi II) and future power plants (Rusizi III,
Sisi 5 and Gas power plants at Kibuye and Gisenyi) is realized (see
Annex 1.1).

The (n-1) planning principle is fulfilled because the power produced for
Burundi in Rusumo Falls can be transported to Burundi via Gitega or in
case of an outage of this line via Rwanda either via the planned line
Kigoma, Karongi, Mururu 2, Bubanza.

The initial voltage level can be 220 kV. The line routing is very clear and
the alternative near of the National park of Ruvubu was cancelled.

Recommendation
The initial voltage level of 220 kV is recommended.

Rwanda
The interconnection line from Rusumo Falls to Kigali is as follows

South route: Rusumo Falls – Kigali New Airport – Birembo

The recommended line routing is the one via Kigali New Airport because
with a future extension to Kibuye a transmission line circuit will be
closed around Kigali. The new developing area near the New Airport can
be connected to the electrical grid (see Annex 1-1).

The (n-1) planning principle is fulfilled with the interconnected system

(remarks: see Burundi).

Because the Gas plants at Kibuye (100 MW) will be realized in a short
term, a 220 kV grid is needed in Rwanda. It is assumed, that the 220 kV
substations in Kigali (Birembo) will be realized with the ongoing line
project.
The administration of Rwanda will decide in the near future of an
eventually relocation of the end point of the Rusumo falls line, because
the area around Birembo is now heavy populated and in the next years an
additional increase of the population is expected.

The 220 kV substation Birembo will be needed in the near future.

Because there are different ongoing projects, it should be decided by the
Rwandan authorities and the financing institutions which project shall
handle which part of the Birembo 220 kV substation.

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 Tanzania
A new 400 kV system is planned from Mbeya in the south via Dodoma,
Singida to Shinyanga , from Singida the 400 kV systems will be
exytended to Arusha and then an interconnection to Nairobi is foreseen.

Another branch of the 400 kV systems is planned up to Geita. In the far

west from Tanzania a 220 kV grid is foreseen. The new Masterplan is
still in discussion.

Another Study for the western Region of Tanzania was established by

SWECO. There an interconnection from Geita to Nyakanazi and then to
Rusumo Falls was proposed. A final decision is not yet taken.

In parallel to the Masterplan the private company Kabanga Nikel is

planning a 220 kV line from Bulyanhulu to Kabanga Nickel near the
Burundian border (see Annex 1-2).

These activities shall be coordinated with the NELSAP planning for a

line from Rusumo Falls to Nyakanazi/Biharamulo.

As a first result of a discussion between the representatives of

TANESCO and the Consultant the following was agreed:
The 220 kV line from Rusumo Falls shall be connected to Nyakanazi
/Biharamulo.

The line from Nyakanazi/Biharamulo to Rusumo Falls shall be designed

and operated with 220 kV.

The connection of the mine Kabanga Nickel can be realized in the

following:

• one extra 220 kV line from Rusumo Falls

• a T-Off connection from the line to Gitega
• One OHL from a new substation at the border to Burundi.
• a loop in to the line Rusumo Falls to Nyakanazi/Biharamulo.

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 Overall planning
There is an overall planning for a HV grid in eastern Africa.

The first planning shows an interconnected 220 kV grid from Kenya,

Uganda and Tanzania. In 2005 the same grid indicates a voltage of 220
kV or greater.

The actual planning prefers a voltage of 400 kV for the African

connections in Tanzania and Kenya (see Annex 1.2). The voltage level
for the interconnection Kenya – Uganda was foreseen for 220 kV but
now a change to 400 kV is in discussion.

The HV grid ring around the Lake Victoria (see Annex 1.2) can be closed
via Bukoba in Tanzania or via Rusumo Falls and Birembo (Kigali).

The decision shall be given by the related organizations like SAPP, the
financing institutes like AfDB, World Bank and the representatives of the
countries Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania, etc.

There is an ongoing study for EAPP (East African Power Pool) regarding
the future HV grid in the region. The results and decisions will be
finalized end of 2010.

The actual situation and decision is to use 220 kV for the three (3)
lines related to Rusumo Falls.

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1.5.3 Phase conductors
In general, the supply and installation of the conductors represents 30 to
40 % of the transmission line cost. The conductor size has major
influence on the loads transmitted to the towers and thus their cost. For
these reasons, it is important to carry out a conductor optimization study.
Eight different conductor arrangements consisting of both ACSR and
AAAC conductor types have been studied. These are described in the
following table and consist of three single conductor optimization and
five more are composed of a bundle with two conductors optimization.
The conductor properties along with mass of the suspension tower
associated with each one and the number of conductors per bundle are
shown in the table below.

Conductor Size % Diameter Weight Tower

Type (kcmil) Acier (mm) per (kg)
Conductor
(kg/km)
2-Ostrich 300 14 17.27 614 6,781
2-Aster 358 - 17.50 500 6,723
182
2-Wolf 311 19 18.13 726 6,825
2-Aster 449 - 19.60 627 7,037
228
2-Hawk 477 14 21.79 975 7,571
Cardinal 954 16 30.38 1,828 7,019
Aster 570 1,125 - 31.00 1,569 6,689
Bluejay 1,113 6 31.98 1,868 7,330

The optimization considers the capital cost per kilometer of transmission

line associated with each conductor combined with the electrical losses to
find the overall lowest cost for each scenario. This optimization has been
done for single circuit transmission lines and double circuit transmission
lines respectively.

Our estimates show for the three interconnections that one conductor
ASTER 570 (AAAC) per phase or an equivalent conductor will be the
most economical solution.

In addition, these are some advantages in homogenous conductor

(AAAC) compared with an ACSR conductor:
• Corrosion problems are not encountered since corrosion affects
mainly steel;
• Joints are simple and easy to workout

Standardization with other or similar projects in the region is

recommendable.

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1.5.4 Substations
The following substations are foreseen.

Burundi

Gitega
• (3) 220 kV line/transformer bay for Rusumo Falls
• (2) 220/110 kV transformer (25 MVA)
• 220 kV reactor
• 110 kV line bay for RN1 Bujumbura
• 110 kV transformer bay
• 110 kV bus sectionalizer

Muyinga
• 220 kV bay
• One transformer 220/30 kV, 25 MVA

Rwanda

Birembo
• 220 kV bus bar extension
• 1 OHL bays for Rusumo falls
• 1 OHL bays for Rusumo falls not equipped
• 1 reactor bay (including reactor)

Kigali Airport
220 kV bus bar
2 OHL bays for Rusumo falls and Birembo
6 spare bays not equipped for future extension
2 transformer bays
1 transformer bay not equipped
2 reactor bays with one reactor 10 MVAr
3 reactor bays not equipped
2 transformer 220/15(30) kV 25 MVA
MV switchgear

Tanzania
(1) 220 kV double bus bar system
(1) 220 kV OHL bays for Rusumo Falls
(3) 220 kV OHL bays for Geita, Kigoma(lake Tanganika)
(2) 220 kV OHL bays spare not equipped
(2) Transformer bay 220/33 kV 25 MVA
(1) Transformer bay 220/33 kV spare not equipped
(1) One bay for Reactive power compensation with a 10 MVAr
shunt reactor
(6) Bays for Reactive power compensation not equipped
(1) MV substation 33 kV with 5 feeders and possibilities for an extension

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 Installation and Size of Line compensation reactors

The installation and the size of the line compensation reactors can be
done in different ways:

• design for each line section and connection direct to the line, which
means less flexibility for the operation, difficulties incase of grid
extensions which are planned for each countries
• Design for the whole system and connection to the bus bars, which
means more flexibility for the operation and in the case of grid
extensions.

The size of the line compensation reactors shall be harmonized within all
220 kV projects in the region.

In this planning stage we have chosen a size of 10 MVAR as standard

size for the line compensation reactors in the region. This size was
assumed in the substations Nykanazi and Kigali as well as in the Rusumo
falls Hydro Power plant.

In other NELSAP projects a standard size of 20 MVAr was chosen. In

these cases the lines are longer, line compensation reactors are only
installed at one side of the line and the line characteristics are different,
because the line conductors are different.

A harmonization of the line compensation reactors within all 220 kV

projects in the region is recommended.

A general decision shall also be taken about the type of the substation:

• double bus bar system as for the existing substations in all related
countries also for 220 kV
• one and a half (1 +1/2) circuit breaker system as used in Kenya

In this planning stage we have used double bus bar systems.

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1.5.5 Power System Study
Chapter 5 in Volume III describes the power system studies carried out to
assess the performance of each interconnector. It also describes all
studies that were carried out in order to select conductors, insulation and
type of tower for each interconnector of this project.

The power system studies define the required performance of each

interconnector, and specified the location and configuration of line
compensation reactors ensuring satisfactory operation of the system
following implementation of the interconnections.

EMTP (Electromagnetic Transients Program) model analysis was not

performed during this stage of the project. The selection of equipment
was performed by using empirical equations that are well accepted. All
recommended additional studies are clearly identified in this report and
mainly concern transposition requirements and circuit breakers recovery
voltage.

This volume comprises 13 sections along with tables and figures.

Following this section, the present volume is structured as follows :

Section 5.2 System description, input data, assumptions and design

criteria;
Section 5.3 Load Flow Analysis and Steady State Reactive
Compensation requirement;
Section 5.4 High Voltage Line Design;
Section 5.5 Short Circuit Analysis;
Section 5.6 Single Poles Auto Reclose SPAR;
Section 5.7 Phase Unbalance;
Section 5.8 Transient Stability;
Section 5.9 Surge Arresters Selection;
Section 5.10 Insulation Coordination;
Section 5.11 Key Equipment Parameters;
Section 5.12: Conclusions and Recommendations.
Section 5.13 References

Detailed Calculations and Design Brief are included in appendix at the

end of this report.

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1.6 Environmental Report

1.6.1 Presentation
In the framework of the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI), the Rusomo Falls
project consists of the construction of a 60 MW hydroelectric power
station on the Kagera River (at the place known as Rusumo Falls) and
three high voltage energy transmission lines towards the consumption
centres in Burundi, Rwanda and Tanzania. The river Kagera runs along
the border between Tanzania and Rwanda and the transmission lines will
have to be built on the territory of the three countries.
The NBI is a partnership between the riparian States of the river Nile
which is aimed at developing this huge hydrographic basin on a
cooperative basis, sharing the socio-economic benefits. The riparian
countries have adopted a strategic approach which integrates projects on
the scale of both the basin and the sub regions. The Rusumo Falls
regional project is one of the twelve projects in the Nile Equatorial Lakes
Subsidiary Action Programme (NELSAP) identified by the member
countries of the NBI.
The governments of Burundi, Rwanda and Tanzania are therefore
planning to build a hydroelectric complex on the River Rusumo with
financing from the African Development Bank (AfDB). The energy
produced by this project will be shared equitably between the three
countries. So three electric energy transmission lines will have to be
erected from the future Rusumo Falls power station: one going to Gitega
in Burundi passing through Tanzania (Ngara and Kabanga border in
Tanzania), a second one to Kigali (Birembo station) in Rwanda and a
third one to Nyakanazi in Tanzania.
The three lines studied are:
a) 220 kV line between the Rusumo Falls power station and the
Birembo sub-station (Rwanda) passing close to the planned new
airport;
b) 220 kV line between the Rusumo Falls power station and the
Gitega sub-station (Burundi) passing through the future high
voltage station at Muyinga;
c) 220 kV line between the Rusumo Falls power station and the
Nyakanazi sub-station (Tanzania).

The operating voltage for the lines and sub-stations must be 220 kV in
Burundi, Rwanda and Tanzania.

This document presents the environmental impact assessment (EIA)

study of the three transmission lines.

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1.6.2 Project Description

1.6.2.1 Project Justification

The increased rate of access to electricity will undoubtedly contribute to
achieving the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, in
particular, the goal of reducing extreme poverty and hunger.
Energy is increasingly proving to be a basic essential without which true
development is not possible. So access to energy and, in particular, to
electricity is an essential driver for development due to its effect on
poverty and hunger, health, education, on improving living conditions,
reducing the exodus from the countryside and on the environment.
Making electricity available in homes reduces the use of batteries and
also the often excessive use of biomass. The use of electricity of
hydroelectric origin also makes it possible to prevent the production of
greenhouse gases such as CO2 caused by the burning of wood and coal
for heating and cooking.

1.6.2.2 Technical characteristics

The width of the right of way and proposed route for the tranmission
lines complied with a number of common criteria. The routes studied
were aimed at avoiding sensitive environmental elements and constraints
in the land crossed. There is generally a right of way of 30 metres in
which no other permanent structure is allowed. When the line crosses
woodland areas, the right of way may be reduced to between 5 and 10
metres width to allow for the stringing of conductors and to reduce
deforestation. Outside this band within the right of way, all vegetation
exceeding 4-5 metres in height will be eliminated including trees outside
the right of way which represent a potential risk of falling onto the lines.
However, several crops which do not exceed a height of 4-5 metres,
banana trees in particular, and compatible activities such as agriculture
and livestock grazing shall be permitted in the right of way area. In
addition to the ground area permanently required for the construction of
the pylons (6.25 m2 by pylon), other areas will be necessary for electrical
sub-stations, tracks, access roads and camps for workers.

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1.6.3 Legal framework

1.6.3.1 Burundi
On the national level, there are several policies and strategies on
environmental management in Burundi. The sectoral policy of the
Ministry of Planning, Tourism and the Environment (MPTE) issues
general guidance on protecting the environment with the main focus on
the conservation and development of biodiversity. The National Strategy
on the Environment in Burundi (NSEB) highlights the main priorities to
be integrated into planning policies and decisions in the different
environmental sectors. The National Strategy on biological diversity is
based on eight strategic areas such as the making of impact studies on the
environment. Laws and regulations also form part of the legal framework
and govern the protected zones, the exploitation of natural resources and
the management of the environment by means of codes on forests, lands,
the environment, etc.
On the international level, international conventions and treaties are other
tools for managing the environment. Between 1990 and 2004 Burundi
ratified all the major international agreements on the environment such as
the three post Rio conventions, namely the Convention to Combat
Desertification (1996), the Convention on Biological Diversity (1996)
and the Convention on Climate Change (1997) as well as the RAMSAR
(1996) and CITES (1988) conventions.
In Burundi, several ministries are involved in protecting the environment,
the main one being the Ministry of Planning, Tourism and the
Environment (MPTE) whose main task is to issue the procedures for
environmental impact assessment studies (EIA) and to implement
national policy on planning. The National Commission on the
Environment and the National Institute for the Environment and
Conservation of Nature (NIECN) along with other national bodies and
agencies are important players in managing and protecting the
environment in Burundi.

1.6.3.2 Rwanda
On the national level, there are several measures aimed at ensuring better
living conditions for the population of Rwanda by means of a rational
and sustainable management of the environment and the natural
resources. The major ones are: Vision 2020, the Poverty Reduction
Strategy Paper (PRSP) (2000), the National Environment Policy in
Rwanda (2004), the National Gender Policy (2004), the National
Decentralisation Policy (2000), the National Forest Policy (2004), and
the Energy Policy for Rwanda (2004). These measures are also aimed at
improving the living conditions of the populations by increasing the
electricity access rate from 6 % to 35 % and by significantly reducing the
use of wood for heating and cooking.

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 The Constitution of Rwanda and the Organic Law on Environment
Protection and Management (2005) forms the legal framework which
governs the use of natural resources and the management of the
environment. There is, for example, a requirement to make an EIA before
starting any project in order to minimise the negative impacts and
enhance the positive impacts.
Rwanda has also ratified most of the major international conventions and
agreements. The country has an institutional framework with a number of
bodies dedicated to managing the environment. The main institutional
players, amongst others, are the Ministry of Lands, the Environment,
Forestry, Water and Mines (MINITERE) and the Rwanda Environment
Management Authority (REMA). These bodies implement the laws and
regulations on the environment. In the electricity sector, the main players
are the Ministry of Infrastructures (MININFRA) and Electrogaz.
MININFRA is responsible for policies and programs for developing
infrastructures at national level; it is involved in the development of
electric transmission lines and in rural electrification programs. Whereas
Electrogaz is the national company responsible for the production,
transmission and distribution of electricity and water.

1.6.3.3 Tanzania
The National Environment Policy (NEP) is the main policy document
governing environmental management in Tanzania. The policy addresses
environmental issues as both natural and social concerns, and adopts the
key principle of sustainable development. The policy has also proposed a
framework environmental legislation to consider the numerous agencies
of the Government involved in regulating the various sectors. It provides
the approach for mainstreaming environmental issues for decision-
making and defining sectoral policy action plans. The policy requires
environmental impact assessment (EIA) to be mandatory for all
development projects likely to have significant environmental impacts.
The Environmental Management Act provides legal and institutional
framework for sustainable management of the environment. For effective
implementation of the National Environmental Policy objectives, the Act
has identified and outlined specific roles, responsibilities and functions of
various key players and provides a comprehensive administrative and
institutional arrangement, comprised of: National Advisory Committee;
Minister Responsible for Environment; Director of Environment;
National Environmental Management Council (NEMC); Sector
Ministries; Regional Secretariat; and Local Government Authorities
(City, Municipal, District and Town Councils).
Tanzania is also a signatory country of numerous International
Conventions related to the environment.

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1.6.4 Reference state of the zones crossed by the project

1.6.4.1 Burundi
The feasibility study of the Rusumo – Gitega electric transmission line
relates to a zone located in the central plateaus of the natural regions of
Kirimiro and Bweru. It crosses the three provinces of Gitega, Karuzi and
Muyinga.
The region crossed by the line has a tropical climate with a short dry
season characterised by rains alternating with a short 4 month dry season
from June to September and a rainy season with maximum rainfalls
recorded in November and, in particular, April.
Burundi has a rugged relief, a steep topography with abrupt slopes. The
main rivers crossed by the line are the Ruvubu and the Ruvyironza in the
provinces of Gitega and Karuzi. In Muyinga, the main rivers concerned
are the Cizanye in Kobero and other secondary watercourses such as the
Buryobe. The line crosses a series of swamps where the natural
vegetation is threatened by crop expansion.
Despite the deterioration of various ecosystems, Burundi remains rich in
animal biodiversity. The only protected area situated near the line is the
Ruvubu National Park (RNP) the southern point of which is at a distance
of 8.6 km form the line.

1.6.4.2 Rwanda
In Rwanda, the study area is situated at the southernmost point of the
country and stretches from Kigali (Birembo substation) to the border
with Tanzania marked by the Akagera River, on which the Rusumo dam
and hydroelectric power station will be built. The study area is situated in
the Eastern Province and the town of Kigali and crosses the districts of
Kirehe, Ngoma, Bugesera, Rwamagana and Gasabo.
Generally, the study area enjoys an equatorial climate tempered by
altitude, characterised by mild, stable temperatures and moderate
precipitations according to a cycle of four seasons with two dry seasons
and two rainy seasons. The main rainy season starts in mid February and
finishes at the end of May whereas the shorter rainy season starts in mid
September and ends around mid December.
Woodlands are mainly of eucalyptus, followed by cypress trees and
pines. One plant species currently classed as rare and in danger of
extinction, the Pterygota mildbraedii (umuguruka), was found on the
western side of the Cyunuzi swamp. Wildlife is diversified and includes
ornithological and ichthyological species as well as mammals, terrestrial
reptiles and others.
The study area does not directly cross any legally protected area. There
are, however, humid areas which are crossed or which are in the
immediate environment of the project, and the Akagera National Park
and some natural relict forests are also to be found in the region.

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 Although crossed by the transmssion line, the wetlands complex
associated with the Mugesera and Rweru lakes could be proposed as a
RAMSAR site in the near future for the conservation of humid zones of
international importance.

1.6.4.3 Tanzania
The first transmission line of approximately 100 km will traverse from
Rusumo to Nyakanazi cutting across the Biharamulo plateau. The
transmission line will follow the Tanzania – Rwanda road through
Benaco, Nyakahura, and Lusahunga Township to Nyakanazi.
For the second transmission line (Rusumo – Kabanga), the line route is
located in the north-western highlands of Tanzania bordering Rwanda
and Burundi. The transmission line of approximately 50 km will traverse
from Rusumo to Kabanga (Burundi border) through the Ngara Township
in Ngara District.
Generally, the climate is characterised by warm tropical weather.
Biharamulo district has three major land forms: plains, plateaus and hills
and slopes with their associated foot slopes while Ngara District
landscapes comprise hills, ridges and escarpments, dissected plains,
plateaus, swamps, flood plains, river terraces and minor valleys.
The major rivers draining the area include Ruiza River, Msega River,
Mwisa River as well as Ruvubu River, Moyawosi River and Kagera
River.
There are no protected areas in both projects’ zone. The vegetation can
be categorized into four main physiognomic types: mixed woodland,
riverine forests (gully forest), forest grassland and cultivated lands with
settlements. Aerial wildlife census conducted over the years by Tanzania
Wildlife Conservation Monitoring (TWCM) throughout the neighbouring
game reserves clearly demonstrate a decrease in species population, but
no species are known to have definitely disappeared from the region. The
project touches one of the most important bird areas in Tanzania which is
located along Kagera and Ruvubu rivers, Burigi lakes and a series of
permanent and seasonal swamps that are within the Burigi game reserve.

1.6.5 Consultation activities

In the framework of the environmental impact study, these consultations
were initiated in each of the countries with the authorities, the
administrations and the communities affected by the project. This made it
possible to collect complementary information, record comments and
learn about the concerns raised by the project with regard to the
biophysical environment.
The main findings of this exercise were:
strong support for the project;
little concern with regard to the environmental impact except
deforestation and birdlife;
significant expectations in terms of financial benefits and employment, in
particular, and contracts during the construction;
significant needs to be filled in terms of rural electrification.

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1.6.6 Environmental impacts

1.6.6.1 Soils
Construction work for the lines and pylons will have impacts on the soils,
the excavation of which could increase the process of erosion, plus the
potential risk of contamination from spillages of oil or other
contaminants.

1.6.6.2 Water
The planned lines cross several watercourses which could be indirectly
affected by soil erosion during the construction phase (increase in the
load of solids and sedimentation). The swampy areas crossed are also
likely to be subject to this type of impact including the modification of
the water drainage pattern.

1.6.6.3 Air and noise

The construction phase will affect the air quality and generate noise
levels higher than those currently present in most of the sectors. This
temporary impact will disappear with the end of the construction phase.

1.6.6.4 Flora
During construction, the requirements to free the right of way and
maintenance work on the lines will lead to the removal of tree cover. The
growing of certain trees such as banana trees which do not exceed a
height of 4 to 5 metres will, however, be allowed.

1.6.6.5 Fauna
The fragmentation of the forest and the destruction of habitats could
cause a permanent reduction in the biodiversity of certain sectors.
Poaching and the encroachment of crops on the natural forest are other
indirect impacts of this fragmentation. The noise generated by the
construction phase will have a temporary impact by repelling avifauna.
The increase in the turbidity of the watercourses due to sediments
released during the construction work is also liable to have an indirect
effect on the piscifauna. Some endangered species may have their
habitats partially destroyed and be more subject to pressure associated
with the development.

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1.6.7 Environmental Management Plan
The standard and specific measures for minimising negative impacts and
maximising positive impacts, as well as activities for monitoring the
activities and operations, and following up the impact of each project are
specified in an environmental management plan. The main measures in
relation to the different project phases are as follows:

1.6.7.1 Pre-construction Phase

Appropriate measures for preparing the camps for workers and the
machinery (the putting into place of interceptors for oil spillages, the
water supply, latrines, etc.) must be taken before starting the construction
work itself. In areas of great biodiversity where there may be endangered
species, inventories must be made and appropriate special measures
taken for their protection.

1.6.7.2 Construction Phase

The standards applicable to deforestation must be observed. The measures
necessary for protecting the infrastructures for drainage and reducing soil
erosion and sedimentation must be put into place. Measures for managing
liquid and solid waste must be adopted to prevent contamination of the soil
and water. Special measures must be taken for some sensitive elements
such as wetlands and forests. Reforestation plans are proposed for the
sensitive areas. Pollution such as noise or dust must be reduced to limit the
consequences on the quality of life of populations. In some sensitive
sectors, measures must be outlined and applied for reducing the visual
impact of the pylons.

1.6.7.3 Maintenance and Operational Phase

The measures to be taken are notably for controlling vegetation while
minimising the use of herbicides; making the electric wires visible in
some sectors by means of reflectors so as to reduce the risk of collision
for avifauna; and training in environmental protection for maintenance
staff.

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1.6.8 Environmental Instructions
The follow up activity must ensure compliance with the attenuation
measures issued by the environmental management plan. It also helps
prevent environmental risks and detect unforeseen impacts. The
environmental instructions must therefore be part of the job description
for the contractor selected by the tender process.
The costs for putting the environmental management plan into place are
summarised in the following table.
The total amount for all the measures to be taken amounts to USD
745 283 which includes 2% for administration expenses and 10% for
unforeseen expenses.

Estimate of cost of measures

for attenuating environmental impact (USD)
Item Burundi Rwanda Tanzania
Information and awareness $15 750 $15 750 $22 725

Nurseries and reforestation $99 968 $53 438 $60 800

Complementary biodiversity studies $10 000 $10 000 $15 000

Complementary endangered species $42 000 $32 000 $58 000

studies

Carbonisation awareness $10 000 - -

Erosion control $25 000 $25 000 -

Water quality analysis $10 000 $10 000 $10 000

Installation of reflectors for birds $30 000 $30 000 $40 000

Camps for observing migrating birds $30 000 - -

Sub-total $262 617 $186 188 $206 525

Administration costs (2 %) $5 454 $3 724 $4 131

Unforeseen expenses (10 %) $27 272 $18 619 $20 653

Sub-total per country $305 444 $208 531 $231 308

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1.7 Socio Economic Assessment
In general terms the purpose of the ESIA is to predict the negative and
positive impacts that are likely to occur as a result of preparing,
constructing and operating the HVTL. The ESIA specifies the potential
risks on the socio-economic environment of the proposed project areas
and subsequently proposes measures that would eliminate or mitigate any
negative impact of the project.

1.7.1 Methodology and legal framework

The preparation of the ESIA was based on field trips to all the affected
communities and concerned areas, situated along the transmission line
right of way (ROW) on which the line will pass. The affected Provinces,
Districts, Local Government Authorities, Communities Officials and
Community Development Associations (including women) were visited
and consulted. Relevant documents, including World Bank directives,
guidelines and other documents as well as relevant local legislation,
policy papers and guidelines were consulted.

During the feasibility phase of the study, a total of 110 structured

interviews were conducted with community members in all three
countries. This includes discussions with potential consumers of
electricity in rural centres (private and business consumers) as well as
interviews with people living under the projected line who are directly
affected by the construction work.

The main legal and regulatory instruments governing the environmental

management in the three countries are quoted and an analysis of the legal
and administrative framework related to resettlement and compensation
measures are elaborated in the context of the Resettlement Action Plan.

1.7.2 Project Environment

Burundi, Rwanda, and Tanzania are among the poorest countries of the
world. While the socio-economic situation (included educational and
health sectors) is comparable with many countries in sub-Saharan Africa,
the per capita GDP is much lower than average.

Since the crisis in Burundi, GDP decreased annually by three per cent,
resulting in a cumulative decline in production of 30 per cent to date. Per
capita incomes drop to 83 US$ in 2004, from a level of 214 in the early
years of the last decade. Gross National Income (GNI) figures for
Rwanda for 2006 vary between US $220 and $272 p.c., while with regard
to the purchasing power parity US $1,672 are projected. In 2006, the
Tanzanian GDP (in real terms) grew by 6.2% compared to 6.7% in 2005.

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 All three countries depend considerably on the agricultural sector.
Between 85% (Tanzania) and more than 90% (Burundi and Rwanda) of
the population live from or at least also from agriculture. There is an
increase in non-agricultural employment both in the industrial and
service sector. However, growth in both sectors is hampered by poor
infrastructure such as transport and electricity supply, lack of natural
resources mainly in Burundi and Rwanda and the landlocked situation of
the same countries, and bureaucracy in Tanzania which affects private
economy and investment.

Rural electrification can support such a diversification of economic

activities and the creation of new and additional employment.

1.7.3 Land use

Land use patterns are quickly changing in our three reference countries,
and not only as the result of population growth and migration.
Government policy, laws, and regulations influence the system as well as
economic factors, changes in land tenure arrangements and accessibility
to markets, or environmental conditions. Currently, with the PRS
process, the World Bank and IMF, but also other international and
bilateral donors, are again encouraging economic growth in the reference
countries via export of agricultural products.

Today, common characteristics of land utilization in the three reference

countries are with regard to the production system a predominant
subsistence orientation of the entire agricultural production system,
traditional cultivating and stock farming patterns based on an extremely
traditional technology and little or no use of modern inputs. Whereas
sufficient land reserves in the Tanzanian districts of the study area are
available, a high pressure on land in Rwanda and Burundi with already
small plots and the cultivation of slopes and swamps can be remarked.

Many factors have contributed to a remarkable transformation of gender

relations and roles in the reference countries. However, although modern
laws have restored clan rights to land, women in practise still have fewer
access rights to land (i.e. land ownership and land use) in spite of their
continued and even increased responsibility to provide for their
households.

1.7.4 Impacts
With regard to an electricity supply project there are positive and
negative impacts possible. Positive impacts result from the new (or
improved) electricity supply, which allows economic development and
improvements in living conditions.
A regional positive impact of the Rusumo Falls Regional Hydropower
and Multipurpose Project can be anticipated by the economic
development of the handicraft and especially the agro-business sector.

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 The benefits of the project for domestic supply and use in small-scale
businesses and in access to electric power for schools and public services
are evident. Supply of pumped water will be facilitated and there will be
safer and more efficient operation of key services, through electricity
access to villages along the transmission and distribution lines served.

The possibilities of an Electricity Supply Project linked to Poverty

Reduction can be seen in an increased income, an enhanced productivity
and quality of life, a contribution to Human Development, influenced
migration, and by a contribution to security.

The main potential adverse impacts of the Project would occur mainly
during the construction stage in the form of permanent loss of land and
vegetation under various uses due to land acquisition for establishment of
transmission towers and for the establishment of right of way (ROW).

A total of 83 houses needing to be displaced and 474 farm plots affected

can be expected for the line segment in Burundi.

The number of farm plots affected by the transmission line in Rwanda is

presumed to be 530, with a total of 121 houses needing to be displaced.

For the two lines in Tanzania the number of affected farm plots is
presumed to be 275, with a total of 79 houses requiring a displacement.

Houses to be displaced Affected farm plots

Burundi 83 474
Rwanda 121 530
Tanzania 79 275

1.7.5 Rural Centers

According to the ToR the survey included all important rural centres
within a range of about 20 km both left and right of the scheduled HV
transmission lines.

Those rural centres which are not classified as growth centres have a
population of between 150 and 1,500 households. Some centres have
more the character of a regional weekly market than a permanent
settlement. A typical rural centre has a primary school and a health post.
For the farmers, perhaps even more important are the shops which
provide general goods, inputs, and services. Bicycles and agricultural
utensils can be repaired.

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 In all of the three countries, non-electrified centres within a corridor of
20 km beside the projected transmission line have been identified. The
selection of those rural centres for electrification should follow
reproducible criteria like the population of the centres, the number of
state (social) institutions, the existence of agri-business and small-scale
enterprises, the existence of local or interregional markets and the
distance to the projected or to already existing power transmission lines.

For the Burundian line, the centres of Bwambarangwe, Butihinda,

Kobero, Mubuga, Nyabikere and Mutumba are suitable for a potential
rural electrification.

Within the line corridor in Rwanda, the centres of Kyanzi, Rubona,

Rilima, Gashora and Nkanga-Batima are suitable for a connection to the
grid.

In Tanzania the centres of Nyakahura, Nyakanazi, Rulenge, Kabanga,

Ngara, Benaco and Rusumo show some potential for a future
electrification (mains connection)

1.7.6 Willingness to Pay (WTP)

Summarizing the results of the WTP analysis concerning the two
countries Burundi and Rwanda, the preliminary finding that about 50%
of the population in the rural centres are willing and able to pay for
electricity connections is approved. The figures for commercial clients
are higher here (Burundi 83%, Rwanda 77%) as compared to domestic
consumers (Burundi 34%, Rwanda 56%) in the centres. The willingness
of the population living in the remote areas is clearly lower and lies
within a range of 16% (in Burundi) to 21% (Rwanda). If connection costs
could be paid in instalments by the clients, e.g. in combination with a
cash-power system, an even higher rate of WTP can be expected.

In Tanzania, about 90% of potential commercial and domestic clients

within the rural centres expressed their willingness to pay for electricity
at preset costs. Even 76% of the population living in remote areas under
the line seem to be willing to pay.

1.7.7 Mitigation Measures

Land acquisition will be carried out in accordance with the prevalent
laws of the three countries and as per the ADB guidelines on
resettlement, which require identification and quantification of any
impacts on land-based livelihood, and adequate compensation to
landowners and people relying on the land for their livelihood. The
compensation would be paid before the start of works as per the
resettlement plans. The effective payment of the compensation would be
one of the loan conditions.

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 Another method to mitigate the impact of land acquisition by the project
is to allow continuation of agriculture within the ROW on conditional
terms and in compliance with strict vegetation management guidelines.

The mitigation plan will take a rigorous approach to control the spread of
STDs: health education programs, control of informal sector activities
near the project site and distribution of condoms.

Experience with cash-power systems is widespread in Rwanda.

According to information from the Commercial Directorate of
ELECTROGAZ, it is intended to collect even connection fees for a new
electricity connection by the payment of consumers via the cash-power
system. This would be comparable to a credit allocated for the electricity
connection and would make it much easier for a large segment of the
population to afford the required fees. At the same time it would lead
definitely to an increase of potential clients.

1.7.8 Monitoring
The ESIA recommends that an external environmental auditor performs
an environmental and social audit of the project yearly in accordance
with the regulatory requirements and standards. This audit is to check the
predictions of the ESIA and assess the general performance of the project
to ensure that environmental and social standards are maintained.

1.7.9 Public Consultation

The ESIA of this project was duly carried out with the input of all the
concerned institutions, local authorities, stakeholders, NGOs, village
heads and the public in general during the prefeasibility and feasibility
phase of the study.

Many respondents expect benefits from the project such as supply of

electricity and water, development, employment creation, and reduced
dependence on kerosene for fuel. Respondents expect the supplied
electricity to be used to promote small businesses, food processing,
irrigation, domestic lighting, hospitals, and schools.

There were also negative impacts expected, such as insufficient

compensation for loss of assets, electrical faults, or transformers
exploding. Many people know about the high tariffs of electricity in the
region. Hence, it was stated during stakeholder meetings that high costs
of electricity could prevent the majority of the population from its usage
with the consequence that only the rich would profit from the project.
Therefore, expensive electricity may have only little impact on socio-
economic development. It was also stated that due to high costs even
businesses could not be able to use much electrical power and, as a
consequence, economic development would remain low.

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 These findings, based on numerous informal discussions with local
authorities, representatives of governmental administrations, community
members, NGOs, representatives of national electric providers and
business people, were largely approved by the results of 110 focus group
discussions with the affected population carried out in November and
December 2008.

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1.8 Financial and Economical Analysis

1.8.1 Total investment costs

The total investment costs are as follows:

Burundi
OHL Rusumo Falls to Gitega (161 km)
Section Rusumo falls to Tanzanian Border 9,1Mill US $
Section Burundi Border to Gitega 16.1 Mill US $

Rwanda
OHL Rusumo Falls to Birembo/Kigali
via Kigali Airport (109 km and 10 km)
220 kV double circuit with single circuit string 21,5 Mill US $

Tanzania
OHL Rusumo Falls to Nyakanazi/Biharamulo (98 km)
220 kV double circuit with single circuit string 20 million US$
Designed for 400 kV

Burundi
Gitega substation: extension 110 kV, New 220 kV: 4,7 million US$

Muyinga substation:
complete with transformer etc: 1.7 million US$
30 kV switchgear 0.4 million US$

Rwanda
Birembo substation: part of the 220 kV 2.4 million US$

Kigali Airport:
complete substation 5,34million US$
(5x 220 kV bays, one new transformers and
control building etc.)
30 kV switchgear 0.4 million US$

Tanzania
Nyakanazi/Biharamulo substation:
complete substation 5,8 million US$
(1x 220 kV bays, 3x 220 kV OHL bays , 2x220 kV transformer bay
2 x new transformers and control building etc.)
33 kV switchgear 0.4 million US$

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 Burundi 32.0 million US $
Rwanda 29.6 million US $
Tanzania 26.2 million US $

Total Investment 87.8 million US $

1.8.2 Financial model

The Consultant has prepared a financial model to show the economic

viability of the Rusumo Falls hydropower project. As a result of the
calculations, it is evident that the project is feasible and generates a
sufficiently high return as can bee seen in the table below:

Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR)

Burundi 25.6%
Rwanda 26.2%
Tanzania 26.5%
Regional (total of three countries) 26.1%

As a conclusion, it can be asserted that the implementation of the project

will contribute to increase the welfare of the population living in this part
of Africa

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1.9 Institutional and Commercial Considerations
The main objective of chapter 13 “Institutional and Commercial
Considerations” was to draw up and propose a recommendation aimed at
a legal and institutional structure making it possible, by means of
transmission lines, to distribute the energy produced in the Rusumo Falls
project to the three bordering countries.

Three different options have been identified to do this, which integrate

both an institutional structure and the related legal instruments. On the
basis of the analysis of each of these options, the consultant recommends
the adoption of Option C – The Creation of a Special Purpose Vehicle
(SPV) similar to the “Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve
Sénégal” or “Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Gambie”.
This recommendation is based on the lessons learned in the framework of
experiences made with existing institutional frameworks and takes fully
into account the current and future structural changes in the domain of
electricity in the three countries involved in the region.

Considering therefore that the proposed institutional framework has to be

capable of attracting and even encouraging the involvement of private
investors alongside the international institutions for the financing and
management/operation of the works realised, it is essential to create an
Special Purpose Vehicle which owns both the power station and the high
voltage transmission lines on the territory of the countries. In addition to
ensuring the adoption of an increased mode of public-private financing,
such an institution which owns the infrastructures makes it possible to
guarantee investors limited exposure to political uncertainties or other
non-commercial interference.

Knowing also that the long-term objective is to put into place a veritable
trade in electricity in the region, option C permits the adoption of a
flexible institutional and legal framework stimulating by its very
existence regional exchanges of electricity. By making provision for a
mechanism in the contract for the sale and purchase of electricity
between the Special Purpose Vehicle and the three national companies
which would enable one of the purchasers to resell the surplus non-
consumed energy on the "market", the option promotes the progressive
development of an electricity exchange market between the countries.

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1.10 Project Risk Assessment
The Consultant has identified major risks surrounding the project. These
general risks are the following:

• If the power plant Rusumo Falls will not be realized, then the OHLs
will not be needed. This risk is negligible, because power plants are
needed in the region.
• If the EAPP (East African Power Pool) will realize a HV grid with a
higher voltage level, than this planning shall be taken into account.
The EAPP shall be contacted and this issue shall be discussed.
• Institutional risks related to system operation responsibility and
manageability of the project
• Risks of late realization of the transmission line project
• Financial risks regarding lack of capital expenditures for project
development and investment, insufficient financial returns to the
project developer due to technical, economic or social constraints
(transfer tariffs), and negative impacts on the project sponsor’s cash
flow and financial statement (e.g. due to delays in project financing,
unfavorable financing conditions such as unfavorable interest rates for
loans, no grace period, short loan repayment period,)
• Environmental risks which could arise from zones with diversified
reliefs and steep slopes with difficult access for construction machines
and high risks of erosions which could endanger network security.

When looking for major risks of the Project, the Consultant has
differentiated between three phases of the Project: planning phase,
construction phase, operation phase.

Major risks possibly occurring during the planning phase are the
following:

• reduced energy demand and therefore delayed development of

hydroelectric projects
• change in the sequence and priority of power plant development, e.g.
for plants
• delayed commissioning date of the project
• delayed commissioning date of the hydroelectric projects
• problems on the IPP side
• failure to identify a private investor for the project
• financial problems of different parties to implement the project
• economic viability of the project

The main risk during the construction phase is the delay in starting
commercial operation and the related consequences on the cost side.

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 Other risks that might occur have also been identified:

• Cost overrun
• Increase in financing cost
• Failure to meet required performance
• Political risk

Regarding the operating period, specific risks are the following:

• Increase of operating cost

• Inflation
• Exchange rate fluctuation risk
• Failure of power off-taker to meet their obligations
• Temporary capacity shortfall
• Water shortage

No major risks resulting from environmental and security constraints

have been identified.

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1.11 Implementation schedule
Based on the assumed commissioning date for the first unit of the
hydroelectric projects, which is December 1st 2014, the key dates for the
transmission lines project are as follows:

Approval of feasibility/solicitation
reports on the project: 30 November 2009

Appointment of developer: 30 September 2010

Project preparation and design phase: 01 Sept. – 30 Dec. 2009

Award of EPC contract for Lines: 31 December 2010

Completion date for lines: 31 March 2013

Award of EPC contract for Substations: 01 December 2010

Completion date for Phase 2: 31 March 2013

According to the above schedule, commissioning of the overhead lines

and the substations will take place twelve months before commissioning
of the first unit of Rusumo Falls hydroelectric project in order to allow
electrical tests on switchgear, transformer, generator and turbine.

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1.12 Recommendations by the Consultant
The recommendation of the consultant for the line routing is as follows:

Burundi : Only one major alternative line routing Rusumo falls vers
Gitega
Rwanda : South route passing the new Airport at Lake Gashanga
Tanzania : South Route via Lusahunga and along the east side of the
main road up to Nyakanazi

For the transmission lines the use of the voltage level of 220 kV is
recommended for the interconnecting lines to Nyakanazi/Biharamulo,
Birembo and Gitega, while for the rural electrification nearby the
hydropower plant a medium voltage level of 33 kV (Tanzania) or 30 kV
(Rwanda, Burundi) is recommended.

The operation voltage and the voltage for the substations shall be 220 kV
for Burundi, Rwanda and Tanzania.

Burundi
The interconnection line from the hydropower plant Rusumo Falls passes
Muyinga, a future place of a HV substation and then continues to Gitega,
where via Bujumbura an interconnection to the other power plants in the
region (Rwegura, Rusizi I, Rusizi II) and future power plants (Rusizi III,
Sisi 5 and Gas power plants at Kibuye and Gisenyi) is realized (see
Annex 1.1).

The (n-1) planning principle is fulfilled because the power produced for
Burundi in Rusumo Falls can be transported to Burundi via Gitega or in
case of an outage of this line via Rwanda either via the planned line
Kigoma, Karongi, Mururu 2, Bubanza.

The initial voltage level shall be 220 kV. The line routing is very clear
and the alternative near of the National park of Ruvubu was cancelled.

Rwanda
The interconnection line from Rusumo Falls to Kigali is as follows

South route: Rusumo Falls – Kigali New Airport – Birembo

The recommended line routing is the one via Kigali New Airport because
with a future extension to Kibuye a transmission line circuit will be
closed around Kigali. The new developing area near the New Airport can
be connected to the electrical grid (see Annex 1-1).

The (n-1) planning principle is fulfilled with the interconnected system

(remarks: see Burundi).

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 Because the Gas plants at Kibuye (100 MW) will be realized in a short
term, a 220 kV grid is needed in Rwanda. It is assumed, that the 220 kV
substations in Kigali (Birembo) will be realized with the ongoing line
project.

The administration of Rwanda will decide in the near future of an

eventually relocation of the end point of the Rusumo falls line, because
the area around Birembo is now heavy populated and in the next years an
additional increase of the population is expected.

The 220 kV substation Birembo will be needed in the near future.

Because there are different ongoing projects, it should be decided by the
Rwandan authorities and the financing institutions which project shall
handle which part of the Birembo 220 kV substation.

Tanzania
A new 400 kV system is planned from Mbeya in the south via Dodoma,
Singida to Shinyanga , from Singida the 400 kV systems will be
exytended to Arusha and then an interconnection to Nairobi is foreseen.

Another branch of the 400 kV systems is planned up to Geita. In the far

west from Tanzania a 220 kV grid is foreseen. The new Masterplan is
still in discussion.

Another Study for the western Region of Tanzania was established by

SWECO. There an interconnection from Geita to Nyakanazi and then to
Rusumo Falls was proposed. A final decision is not yet taken.

In parallel to the Masterplan the private company Kabanga Nickel is

planning a 220 kV line from Bulyanhulu to Kabanga Nickel near the
Burundian border (see Annex 1-2).

These activities shall be coordinated with the NELSAP planning for a

line from Rusumo Falls to Nyakanazi/Biharamulo.

As a first result of a discussion between the representatives of

TANESCO and the Consultant the following was agreed:
The 220 kV line from Rusumo Falls shall be connected to Nyakanazi
/Biharamulo.

The line from Nyakanazi/Biharamulo to Rusumo Falls shall be designed

and operated with 220 kV.

The connection of the mine Kabanga Nickel can be realized in the

following:

one extra 220 kV line from Rusumo Falls

a T-Off connection from the line to Gitega
One OHL from a new substation at the border to Burundi.
a loop in to the line Rusumo Falls to Nyakanazi/Biharamulo.

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 Overall planning
There is an overall planning for a HV grid in eastern Africa.

The first planning shows an interconnected 220 kV grid from Kenya,

Uganda and Tanzania. In 2005 the same grid indicates a voltage of 220
kV or greater.

The actual planning prefers a voltage of 400 kV for the African

connections in Tanzania and Kenya (see Annex 112). The voltage level
for the interconnection Kenya – Uganda was foreseen for 220 kV but
now a change to 400 kV is in discussion.

The HV grid ring around the Lake Victoria (see Annex 1-2) can be
closed via Bukoba in Tanzania or via Rusumo Falls and Birembo
(Kigali).

The decision shall be given by the related organizations like SAPP, the
financing institutes like AfDB, World Bank and the representatives of the
countries Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania, etc.

There is an ongoing study for EAPP (East African Power Pool) regarding
the future HV grid in the region. The results and decisions will be
finalized end of 2010.

The actual situation and decision is to use 220 kV for the three (3)
lines related to Rusumo Falls.

Installation and Size of Line compensation reactors

The installation and the size of the line compensation reactors can be
done in different ways:

• design for each line section and connection direct to the line, which
means less flexibility for the operation, difficulties incase of grid
extensions which are planned for each countries
• Design for the whole system and connection to the busbars, which
means more flexibility for the operation and in the case of grid
extensions.

The size of the line compensation reactors shall be harmonized within all
220 kV projects in the region.

In this planning stage we have chosen a size of 10 MVAR as standard

size for the line compensation reactors in the region. This size was
assumed in the substations Nykanazi and Kigali as well as in the Rusumo
falls Hydro Power plant.

In other NELSAP projects a standard size of 20 MVAr was chosen. In

these cases the lines are longer, line compensation reactors are only
installed at one side of the line and the line characteristics are different,
because the line conductors are different.

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 A harmonization of the line compensation reactors within all 220 kV
projects in the region is recommended.

A general decision shall also be taken about the type of the substation:

• double bus bar system as for the existing substations in all related
countries also for 220 kV
• one and a half (1 +1/2) circuit breaker system as used in Kenya

In this planning stage we have used double bus bar systems.

As the substation at Rusumo Falls is very important for the Rusumo Falls
Transmission Lines Project it is recommended to realize it in time even if
the Hydropower Plant Project will be delayed.

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List of Annexes
Annex 1-1 Electrical Grid in Burundi and Ruanda and Tanzania

Annex 1-2 Planned HV Grid in East and Central Africa

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