Best Approach

Definite Integration
WorkBook - I
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DEFINITE Definition
INTEGRATION Let (x) be the primitive or antiderivative
of a function f(x) defined on [a, b] i.e.,
d
((x)) = f(x).
dx

Then the definite integral of f(x) over [a, b] The numbers a and b are called the limits of
b integration, 'a' is called the lower limit and
is denoted by  f(x) dx and is defined as
a
'b' the upper limit. The interval [a, b] is called
the interval of integration.
[(b) – (a)].
b
If we use the notation (x)ba to denote (b)
i.e.,  f(x) dx = (b) – (a)
a
– (a), then from (i), we have,
b
.....(i) b
 f (x)dx  (x)
a
a

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b b

 
a
f(x) dx = ((x) at x = b) – ( (x) at x = a)   f(x) dx =
a

(Value of anti-derivative at b, the upper limit) –

(Value of anti-derivative at a, the lower limit)

DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS b

THE LIMIT OF A SUM The definite integral  f (x) dx is the area

a
Let f be a continuous function defined on
bounded by the curve y = f (x), the
close interval [a, b]. Assume that all the
ordinates x = a, x = b and the x-axis. To
values taken by the function are non negative,
evaluate this area, consider the region PRSQP
so the graph of the function is a curve above
between this curve, x-axis and the ordinates
the x-axis.
x = a and x = b

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Divide the interval [a, b] into n equal
subintervals denoted by
S [x0, x1], [x1, x2] ......., [xr – 1, xr] ,....., [xn – 1, xn],
Y
M D where x0 = a, x1 = a + h, x2 = a + 2h, ....., xr
C L ba
= a + rh and xn = b = a + nh or n = .
h
Q We note that as n , h  0.

X' P A B R X
a=x0 x1 x2 xr-1xr xn=b

Y'

The region PRSQP under consideration is the From Fig, we have area of the rectangle
sum of n subregions, where each subregion (ABLC) < area of the region (ABDCA) <
is defined on subintervals [xr – 1 , xr], area of the rectangle (ABDM) ....(i)
r = 1, 2, 3, …, n. Evidently as xr – xr–1  0,

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i.e., h  0 all the three areas shown in (i) and
become nearly equal to each other. Now we n
form the following sums. Sn = h[f(x1) + f(x2) + ..... f(xn)] = h  f (x r )
r 1
n 1
sn = h[f(x0) + ..... + f(xn – 1)] = h  f (x r ) .....(iii)
r 0

.....(ii)

Here, sn and Sn denote the sum of areas of As n  strips become narrower and
all lower rectangles and upper rectangles narrower, it is assumed that the limiting values
raised over subintervals [xr – 1 , xr] for r = 1, of (ii) and (iii) are the same in both cases and
2, 3, …, n, respectively. the common limiting value is the required area
In view of the inequality (i) for an arbitrary under the curve.
subinterval [xr – 1, xr], we have Symbolically, we write
sn < area of the region PRSQP < Sn lim Sn  lim s n  area of the region PRSQP
n  n 
.....(iv)
b
= a f(x) dx .....(v)

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It follows that this area is also the b
a f(x) dx =
limiting value of any area which is
between that of the rectangles below the lim h(f(a) + f(a + h) + ..... + f(a + (n – 1)h]
h 0
curve and that of the rectangles above
the curve. For the sake of convenience,
we shall take rectangles with height equal
to that of the curve at the left hand edge
of each subinterval. Thus, we rewrite (v)
as

b 1 The above expression (vi) is known as the

or a f(x) dx = (b – a) nlim [f(a) + f(a + h) + definition of definite integral as the limit
n


..... + f(a + n – 1) h] .....(vi) of sum.

ba
where h =  0 as n
n

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Remark 2 x
Q. Evaluate 0 e dx as the limit of a sum
The value of the definite integral of a function
over any particular interval depends on the
function and the interval, but not on the
variable of integration that we choose to
represent the independent variable. If the
independent variable is denoted by t or u
instead of x, we simply write the integral as
b b b
 f(t) dt or  f(u) du instead of  f(x)
a a a

dx.
Hence, the variable of integration is called a
dummy variable.

5 NOTE
Q. Evaluate 0 (x + 1) dx as the limit of a sum.

  2 sin x dx = 1
0

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3 3
  2 sin x dx = 1   2 cos x dx = –1
0 

b b
 If f(x) > 0 in (a, b) then  f(x) dx > 0  a f(x) dx < 0 if f(x) < 0 in (a, b)
a

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b NOTE
 If  f(x) dx = 0, then the equation f(x) = 0
a
Integration gives you net area positive above
has at least one root lying in (a, b), provided x-axis and negative below x-axis.
f is a continuous function in (a, b). Converse
is not true.
In fig. 1 f(x) is continous function in interval
(a, b), has one root between a and b but net
area in interval (a, b) positive.

Fig.1

V. Important formula / Speed Increase  /2  /2

/ Remember (a)  sin xdx   cos xdx  1

0 0

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 /2 / 2  /2  /2
 2
(b)  sin 2 xdx   cos2 xdx  (c)  sin 3 xdx   cos
3
xdx 
0 0
4 0 0
3

 /2  /2  /2
3
(d)  sin 4 xdx   cos 4 xdx  (a) I=  sin xdx
0 0
16 0

 /2

I=  cos x dx
0

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/ 2  /2

(b) I=  sin 2 xdx (c) I=  sin

3
xdx
0 0

 /2  /2

I=  cos 2 xdx I=  cos

3
xdx
0 0

 /2 Q. If 2a + 3b + 6c = 0 then the Quadratic

(d) I=  sin4 x dx Equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 must have a root
0
in (0, 1) is true or not.
 /2
4
I=  cos dx
0

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 If f(x) is not defined at x = a and x = b, and b
 In  f(x) dx, the function f need to be well-
a
b
defined in the open interval (a, b) then a f(x) defined and continuous in the closed interval
dx can be evaluated. [a, b].
For instance, the consideration of the definite
3 1

 x  x  1 2 dx is
2
integral erroneous since the
2

function f expressed by f(x) = x(x2–1)1/2 is

not defined in the portion – 1< x < 1 on the
closed interval [–2, 3].

Geometrical Interpretation First, we construct the graph of the integrand

of the Definite Integral y = f(x), then in the case of f(x)  0,  x 
b

[a, b], the integral  f(x)dx is numerically

a

equal to the area bounded by the curve y =

f(x), the x-axis and the ordinates
x = a and x = b.

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b b


a
f(x)dx is numerically equal to the area of In general,  f(x)dx represents an algebraic
a

curvilinear trapezoid bounded by the given sum of areas of the region bounded by the
curve, the straight lines x = a and x = b and curve y = f(x), the x-axis and the ordinate x
the x-axis. = a and x = b.
The area above the x-axis are taken positive,
while those below the x-axis are taken
negative.

  f(x)dx = A1 – A2 + A3 – A4 + A5
a

where A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 are the areas of the

shaded region.

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EVALUATION OF DEFINITE When the variable in a definite integral is
INTEGRALS BY SUBSTITUTION changed, the substitution in terms of new
variable should be effected at three places.

(i) in the integrand, (ii) in the differential, say, dx

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(iii) in the limits (iv) substitution should be bijective.

The limits of the new variable, say, t are simply / 4

sin x  cos x
the values of t corresponding to the values of Q. Find the value of integral  dx .
0
3  sin 2x
the original variable, say x, and so they can
be easily obtained by putting the values of x
in the substitutional relation between x and t.
The method is illustrated in the following
examples.

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1
Q. Show that
sin 1 x
Q.  dx
0 1  x2 / 2 dx 
  , (a, b > 0)
0 a 2 cos 2 x  b 2 sin 2 x 2ab

e2
dx
2
ex
2 dx
Q. Evaluate  directly as well as by the
Q. If I1 =  log x and I2 =  x dx, then what is
1
2 4  x2
e

substitution x = 1/t. Examine as to why the

the relation between I1 and I2.
answer don't tally

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/ 2 a
Q. Let an = 
0
(1 – sin t)n sin 2t  dt, then find Q. If the value of definite integral 1 x .a [log x] dx , a

n where a > 1 and [x] denotes the greatest

an
the value of nlim

 n 1 n
.
e 1
integer, is , then find the value of 'a'.
2

Q. Find the true set of values of 'a' for which

1 1
1 x 1 x
the inequality
0
–2x –x
 (3 – 2 . 3 ) dx  0 is
Q. I=  1 x
dx , J =  1 x
dx
a 0 0

true. (A) I + J = 2 (B) I – J = 

 
(C) I = 2 + (D) J = 4 –
2 2

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1 Q. In =  xn e–x dx , n  0, n  I
Q. Evaluate  ln x dx
0 then prove that In = n!


1
x  x2 1 dx
Q. Evaluate  dx Q.  (x  )(  x)
( > )
0 1 x2 

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5 1/ 2
x 2 dx dx
Q. Evaluate  (x  3)(5  x)
Q.  (1  2x 2 ) 1  x2
3 0

 /2
Q. Evaluate the value of the integral
dx
Q. Evaluate  4  5sin x 2008
0  2 2 1 
  3x  8028x  (2007)   dx equal
0  2008 

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2 1  /2
 1  x cos x
Q. Evaluate  1  x  x  e x dx Q. Let I =  a cos x  bsin x
dx and
1/ 2 0

 /2
sin x
J=  dx , where a > 0 and
0
a cos x  bsin x

b > 0.
Compute the values of I and J.

/ 2
1
1 x (sin x  cos x) 2
Q. Find the value of  1 x
dx . Q. Find the value of I = 
0 1  sin 2x
dx.
0

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3 / 4
SOME STANDARD FORMS
1
Q. Find the value of  / 4 1  cos x dx . b  b
I. n 
a  a
 n 

lim   f n (x)dx    lim f n (x) dx

7
1
 t
n
e x dx
Q. lim   1   dt Q. lim 
n  1  x n
n   n 0
1

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
cos x b g 1 (b)
lim  dx
Q. n 
0 1   tan 1 x 
n
 f (x)  d  g(x)    f (x)  g '(x)dx
a g 1 (a )

1 3/2
2
Q.  x d(ln x) Q. 
1/2
tan x d(sin x) dx
1

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b if f(x) is continuous in (a, b). However if f(x)
d b
III. a dx  f (x)   f (x)a is discontinuous in (a, b) at x = c  (a, b)
b
d c b
 dx  f (x)   f (x)
a
a
 f (x) c 

1
d  1 1  IV. If g (x) is the inverse of f (x) and f (x) has
Q.   dx  cot
1
 dx
x   domain x  [a, b] where f (a) = c and
b d

f (b) = d then the value of  f(x) dx +  g(y)

a c

dy = (bd – ac)

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Q. If f : [0, 1]  [e, e e ] f is increasing function 1 1 1

 1  x   1  x 2007  2008 dx
2008 2007
Q.
e 0
1 e
ex
then find e dx  2  ln(ln x)dx
0 e

PROPERTIES OF Property-I
DEFINITE INTEGRALS b b

 f (x)dx   f (t)dt
a a

i.e., integration is independent of the change

of variable.

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b a Property-III
Property-II 
a
f(x) dx = –  f(x)dx
b
b c b

 f(x) dx =  f(x) dx +  f(x) dx, where

i.e., if the limits of a definite integral are a a c

interchanged then its value changes by minus a < c < b.

sign only.

GENERALIZATION 1

The above property can be generalized into Q.  |x| dx.

1
the following form
b c1 c2

 f(x) dx =  f(x) dx +  f(x) dx + ..... +

a c1
a


cn
f(x) dx

where a < c1 < c2 < c3 ..... < cn–1 < cn < b.

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/ 2 Q. If [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or
Q. Evaluate  cos x  cos3 x dx
 / 2
equal to x, then find the value of the integral
2
 x 2 [x]dx .
0

1.5 Q. If {x} denotes the fractional part of x, then

Q. Find the value of  [x ] dx. [.] denotes the
0
2
2

find the value of  {x} dx.

greatest integer function. 0

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t 3
 
Q. For any real number x, find the value of  [x] Q. Find the value of   x  2  dx [.] denotes
0
1
dx. [.] denotes the greatest integer function.
the greatest integer function.

9 100

{ x} dx, where {x} denotes the Q. Find the value of 0 [tan–1 x] dx is equal to
Q. Evaluate 
0
(where [.] denotes the greatest integer
fractional part of x.
function).

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2 2
1
Q. Find the value of  (x[ x ]  [x 2 ]x ) dx , where 2
1
Q. Find the value of  [x  {x}]dx where [.]
[.] denotes the greatest integer function. 1

denotes the greatest integer function and {.}

denotes the fractional part function.

2  
x2 x dx
Q.  1  2 cos x dx
0
Q. If P = 
0 1 x 4
dx ; Q = 
0 1 x4


dx
and R = 0 1 x4
then prove that


(a) Q= ,
4
(b) P = R,

(c) P– 2 Q+R= 2 2

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Property-IV REMARK
The graph of an even function is symmetric
 a
a about y-axis that is the curve on left side of
a f (x)dx   0
2 f (x)dx , if f (x) is an even function
 0 y-axis is exactly identical to curve on its right
 , if f (x) is an odd function
side.
a 0

 
0
f(x) dx =  f(x) dx
a

In case of an odd function the curve is 2

2
symmetrical in opposite quadrants. Q.  |1  x | dx
2
0 a

 f(x) dx = –  f(x) dx
a 0

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1/2 Q. Find the value of
Q. Find the value of the integral  cos x 1

 
1/2
1  x  x 2  1  x  x 2 dx .
1
 1 x 
log  1  x  dx.
 

2 1

Q. Prove that the value of  (ax3 + bx + c) dx

2
Q. Find the value of the integral  log(x
1

depends on c. + x 2  1) dx.

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TRICK 11

b Q.   x  3 x  7  x  5  x  1  x  9  dx
1
 f (x) dx
a

ab
Substitute x   y for limit to
2
be  to 

  /2 0

Q. Find the value of  {(x + )3 + cos2(x +

3  /2
Q. Find the value of I =  {x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 3 +
2

3)}dx. (x + 1)cos(x + 1) }dx.

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 /4
2 x 9  3x 5  7x 3  x  1
cos x ex 2x cos 2 x / 2 Q. Evaluate  dx
 / 4
cos 2 x
x2 sec x sin x  x 3
Q. If f(x) = , then find
1 2 x  tan x

/ 2
the value of   / 2
(x2 + 1)(f(x) + f ''(x)) dx.

Q. If f is an odd function, then evaluate 1/ 2

1/ 2  x  1  2  x  1 2 
a f (sin x)
dx
Q. Evaluate 1/ 2  x  1    x  1   2 dx
I= 
 a f (cos x)  f (sin 2 x)
 

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32 3 2
 1 x 1 x  1 
Q.  | x sin x |dx Q. 1  tan  tan  dx
1 x2  1 x 

Property-V (King Rule) Property-VI (Special Case of above)

b b a a

 f (x) dx =  f (a + b – x)dx  f(x) dx =  f(a – x) dx.

0 0
a a

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When to be used
 /3 (sin x)dx
1. Denominator remain same / lightly changed. 1. Evaluate 
/ 6
(sin x)  (cos x)
2. Addition is simple of f(x) + f(a + b – x).
3. In Numerator we have x.

100 
n x 1
2(a).  e dx .
50 n x  n (150  x) dx 2(b).
0
cos x
1

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2
sin x  cos x / 2 sin x
3.  dx 4.  dx
0
1  sin x cos x 0
sin x  cos x

3
6 x x 2 dx
5. 3
9x  x
dx 6. 
2 2x 2  10x  25

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2 2
sin 3 x sin 2 x
7.  dx 8.  dx
0
sin x  cos x 0
sin x  cos x

2 
sin 2 x dx
9.  1  sin x cos x
dx 10. 
0 1  2tan x
0

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/ 4 3  /8
tan 2 x  4  3sin x 
11.  dx 12.  n   dx
 / 4
1  ex  /8  4  3cos x 

/ 4 2
 1  sin 2008 x
13.  ln (1 + tan x) dx 14.  
(2007) x
 1
 ·
sin 2008
x  cos 2008
x
dx
0  2  

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1 3 / 4
x sin x
15. 
0
–1 2
cot (1 – x + x ) dx 16. 
/ 4 1  sin x dx

 /2  /4
x sin x cos x x dx
17.  dx 18.  1  cos 2x  sin 2x
0 sin 4 x  cos 4 x 0

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ MC SIR
20. For a > 0, Prove that :
1 3 4
x  2x 
19.  cos 1  2 
dx 
1 x 4
 1 x  ln x dx
1/ 3
I=  ax
0
2
 bx  a = 0

 n
ln x dx n 1
21. Evaluate:  x 2  2x  4 22. Prove that  ( 1)k   k  m  1 =
0 k0 k

m
 m 1
 ( 1)k   k  n  1
k0 k 

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ MC SIR

3a 2 2
dx sin 2 sin  d
23.  (a > 0) 24. 
a 2 x  a2  x2 0

x
26. Prove that :
n t
25. For x > 0, let f (x) = 1 1 t
dt. Find the 2 4

 f (sin 2x) sin x dx = 2  f (cos 2x) cos x dx

function f (x) + f (1/x) and show that,f (e) + 0 0

f (1/e) = 1/2 .
[JEE 2000, 1 + 1 + 1 + 5]

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ MC SIR

1 2
ln(1  x) ln x
27. 0 1  x 2 dx 28.  1 x 2
dx
12

1 3
log(1  x) 30.  log(sec – tan) d.
29. 0 1  x 2 dx . 

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ MC SIR

3 2 

31. I=  [2 sin x]dx 32.  cot x  dx

0
2

3 a

33.  x x  dx
8 11 Q. Find the value of 
0
log(cot a + tan x) dx,
3
where a (0, /2).

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ MC SIR
Property-VI (Queen Rule)
 
x sin(2x).sin  cosx  2a
Q.
0

2  dx 0
f(x) dx =
(2x  )

2 a f (x)dx, if f (2a  x)  f (x)

 0

 0, if f (2a  x)  f (x)

 x 2
1.  dx
0 1  cos 2 x 2. 
0
cos5 x dx.

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ MC SIR

  /2  2 
 cos  sin 2 x  dx and v =
3. 
0
sin3 x cos3 x dx 4. Let u = 0
 3 

/ 2  
 cos  sin x  dx , then find the relation
0
3 
between u and v.

IMPORTANT RESULT 

 /2  /2
1. Evaluate 0
x log sin x dx
0
log sin x dx = 0
log cos x dx

 /2 
= log sin 2x dx = log 2
0 2

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ MC SIR

 /4  /2
2.  /4
log(sin x + cos x) dx 3.  0
x cot x dx

2 1
x(sin x) 2n sin 1 x
4.  dx , n  N 5. 0 x dx
0 (sin x) 2n  (cos x) 2n

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ MC SIR

2 

 x  sin (sin x)  cos 2 (cos x)  dx

2 2
6.  (2cos
0
x) ln(sin 2x) dx 7.
0


DEFINITE INTEGRATION
 x  sin(cos x) cos(sin 2 x)  dx
2
8. OF PERIODIC FUNCTIONS
0

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ MC SIR
Property I GRAPHICAL METHOD
nT T
0
f (x) dx = n
0
f (x) dx, where T is

the period of the function and n  I,

(i.e., f(x + T) = f(x)).

Property II Property III

a  nT T nT T
a
f (x) dx = n 
0
f (x) dx mT
f (x) dx = (n – m) 
0
f(x) dx, where T

is the period of the function and m, n  I

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ MC SIR
Property IV Q. Find the value of the integral
b n T b 400 
a n T
f (x) dx = 
a
f (x) dx, where T is the
 1  cos 2x dx .
0
period of the function and n  I

n 100

Q. If n  N, then find the value of 

0
(x – [x]) Q. Find the value of 0
e x – [x] dx.

dx.

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ MC SIR

[t ] 16  /3

Q. Find the value of  (x – [x]) dx. Q. Evaluate 

0
|sin x| dx
0

 Q. Let f be a real, valued function satisfying

n
Q. Evaluate  4 |sin x + cos x| dx f (x) + f (x + 4) = f (x + 2) + f (x + 6).
 /4

x 8

Prove that 
x
f (t) dt is a constant function

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ MC SIR

2n
2000 
Q. Find the value of 0
[sin x + cos x]dx. dx
Q.  1  esin x
where [.] denotes the greatest integer 0
function)

n  v Q. The value o f the definite integral

Q.  | cos x |dx 2n
0
  
max . sin x,sin 1 (sin x) dx equals
0

where <v<&nN
2 (where n  I)
n(2  4)
(A)
2
n(2  4)
(B)
4
n(2  8)
(C)
4
n(2  2)
(D)
4

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ MC SIR

Q. f (2 + x) = f (2 – x)
37
2
 3sin(2x)dx f (4 + x) = f (4 – x)
Q.  {x}
19
2
 f (x)dx  5
0

50
 f (x)dx  ?
0

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