History of Aviation Fluid Power and SAE A-6 PDF
History of Aviation Fluid Power and SAE A-6 PDF
History of Aviation Fluid Power and SAE A-6 PDF
History of Aviation Actuation, Control and Fluid Power
Many aircraft used hydraulics for brakes and landing gear operation in
the 1920s and 1930s
The DC‐3 had wings flaps powered by hydraulics (1934)
But it wasn’t until the early 1940s that hydraulics were used to power
the primary flight control surfaces on the Lockheed Constellation and
P‐80 (first US Jet Aircraft)
Hydraulic systems started at 1500 psi or less.
3000 psi became the standard in the 1950s.
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Technology Military Commercial
3
Army Air Corps Hydraulic Laboratory (circa 1937)
consisted of a commercial handpump and a 1000
PSI pressure gage. The entire lab was packed in a
1936 Chevy Coupe to go to Selfridge Field for P‐36
landing gear retraction problems
Creation of SAE Committee A6 – April 1941
Discussed Issues Associated with Leakage,
Contamination, and Failures in Military Aircraft
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Equipment
Created first Industry Team of Individuals to
Investigate problem, Developed Issue Papers,
Procedures and Standards
Sponsor of the first
Army Air Corps
specification on
Hydraulic Systems
#27993 released in
1940
Dave was among one of the original employees of Hughes Aircraft
Co. in 1946. He created the hydraulic system for the Spruce Goose.
Long term contributor, Dave attended the first A6 meeting and
the 60th Anniversary meeting. Dave was appointed in 1991 SAE
Fellow, an honor to which few are chosen.
Harold Adams, started with Douglas in 1930 and retired
in 1971 as Chief Designer. Harold wrote two books
titled “Aircraft Hydraulics” in 1943 and “The Rise & Fall
of Douglas Aircraft”. He designed the Hydraulic
System and Landing Gear on the DC‐3.
Harold Adams 1941 – 1942 2 years
Harry Kupiec 1943 – 1943 1 year
Baboo Ram “Bob” Teree 1944 – 1970 27 years
Robert “Bob” Dawson 1971 – 1974 4 years
Luther Smith 1975 – 1986 12 years
George “Kelley” Fling 1987 – 1990 4 years
Alvin “Al’ Waterman 1991 – 1994 4 years
Curt Chenoweth 1995 – 2001 7 years
Peter Amos 2002 – 2006 5 years
Henry Harschburger 2007 – 2008 2 years
Jon Jeffery 2009 – 2015 7 years
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Bob came from humble beginnings – a gifted Hindu
boy from a poor family came to America during the
depression. He served his country so well at Curtiss
Wright, during the war, and as A‐6 Chairman he was
made an American citizen by special Act of Congress
after the war.
Bob took special interest in A6 members and their
families. In the case of Luther Smith who joined in
1957, Bob rejected some hotels for A‐6 meetings
because of their color bar.
1941-1949 Aircraft Standardization
1949-1958 Aircraft Hydraulic and Pneumatic Equipment
1958-1961 Aircraft and missile Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems
and Equipment
1961-1964 Aerospace Fluid Power Systems and Equipment
1964 -1967 Aerospace Fluid Power Technologies
1967-1987 Aerospace Fluid Power and Control Technologies
1987 -2001 Aerospace Fluid Power, Actuation and Control
Technologies
2001-today Aerospace Actuation, Control and Fluid Power
Systems
Created Design Standards and Procedures
3000 PSI
MIL‐H‐5606 Fluid
Buna‐N O‐Ring and Squeeze Levels
‐65°F‐275°F Temperature Range
Closed Loop Actuation Control
Filtration Levels
Corrosion and Fatigue Resistant Material
Type I, II, III, and IV Hydraulic System Classification
Addition of Missile Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems
• Variable Delivery Hydraulic Pump Development and Spec
• Digital Servovalves
• Metallic Seal Devices for Nuclear and High Temperature
Environments
• Design Considerations for Long Term Storage Missile
Systems
• Thrust Vector Control for Missile Systems
• Restructure Committee A‐6 Emphasis on New
Technologies
Electro‐Mechanical Actuation
Fly‐By‐Wire Actuation Systems
Fluidics and non‐Moving parts Hydraulic Components
• Addition of Hydraulic Systems for Marine and
Underwater Applications
• Addition of Commercial Jet Hydraulic Systems
Author of two books widely used, and still valid,
by many of us in the industry today
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Phosphate Ester Fluid Specification
Integrated Actuator Package for Flight Control
Hydraulic Specifications for Advanced Military
Aircraft
USN study (Joe Demarchi, Rockwell Columbus, OH)
to evaluate optimized system pressure (8,000 psi)
Flight Control Actuation Redundancy
Commercial Jet Hydraulic System Problems
International (ISO) Standardization
World War II hero, 37
years at GE as an
Aerospace Engineer,
started attending SAE
A‐6 in 1957, Chairman
SAE A‐6 from 1975 to
1987, Bestowed
Congressional Gold
Medal in 2007.
Retired after 30 years at
Wright Patterson R&D Flight
Controls and Servo Actuation
Then Consulted for 15 years at
FDL Research Flight Control
Systems
Published Author in 1998
FBW and 2002 Controlled
Bombs
Had once meet with the
Wright Brothers
On Dec. 21, 1970, the first Full Scale Development Grumman
F‐14 took off for its maiden flight.
Both hydraulic systems failed shortly after takeoff.
The breakdown was caused by a fatigue failure of both
titanium main hydraulic lines due to a “coincidence” of pump
resonance.
The flight test a/c had test transducers on appendage lines on
both systems that caused an organ pipe resonance effect in
the test lines and both failed depleting fluid from each
system.
Change to Hyd Sys Spec AS5440
Flight Test instrumentation must be verified not to affect
system design
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Direct Drive Servovalves
8000 PSI Hydraulic System and CTFE Fluid
Development (Ed Binns, Ed Snyder and Neil Pierce)
Lightweight Hydraulic System Design Concepts
Smart Pump and Actuator Development
Lessons Learned Symposiums
Japan Airlines Flight 123 is the deadliest single aircraft
crash in history, killing 524 pax and crew (4 survived)
Years before the crash, the same aircraft had a tailstrike
incident, and a panel was improperly repaired
The panel failed and caused the vertical
tail to depart from the aircraft
severing hydraulic tubes and causing
all 4 hyd systems to fail
The very experienced pilots kept the
aircraft aloft for 32 minutes before crashing into a
mountain (no one could achieve this in the simluator
after the crash)
Change to Hyd System Certification: Separation of systems
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15 April 1988; Horizon Air Dash 8; Seattle, WA: The
aircraft was on a scheduled domestic flight from Seattle,
WA to Spokane, WA. The crew executed an air turn back
after the right engine lost power during climbout. The crew
noticed a right engine fire after lowering the landing gear.
Fire damage to the hydraulic system led to a loss of control
of the aircraft after landing. The aircraft departed the
runway and struck ground equipment and two jetways. The
aircraft was subsequently destroyed by fire. None of the
three crew members and 37 passengers were killed, but
four passengers were seriously injured.
Change to Hyd Sys Design – The Dash 8 family was
redesigned to incorporate reservoir level sensing isolation
valves to preclude an engine fire taking out both hydraulic
systems
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DC10, en‐route, diversion Sioux City USA,
On 19 July 1989, a United Airlines DC‐10, after earlier
improper inspection, suffered an uncontained engine
failure which led to loss of hydraulic systems and loss of
control during an attempted emergency landing, which
was followed by a post crash fire.
All three hydraulic systems had tubes
routed past the aft engine that were
severed after engine rotor burst
Change to Hyd Sys Certification
Added language to have separation of
tubing around areas of engine and tire burst
Conversion from Military to Non‐Military
Specifications
Seal Leakage Prevention
EHA Concepts
Consultive Support to Government Agencies
Curt Chenoweth
Chairman 1995 ‐ 2001
Flight Control Actuation Book, 1993
Trans World Airlines Flight 800 (TWA 800), a Boeing
747‐100, exploded and crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near
East Moriches, New York, on July 17, 1996, at about 8:31
p.m. EDT, 12 minutes after takeoff from John F. Kennedy
International Airport on a scheduled international
passenger flight to Rome, with a stopover in Paris. All 230
people on board were killed, the third‐deadliest aviation
accident to occur in U.S. territory.
Change to Hyd Sys Certification
Added language to ensure that hydraulic
fluid temperature remain below acceptable
levels for systems that pass thru fuel tanks
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Unmanned Air Vehicle Flight Control Actuation
Commitment to SAE Globalization
First A‐6 meeting outside of North America in
Toulouse, France
Development EHA Documents
Pilot Interfaces with Flight Controls
Peter Amos – Chairman from 2002 ‐ 2006
Henry Harschburger – Chairman 2007 and 2008
Implemented A‐6 mission of:
“Transforming Information into Knowledge”
More requests for Hydraulic Power Packages
The generation and distribution of higher amounts of electrical power
has enabled larger integrated and localized hydraulic power
Engine manufacturers are encouraging airframers to remove all
hydraulics off the engines
• Jon Jeffery Chairman 2009 ‐ 2015
On Platform of “More Lean, More Green, More Seen”
Added Working Groups to agenda and streamlined voting to reduce
document WIP (used to have award for oldest document)
Focus on Lessons Learned & Document Quality to Improve Standards
Added Short Courses to share domain expert knowledge
More International Venues to attract new participants
Toulouse, France 2002
Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil 2006
Hamburg, Germany 2011
Hawaii (to attract Asian Companies) 2015
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…only the addition of color and a female…
…and the deletion of neckties…
1941 2015 27