MUSIC APPRECIATION LECTURES

Lesson 1: MUSIC - Clapping, snapping, stomping to the

is a combination of organized sounds, may be beat of the music
vocal or instrumental, with a purpose or idea or
function 2. Associative
- Relating the music to events, ideas,
Organized persons or places
• Structure or form
• Harmony 3. Intellectual
• Melody - Allows the listeners to critique, judge,
• Rhythm comment on the music

Importance of Music 4. Spiritual

It is a means of expression - Allows listeners to related the musical
It is a means of communication experience to their faith or even
It represents a culture or heritage supernatural beliefs
It is used for entertainment
It is a form of relaxation Lesson 2: ELEMENTS OF MUSIC

Types of Music 1. Sound

- it begins with the vibration of an object
1. Indigenous Music - transmitted to our ears by a medium-
air-and our eardrums that start vibrating
○ Music of the people from the too
mountains and far places or
- Vibrations: not all vibrations are audible,
indigenous groups
travel through air
○ Music of an “original” ethnic group - impulses or signals are sent to the brain
- 8 elements of Sound:
2. Folk Music
○ Melody
○ Music of the people from rural areas ○ Rhythm
like provinces
○ Sang in the vernacular language and ○ Dynamics
aurally transmitted ○ Tempo
○ Harmony
3. Popular Music ○ Texture
○ Music of the common people ○ Form
○ Used for commercial purpose ○ Tone color
4. Western Classical Music 2. Pitch
○ Music of the West or countries that • highness and the lowness of sound
have been influenced by the • clap, maracas (percussion instruments):
Europeans indefinite pitch
• piano, violin: definite pitch
Types of Music (Examples) • Pitch Names: ABCDEFG
Pamulinawen, Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, • Interval- distance between pitches
Maguindanao Music • Staff- a set of 5 lines and four spaces
where the pitches are written
Levels of Musical Experience • Clefs- symbol at the beginning to
indicate highness or lowness of pitches
1. Kinesthetic (G clef and bass clef)
- Physical reaction to music
MUSIC APPRECIATION LECTURES

2. Melody • is how the tempo, melodic, and

• when you put all the pitches together, harmonic materials are combined in a
one after the other composition, thus determining the
= melody overall quality of the sound in a piece
• It moves by step or by leaps
• series of single notes which add up to a 8. Musical Form
recognizable whole • is the organization of musical ideas in
time
3. Harmony • refers to the structure of a musical
• When you put together notes or tones composition or performance. I
simultaneously playing
= harmony 9. Rhythm
• Difference to melody: melody is one • the systematic arrangement of musical
after the other (one by one); while sounds, principally according to duration
harmony they are simultaneously and periodic stress
sounding, SABAY- SABAY! • long and short sounds
• Dissonance Harmony- doesn’t sound • quarter notes, half notes, meter
good
• Consonance Harmony- blended and
sounds good Lesson 3: MEDIEVAL PERIOD (500-1450)
• ex. Chords (major and minor)
o Related to world history
• Tips: Major chords sounds happy Minor
chords sounds moody or sad o Also called as the Middle ages / the dark
ages
4. Tone color or Timbre o the time of Aristotle, Plato, Socrates
• Quality of sound depending on its o knowledge is very much limited and Arts
source (the source/medium helps is restricted
define the quality of the sound) o Gothic style (search this)
• Vocal or instrumental o Socio-economic structure: FEUDALISM
• Vocal o Time of corruption, no freedom,
○ Female Voice (soprano, mezzo- knowldege stopped
soprano, alto) o The time of Indulgence (a form of
○ Male Voice (tenor, baritone, bass) corruption)
• Instrumental o a Theo-centric period or God-centered
○ Strings, woodwind, brasswind, (extreme practice to the point madaming
percussion pinagbabawal) Hapiness is not a God-
centered act that time because it is said
5. Tempo to be a pleasure
• how fast and slow the music is is the o Music in this period is primarily religious
speed of music like chants
o Examples:
6. Dynamics Movie: Name of the rose
• Loudness or softness of music Art: Paintings in the Medieval period is
not realistic
7. Texture Literature: Canterbury Tales and Divine
• refers to the thickness and the thinnest Comedy
• refers to how many different layers of
sound are heard at once
SACRED MUSICAL FORMS
MUSIC APPRECIATION LECTURES

• For sacred and Christian worship GUILLAUME DE MACHAUT

• Characteristic: Free-flowing…
• Agnus Dei (Polyphonic, many/has two
or more independent melodic lines)
- sung a cappella
1.) GREGORIAN CHANTS - Latin text
• Roman Liturgy (holy mass) • Divine Office
• Divine office (round the clock of praying) - First codifies in the rule of St.Benedict
• was named after Pope Gregory I (a - consists of a series of 8
Benedictine monk) who compiled all the Abbess Hildegard of Bingen (visionary,
existing plainsongs that time. woman, benedictine)
• He established the SCHOLA
CANTORUM which is a school of • composed several sacred songs and
singers in Rome chants Guido D' Al
• Latin in • Guido D' Al___ (the hand notes/ do re
mi...)
Types of Gregorian Chants:
1. Responsorial- one leader to a choir
SECULAR MUSICAL FORMS
2. Antiphonal- choir to choir
• For entertainment
• Subject matter: Love, War, Adventure
Styles of Texting: • Musical Characteristics:
o Has meter (you can count 1-2,
1. Syllabic- 1 note/ 1 syllable 1-2-3 – you can feel the beat)
2. Malismatic- numerous notes/ 1 syllable o With harmony and
accompaniment (by
3. Psalmodic- numerous syllables/ 1 note or instruments)
pitch o Use of vernacular language
4. Neumatic- a few notes/ 1 syllable; most Secular music is associated with the musician
common who perform songs, so they are called:
Neumatic Notation STROLLING MUSICIANS- they go from one
diamond, square like, and lines are only 4 place to another, performing music

• Minnesingers & Meistersingers- from

Germany
Mass:
• Troubadours (South) Trouveres
The main worship service of the Roman (North)- French noblemen
Catholic Church, which culminates in • Gleemen- travelling musicians from
celebration of the sacrament of the Eucharist. England
• Minstrels- travelling and resident
Proper- changing song, portions of the mass
entertainers and music performers (also
performed only at certain times
from England)
Ordinary - portions of the mass appropriate • Joungleurs- circus entertainers
any time in the church calendar
MUSIC APPRECIATION LECTURES

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS:
1. Vielle (like violin)- most important string
instrument
2. Flutes and Recorders
3. Shawms- related to modern oboe, a
read instrument
4. Bagpipe
5. Pipe Organs
MUSIC APPRECIATION LECTURES

BAROQUE PERIOD HISTORY: CHARACTERISTIC OF BAROQUE MUSIC

• Relative Importance of
• Period of colonization and scientific
- Sacred and secular music (equal)
revolution
- Vocal and instrumental music (more
• Growth of absolute monarchy and instruments are being invented, violin is
European states formalized and other string instruments)
• Brought major increase commercial • Homophonic texture – harmony with a
activities melody
• Basso continuo- strong bass lline
BAROQUE ART
which is sounded continuously (to ground
• The arts are filled with tension, drive the music- mababa, like the concept of bass
guitar)
and activity- in a word, DRAMA
• Steady and clear meter- hindi na sya
BAROQUE free-flowing unlike medival and
renaissance
• High extravagant, theatrical, and
elaborate
MUSIC COMPOSERS:

• Johann Pachelbel 1. Claudio Monteverdi

o German composer - Italian composer
o Canon in D (canon means paulit- - first composer na nagging sikat dahil
ulit) sa pag-compose ng opera
- Composed works for the voice like
What is it that makes a piece of baroque music madrigals and operas
Baroque? 2. Antonio Vivaldi
• Grand passions - Italian composer
- Tonal system- concept of major and - Known as “red head priest”
minor - sakitin kaya nagdecide maging
• Contrast composer
1. Terraced dynamics- shifting the 3. Domenico Scarlatti
volume of sound suddenly and - Italian composer
dramatically from one level to - Known for his compositions for the
another harpsichord (like a piano but harp-
2. Movements- section of a complete plucked)
work that has its own formal design 4. George Frederic Handel
(the composition is divided into parts - German composer
and then the parts are contrasting) - Became a court musician in England but
• Combination of playing freedom and he’s a german
structure (free form- they don’t follow 5. Johann Sebastian Bach
any structure, and some are highly - German composer
structured) - When he died, it was almost the end of
baroque period
• Elaborate ornamentations (kulot-kulot
- Not famous in his time because puro
sa singer)
tungkol sa church
- Mendelson- discovered his work and
popularized it
MUSIC APPRECIATION LECTURES

- Has many children and they also “ROCOCO”

became composers as well THE TRANSITION TO PERIOD (1730-1770)
- Well known for his compositions for the that was pioneered by the sons of J.C. Bach
voice and compostitions? and they concentrated on simplicity and clarity

VOCAL MUSIC
NOVEMBER 25, 2020
❖ ORATORIO
- A play in musical form which is bibilical THE CLASSICAL PERIOD
in text (1750- 1820)
- No scenery nor acting but they are
meant to be performed in a concert hall THE CLASSICAL ERA
- A story based from the bible hindi sya
masyadong madaming acting! • Scientific advances changed world view
- Famous song: “Hallelujah Chorus” • Faith in the power of reason
• Undermining of traditional authority
❖ CANTATA - social organization
- A musical performance in church with - religious establishment
acting and scenery • Age of Enlightenment
- Based on religious story • Rise of the middle class worker
- Example: “Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring”
VISUAL ART
by Johann Sebastian Bach
• Moved away from the ornate Baroque
❖ OPERA style (mga maraming borloloy)
- A story put into music • Favored light colors, curved lines, &
- Presented with elaborate costumes and graceful ornaments
set design • Example:
- Showcased the vocal power of the The Third of May, 1808 by Francisco
performers Goya
- More complex songs, most of the parts The Interrupted Sleep (1750) by
are sound/singing, no Francois Boucher
Types of solo singing: TERM: CLASSICAL
1. Recitative • Influence of the Greek and Roman
- a speech like setting of a section in antiquity
a piece • Supreme accomplishment of lasting
- accompanied by a keyboard or appeal
orchestra
- may tono sya pero half recited din CLASSICAL MUSIC (Style)

• Contrast of Mood
2. Aria
- a song like setting, musically - contrast both between and within
expressive and accompanied by the movements (different moods)
orchestra • Flexibility of rhythm
- elaborate singing - multiple rhythmic patterns for variety
- may melody na very profound and • Texture
singable - mostly homophonic but with frequent
MUSIC APPRECIATION LECTURES

shifts (you have chords accompanied by - Sonata

melody) - Minuet and Trio
• Melody - Rondo
- very tuneful and easy to remember
THE CLASSICAL SYMPHONY
- composers borrowed popular changes
• Dynamics ➢ Symphony is a composition or a work
- emotions expressed in shades of for an orchestra
dynamics ➢ Invented because of the standardization
-use of gradual dynamic changes of orchestra which only in the classical
- related to development of piano- era
soft/loud ➢ Extended, ambitious composition lasting
- started to use crescendo, for 20-45 mins
decrescendo, etc. ➢ A multi-movement instrumental work
• End of the use of Basso Continuo
THE CLASSICAL ORCHESTRA THE CLASSICAL CONCERTO

• Born this time, full orchestra ➢ Work for instrumental soloist and
• Increase in size of orchestra- and has orchestra lasting 20-45 minutes
standard group of four sections (strings, ➢ shows the virtuosity with power and
woodwind, brass, and percussion) timbres of orchestra
• Composers exploited individual tone ➢ usually three movements:
colors of the instruments fast→ slow → fast (no minuet
• Each section had a special role movement)
- strings most important w/ violins taking
melody CLASSICAL CHAMBER MUSIC
- woodwinds added contrasting tone
- Harps and trumpets brough power to ➢ Designed for the intimate setting (small)
loud passages of a room, rather than concert hall
➢ Small group of 4-9 instrumentalists
- each player shares thematic material
CLASSICAL FORMS- the structure on how ➢ Most important setting is string quartet
to put together the parts of the music (2 violins, viola, cello)- 4 movements
• Instrumental works consists of several ➢ No soloist
movements that contrast in tempo &
character
THE THREE GREAT COMPOSERS: (All of
MOVEMENTS: them were German)
- 1ST-fast
1. Joseph Haydn
- 2nd slow
- talented, choir, worked in Vienna and
- 3rd dance related
continued studies, worked as skilled
- 4th fast
servant
- Trumpet Concerto in E Flat Major (1796)
The movements might use different
2. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart- Austrian,
forms:
son of a professional musician,
-ABA
freelance musician in Vienna, died as a
- Theme and Variations
poor man
MUSIC APPRECIATION LECTURES

- Don Giovanni (1787) • Symphony No. 5 in C minor, Op. 67, 1st

- Symphony No. 40 in G Minor (1788) movement
- Mozart, Piano Concerto No. 23 in A • Symphony No. 9 in D minor, 4th
Major (1786) movement
- Mozart, Requiem in D Minor, K. 626
(1791) MUSIC OF THE ROMANTIC PERIOD

• Individuality of style
3. Ludwig van Beethoven • Greater range of tone color, dynamics,
- financially successful as freelance and pitch
musician
• Demise of patronage system
- a transition composer, going to
• Public was entranced by virtuosity
romantic
• Few composers were financially
- didn’t worked for the kings, bishops
successful
- people admire his works
- end up deaf Ex. Niccolo Paganini and Franz Liszt
- Piano Sonata in C Minor, Op. 13
(Pathetique, 1798)
- Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Op. 67

December 2, 2020
MUSIC OF THE ROMANTIC
NATIONALISM
PERIOD • Music written as a form of pride in one’s
Nationalism, Kathang-isip, Ghosts, ghotic country or homelands
art…. They expanded the classical style, but • Use of folksongs and folkdances
not oppose it… • created original melodies with folk flavor
• wrote music inspired by native history,
• Age of extremes legends and landscapes
• Age of Unending lyricism • Ex.
• Emotional subjectivity 1. Bedrich Smetana- The Moldau
• Favorite artistic topics: (expressing their homeland like water sound,
- fantasy and the supernatural royalty)
- middle ages (gothic art) 2. Antonin Dvorak- From the New
- nature as the mirror of heart World (Symphony No. 9) (From
- nationalism 3. Jen Sibelius- Finlandia
• Breaking away from rules and 4. Frederic Chopin- Etude in C minor,
convention Op. 10, No.2

LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN EXOTICISM

• Transition composer from the Classical • Music written as a result of fascination

to the Romantic Period with national identity
• composers were led to draw on colorful
materials from foreign lands
MUSIC APPRECIATION LECTURES

• This was because of the romantics’ • Richard Wagner (Composer of opera,

attraction to things that are remote big and grand, long performance, Ex.
and mysterious. Valkyrie)
• George Bizet
Ex. Carmen (1875)
- an opera set in Spain
- Habanera
December 16, 2020
• Giacomo Puccini 20TH CENTURY ART MUSIC
Ex. Madame Butterfly (1904)
- an opera evoking • 1st three decades represent a
- japan opera revolutionary period
- World War I and II
• Nikolai Rimsky- Korsakov
Ex. Scheherazade • Great scientific and technological
progress
PROGRAM MUSIC

• Instrumental music associated with a

CHARACTERISTIC OF MUSIC
story, poem, idea or scene
• It represent the emotions, characters, From the importance of melody, now it’s not
and events of a particular story that important now. The sound/tone color has
• It evoke the sounds and motion of equal importance each.
nature
• Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky • Tone color is more important
Ex. • Use of more dissonant harmonies- No
1. Romeo and Juliet harmonies na nag bblend
- an overture-fantasy inspired by • No tonal center
Shakespeare’s play • Syncopation and complex rhythmic
2. The Nutcracker pattern
- a two-act ballet based from the The • Melody is no longer necessary
Tail of the Nutcracker
• Hector Berlioz
Ex. Symphonie Fantastique
ART SONG MUSIC STYLES (FIVE)

• Specific for romantic period IMPRESSIONISM

• A composition for solo voice and piano
• Inspired by the impressionist movement
• Franz Peter Schubert
in painting by Monet and others
Ex. Erlkönig
• Used whole tone scale (sounds dreamy)
• Robert Schuman
and increased used of dissonance
Ex. Carnaval
• Claire de Lune by Claude Debussy
- a cycle of twenty-one brief pieces
(Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faune)
with descriptive titles evoking a festive
• Erik Satie (Gymnopedie)
masked ball
• IN PAINTING: has brush strokes, but
• Clara Wieck Schuman
when you look from a far, you’ll see the
• Johannes Brahms
image… not detailed, not well defined..
MUSIC APPRECIATION LECTURES

• IN MUSIC: Same idea.. like a blurred • Henry Cowell (unusual playing of the
sound piano)
• Edgard Varèse (futuristic sounds and
ROMANTIC STYLE
use of electronic sound)
Early part of the period and an extension of the • John Cage (prepared piano)
Romantic period • PREPARED PIANO: THEY ALTERED
THE PIANO, THEY PUT SREWS,
Composers:
RUBBER TO CREATE NEW SOUNDS
• Aaron Copland (Appalachian Spring)
• George Gershwin (Summertime from
Porgy and Bess) OTHER TYPES OF MUSIC IN THE 20TH
• Sergei Rachmaninoff (Paganini CENT:
Rhapsody)
- Pop
• Jean Sibelius (Finlandia) - Ballad
ATONALITY AND SERIALISM - Jazz
- Art Music: Naging weird na kasi kaya di
• Atonality – use of atonal music nag ganong sikat… Helped in the
(absence of a tonal center) Western Classical Music
• Serialism – composition with 12 notes
related only to one another.
o Arnold Schoenberg
(Mondestrunken from Pierro
Lunaire)
o Alban Berg
o Anton Webern
NEOCLASSICISM
There’s also a return of the classic style (only in
terms of FORM AND STRUCTURE) Binawasan
ang emotion sa music…

• Makes a return to balanced forms and

often emotional restraint
• Igor Stravinsky (Firebird Suite from Rite
of Spring)
• Bela Bartok (1st Movement of Concerto
for Orchestra)
• Sergei Prokofiev (Montaques and
Capulets)
FREE DISSONANCE,
EXPERIMENTALISM AND POST-
MODERNIST

• Extreme dissonance, and seemingly

unplayable rhythmic complexity