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Geotechnical Engineering Module

1. This document discusses key concepts in geotechnical engineering related to stresses in soil, consolidation settlement, permeability, shear strength, and laboratory tests. 2. Key concepts include effective stress, consolidation settlement methods, permeability and Darcy's law, shear strength parameters phi and cohesion, and laboratory tests like consolidated drained and undrained tests. 3. Mohr's circle is used to analyze stresses and determine principal stresses and maximum shear stress on soil elements.

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Norejun Osial
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69 views

Geotechnical Engineering Module

1. This document discusses key concepts in geotechnical engineering related to stresses in soil, consolidation settlement, permeability, shear strength, and laboratory tests. 2. Key concepts include effective stress, consolidation settlement methods, permeability and Darcy's law, shear strength parameters phi and cohesion, and laboratory tests like consolidated drained and undrained tests. 3. Mohr's circle is used to analyze stresses and determine principal stresses and maximum shear stress on soil elements.

Uploaded by

Norejun Osial
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Geotechnical Engineering

Stresses in Soil q = P/A = net vertical pressure applied


1. Total Stress (PT) μ = poisson ratio of soil
2. Pore water pressure (PW) ES = Modulus of Elasticity of soil
3. Effective stress (PE) If = Influence factor

PT = γh Calculation of Consolidation Settlement


PW = γWh under a Foundation
PE = PT - PW
Approximate Slope Method (2:1 Method)
For saturated soil: -used for parabolic stress distribution
PE = PT - PW
PE = γsath -γWh PT  4 PM  Pb
PE = (γsat -γW)h ; γ’ =(γsat -γW) P 
6
PE = γ’h
where:
Heaving ΔPT = increase in pressure at the top of the
PUPLIFT = PT layer
ΔPM = increase in pressure at the middle
Factor of Safety (FS) against Heaving: of the layer
PT ΔPB = increase in pressure at the bottom
FS 
PUPLIFT of the layer

Compressibility of Soil
- increase in stresss caused by foundation Permeability
and other loads compresses the soil. This - a material is permeable if it contains
computation is caused by: continuous voids.
1. Deformation of soil particles Darcy’s Law
2. Relocaiton of soil particles v =ki (Discharge Velocity)
3. Expulsion of water or air from the void
spaces Seepage Velocity
v
vs 
3 Categories of Soil Settlement n (interstitial velocity)
1. Elastic/Immediate Settlement Time for water to reach a distance
2. Primary Consolidation Settlement through the soil
3. Secondary Consolidation Settlement D
t
vs
Elastic Settlement (SE):
Flow Rate
Q  kiA
(1   2 ) BI f q
SE 
ES where:
where: k = hydraulic conductivity
B = width of foundation or diameter of i = hydraulic gradient
circular foundation
h Q = volume of water collected
i
L , h  E1  E2 L = Length of soil sample
t = time to collect Q
p V2 A = Are pf cross section of the soil
E z
 ( 2 g is negligible) specimen
h = constant head
i= h/L

Falling Head Test


- used to determine the coefficient of
permeability of fine - grained soil.

Laboratory Methods of Determining


Hydraulic Conductivity

Constant Head Test


- This is used to determine the aL h1
coefficient of permeability of coarse - k ln( )
At h2
grained.
where:
a = cross-sectional area of the stand pipe
t = duration of water collection
h1 = initial head difference when t = 0
h2 = final head difference when t = t

Temperature Correction
- Base line temperature is 20°C.

K20=KTRT
RT = 2.42 - 0.475ln(T)

where:
T = Temperature in °C at which the
measurement was made.

where: Absolute Permeability ( k )


k
k
w
where:
η = viscosity of water

Transmissity of Soil Stratum (T)


T  kb

b = thickness of aquifer
Shear Strength of Soil
Plane stress

Note:
Major and minor principal stress are Note:
always perpendicular, but not necessarily Each point(coordinate) along the circle
always horizontal and vertical( i.e, can be represents a plane on the stress block.
inclined at at angle θ).
Principal stress
Sign Convention for Soil stresses: - maximum and minimum axial stress
For normal stress (σ): (without shear stress).
(+) Compression
(-) Tension σ3 = minimum principal stress
σ1 = maximum principal stress
For shear stress (τ):
(+) counter-clockwise
(-)clockwise
 y  x 2
R ( )  ( ) 2
2
Note:
The sign convention for plane stresses in  y  x
1  R
soil is opposite of the sign convention of 2
the plane stress discussed in mechanics of   x
materials. 3  y R
2
Mohr’s Circle
where:
σx, σy = given normal stress in a soil
sample
τ = given shear stress in a soil sample

(σy,τ), and (σx,-τ) represent two points


along the mohr’s circle. The center of the
mhor’s circle is the midpoint of the
segment connecting this two points. Thus:
  y
center  ( x ,0)
2
Maximum in plane Shear Stress:
 max  R

Stresses in plane AB:

Use Trigonometry to solve for the plane


stress on any plane AB.
Laboratory Tests to determine Shear Inclination of the plane of failure caused
Strength of Soil by shear:

  c   tan    45 
2

1. Consolidated - Drained Test where:


θ = angle that the failure plane makes
Consolidated with the horizontal
- The drainage is open when the
chamber pressure is applied. For Over consolidated Soil (Cohesive
soil, c ≠ 0 ):
Drained
- The drainage is open when the
deviator stress is applied. The deviator
stress is applied at a very slow rate to
ensure full drainage from the soil
specimen.
-no pore water pressure.

2. Consolidated - Undrained Soil


- There is pore water soil pressure.

3. Unconsolidated - Undrained Test


- Drainage is not allowed at any  1   3 A2  2cA
stage. where:
-deviator stress is always the same. 
4. Unconfined Compression Test A  tan( 45  )
2 Or Use trigonometry.
- no chamber pressure (σ3)
Consolidated Undrained Soil
Consolidated - Drained Test
For Normally Consolidated clay, Sand,
coarse aggregate (c = 0)

Given:
u = pore water pressure
σ1, σ3

σ1’ = σ1 - u σ3’ = σ3 - u

R
2
Or use trigonometry to solve for ϕ:
R Unconsolidated- Undrained Test
sin  

3 
2

CU  R 
2
Unconfined Compression Test

1
CU 
2
q
CU  u
2
where:
qu = unconfined compressive strength
Cu= undrained shear strength

“Whatever you do, work heartily, as for


the Lord and not for men”
-Colossians 3:23

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