Question 1: Matter and Energy (10 Points)

Question 1: Matter and Energy (10 points)
When you burn a birthday candle, you may wonder whether the fire you see is matter. The flame
consists of hot, glowing gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and parts of the candle that
have been vaporized. The heat and light given off are forms of energy. The some contains ash and
unburned particles.
a. From the above description of a candle flame, list at least three things that are matter and three
things that are not matter. (6 points)
Matter Not Matter

1. Candle 1. Heat energy
2. Ash 2. Light energy
3. Smoke 3. Chemical energy in the candle
b. Give one example of a phase change from the above discussion, and state what matter is
experiencing the phase change. (2 points)
Bits of water from inside the candle is turning into water vapor, a phase change from liquid to gas.
c. Give one example of an energy conversion from the above discussion, and state what kind of
energy conversion it is. (2 points)
Chemical energy from the candle is being turned into heat and light energy.
Question 2: The Laws of Conservation of Matter and Energy (9 points)
a. Answer the following questions about the law of conservation of matter. (3 points)
i. Briefly state what the law says. (1 point)
Matter can not be destroyed or created
ii. How could you state the law of conservation of matter differently, in terms of what
happens during a chemical reactions? (1 point)
Matter changes from one form to another by rearranging the atoms from the first form into the second
form.
iii. What changes can matter undergo? (1 point)
They can change from very compact atoms in solids, to less dense liquid, to even lesser dense gas, and
finally, plasma. Those changes are cause by the atoms releasing heat or taking in heat.
b. Answer the following questions about the law of conservation of energy. (3 points)
i. Briefly state what the law says. (1 point)
Energy cannot be destroyed or created
ii. What changes can energy undergo? (1 point)
Energy can change from GPE to kinetic and chemical.

c. Considering only the total energy and total matter (not changes in energy or matter), in what
kind of system(s) does each law of conservation apply? (2 points)
An isolated system is one that neither energy nor matter can travel through, so the law of conservation
applies in this system. For a closed system, matter is conserved but energy can travel freely, so a closed
system only applies to the law of conservation of matter. Lastly, an open system allows both energy and
matter to travel freely, so neither law applies.
Nuclear reactors seem to violate the laws of conservation of matter and energy, because matter
is being destroyed to create energy. However, Einstein’s famous equation, E=mc,2, relates to
energy (E) to matter, or mass (m). this relation says that mass (matter) and energy are
interchangeable. Einstein’s equation solves the problem with nuclear reactors.
d. According to Einstein’s equation, what is another way matter and energy can change? (2 points)
Matter can change into energy and vice versa. For example, when matter is broken apart, energy is
released. To rebuilt that matter, we would need an tremendous amount of energy.
Question 3: The Elements (4 points)
a. What do all atoms of one element have in common? (1 points)
They all have the same number of protons.
b. What can be said about the number of electrons and neutrons an atom of one element can
have? (1 point)
Usually the number of neutrons and electrons an atom has is about the same number as the number of
protons that atom have. The heavier or lighter an atom is, the rarer it is because the number of
neutrons it has is a lot more or a lot less than the number of protons.
c. Explain how the existence of isotopes and ions relates to differences in the number of neutrons
and electrons within atoms of an element (2 points)
If the number of neutrons in an atom is different from the number of protons, then the atom is an
isotope. If the number of electrons in an atom is different from the number of protons, then the atom is
an ion. If it has more electrons than protons, then the atom has a negative charge. If it has less, then it
has a positive charge.
Question 4: Valence Electrons and the Octet Rule (4 points)
a. Name one group on the periodic table that has very low reactivity. How many valence electrons
are in the stable group? (2 points)
The noble gases. They have a full outer ring, meaning that they have eight valence electrons.
b. Fluorine (F), a halogen, is very reactive. It often forms an ion with a 1- charge. How does this
make it more stable? (2 points)
The neutral Fluorine atom has seven valence electrons. If it has a 1- charge, it means that it has one
more electron than the neutral atom. When Florine gains one more valence electron, it forms an outer
ring of full eight electrons, making it more stable.
Question 5: The Photoelectric Effect (8 points)
a. Briefly describe what happens in the photoelectric effect. (2 points)
A strong beam of light is shone on a metal board and the light separates the electrons from the atom.
b. How did Albert Einstein explain the photoelectric effect? (2 points)
He explained that light came in sets called photons. When a photon is strong enough, it can separate the
electrons from atoms.
c. Albert Einstein received the Nobel Prize for explaining the photoelectric effect. How did his
explanation change science? (2 points)
His discovered lead to the study of quantum mechanics, a theory that explains the behavior of matter
and energy on the atomic scale.
d. How did Einstein’s explanation of the photoelectric effect eventually affect Bohr’s model of the
atom? (2 points)
The study of quantum mechanics lead to the discovery of another model of the atom. In that model,
electrons exist in a cloud around the nucleus, unlike Bohr’s model.
Question 6: The Periodic Table (9 points)
a) What is “periodic” on the periodic table? (1 point)
Each element has an atomic number and the atomic number increase by one each grid or box next.
b) An atom has a mass number of 7 and an atomic number of 3. (8 points)

i. What is the element’s symbol? (1 point)
Li
ii. How many protons does it have? (1 point)
iii. How many neutrons does it have? (1 point)
iv. How many electrons does it have? (1 point)
v. If it has a charge of 1+, how many electrons does it have? (1 point)
vi. It has an isotope with atomic mass 6. How would it be identified in isotope notation? (1
point)
Li-6
vii. How many neutrons does this isotope have? (1 point)
viii. What is the name of the group, or family, is it in? (1 point)
Alkali metals
Question 7: Family Properties (6 point)
a. Compare the halogen family with the noble gas family in terms of reactivity. (2 point)
The halogen family is much more reactive than the noble gas family because the halogen is really close
to having a full octet so they have a strong electronegativity, which makes them reactive.
b. Compare the alkali metals family with the halogen family in terms of metal and nonmetal
members. (2 points)
The alkali metals family is mostly metals while the halogen family is mostly nonmetals.
c. Compare the alkali metals with the alkaline earth metals in terms of reactivity. (2 point)
The alkali metals family is more reactive than the alkaline earth metals because the alkali metals family
only needs to lose one electron to get a full octet ring while the alkaline earth metals family needs to
lose two electrons to get a full octet ring.

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Question 1: Matter and Energy (10 points)

Matter Not Matter

Question 2: The Laws of Conservation of Matter and Energy (9 points)

Matter can not be destroyed or created

iii. What changes can matter undergo? (1 point)

Energy cannot be destroyed or created

ii. What changes can energy undergo? (1 point)

Energy can change from GPE to kinetic and chemical.

Question 3: The Elements (4 points)

a. What do all atoms of one element have in common? (1 points)

They all have the same number of protons.

Question 4: Valence Electrons and the Octet Rule (4 points)

a. Briefly describe what happens in the photoelectric effect. (2 points)

b. How did Albert Einstein explain the photoelectric effect? (2 points)

Question 6: The Periodic Table (9 points)

a) What is “periodic” on the periodic table? (1 point)

b) An atom has a mass number of 7 and an atomic number of 3. (8 points)

ii. How many protons does it have? (1 point)

iii. How many neutrons does it have? (1 point)

iv. How many electrons does it have? (1 point)

v. If it has a charge of 1+, how many electrons does it have? (1 point)

viii. What is the name of the group, or family, is it in? (1 point)

Question 7: Family Properties (6 point)

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