CARBON STEEL & ALLOY STEEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

SAE & AISI

DEVELOPED MOST COMMON NUMBERING & CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL

4 DIGIT NUMBERING SYSTEM 1ST DIGIT 2ND DIGIT LAST TWO DIGITS TYPE OF STEEL % OF ALLOYING ELEMENT CARBON CONTENT IN HUNDRED OF A PERCENT

CARBON STEEL & ALLOY STEEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

4 DIGIT NUMBERING SYSTEM

EXAMPLE AISI 2315 NICKEL STEEL

ABOUT 3% NICKEL (Ni)

0.15 % CARBON (C)

CARBON STEEL & ALLOY STEEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

MATERIAL CODE
1XXX 12XX 12XX 13XX 2XXX 3XXX 4XXX

TYPE OF STEEL
CARBON STEELS SPECIAL SULPHUR CARBON STEEL PHOSPHOROUS CARBON STEEL MANGNESE STEEL NICKEL STEELS NICKEL CHROMIUM STEELS MOLYBDENUM STEELS

5XXX
6XXX 7XXX

CHROMIUM STEELS
CHROMIUM VANADIUM STEELS TUGSTEN STEELS

9XXX

SILICON MANGANESE STEELS

PERCENTAGE OF CARBON
ALLOY
WROUGHT IRON LOW CARBON STEELS MILD STEEL MEDIUM CARBON STEEL HIGH CARBON STEELS

% OF CARBON
NO CARBON ( < 0.08%) 0.15 % CARBON (MAX) 0.25 - 1.5 % MANGANESE 0.15 - 0.29 % CARBON 0.25 - 0.50 % CARBON 0.60 - 1.65 % MANGANESE 0.50 - 1.03 % CARBON 0.30 - 1.00% MANGANESE

LOW ALLOY STEELS

CAST IRON

0.29 % CARBON (MAX.) TOTAL METAL ALLOYS <= 2.0 %

2.1 % CARBON

CARBON EQUIVALENT

C.E.

%C

% Mn 6

% Ni 20

% Cr + % Mo 10

% Cu

40

if C.E. < 0.40% C.E. > 0.40%

MATERIAL IS READILY WELDABLE SPECIAL CONTROLS REQUIRED PREHEATING LOW HYDROGEN PROCESSES PROCEDURE SHOULD BE QUALIFIED

AWS ELECTRODE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

ELECTRODES FOR CARBON & LOW - ALLOY STEEL (SMAW) AWS SPECIFICATION A 5.1

E 60 1 0
ELECTRODE TYPE OF COATING & CURRENT

STRENGTH IN KSI

POSITION

AWS ELECTRODE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

E 80 1 8 - B1
ELECTRODE 80 KSI Min.

ALL POSITION

AC OR DCEP
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF WELD METAL DEPOSIT

AWS ELECTRODE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

E XX X X
POSITION

SIGNIFICANCE OF 3RD DIGIT - POSITION

3RD DIGIT POSITION

1 2 3 FLAT, HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL, OVERHEAD FLAT AND HORIZONTAL ONLY FLAT, HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL DOWN, OVERHEAD

AWS ELECTRODE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

E XX X X
SIGNIFICANCE OF 4TH DIGIT 4TH DIGIT TYPE OF COATING
0 1 2 CELLULOSE SODIUM CELLULOSE POTASSIUM TITANIA SODIUM
TYPE OF COATING & CURRENT

CURRENT
DCEP AC or DCEP or DCEN AC OR DCEN

3
4

TITANIA POTASSIUM
IRON POWDER TITANIA

AC OR DCEP
AC or DCEP or DCEN

5
6 7 8

LOW HYDROGEN SODIUM

LOW HYDROGEN POTASSIUM IRON POWDER IRON OXIDE

DCEP
AC or DCEP AC or DCEP or DCEN

IRON POWDER LOW HYDROGEN AC or DCEP

AWS ELECTRODE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

E XXXX - XX
SUFFIX

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF WELD DEPOSIT SUFFIX

A1 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3 D1 & D2 G
1.25 2.00 0.50 2 3 1 0.15 0.25 0.45 0.30 Min. 0.20 Min. 0.10 Min. 0.35 1 2

% Mn

%Ni

%Cr

%Mo
1

%V

AWS ELECTRODE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

AWS SPECIFICATIONS FOR GMAW ELECTRODES

BASE MATERIAL
CARBON STEEL LOW ALLOY STEEL ALUMINIUM ALLOY COPPER ALLOY MAGNESIUM NICKEL ALLOYS

AWS SPECIFICATION
A 5.18 A 5.28 A 5.10 A 5.7 A 5.19 A 5.14

STAINLESS STEEL
TITANIUM

A 5.9
A 5.16

AWS ELECTRODE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

CARBON STEEL ELECTRODES (GMAW)

ER 70 S- X
ELECTRODE OR ROD CHEMICAL COMPOSITION & SHIELDING

SOLID ELECTRODE WIRE

STRENGTH IN KSI

CARBON STEEL ELECTRODES FOR GMAW

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
AWS CLASSIFICATION %C %Mn %Si
Ti

% OTHER
Zi Al
0.05

E 70S 2

0.6 0.06 0.15 0.07 0.15 0.07 0.19 0.07 0.15 0.07 0.15 1.40 1.85 1.50 2.00 0.90 1.40

0.40 0.70 0.45 0.70 0.65 0.85 0.30 0.60 0.80 1.15 0.50 0.80

0.05 0.02

E 70S 3
E 70S 4 E 70S 5 E 70S 6 E 70S 7

0.50 0.90

CARBON STEEL ELECTRODES FOR GMAW

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
AWS CLASS. WELDING ELECTRODE STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS (AS WELDED)
TENSILE STRENGTH MIN. KSI YIELD STRENGTH MIN. KSI

POLARITY

EXTERNAL GAS SHIELD

%
ELONGATION MIN.

E 70S 2
E 70S 3 E 70S 4 E 70S 5 E 70S 6 E 70S 7

DCEP
DCEP DCEP DCEP DCEP DCEP

CO2
CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2

72
72 72 72 72 72

60
60 60 60 60 60

22
22 22 22 22 22

SHIELDING GAS MAY BE ARGON CO2 OR ARGON O2 MIXTURE

AWS ELECTRODE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

GTAW ELECTRODES
AWS CLASS.
EWP EWCe 2 EWLa - 1

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
PURE TUNGSTEN 97.3% TUNGSTEN, 2% CERIUM OXIDE 98.3% TUNGSTEN, 1% LANTHANUM OXIDE

COLOR CODE
GREEN ORANGE BLACK

EWTh - 1
EWTh - 2

98.3% TUNGSTEN, 1% THORIUM OXIDE

97.3% TUNGSTEN, 2% THORIUM OXIDE

YELLOW
RED

EWZr - 1
EWG

99.1% TUNGSTEN, 0.25% ZIRCONIUM OXIDE

94.5% TUNGSTEN, REMAINED NOT SPECIFIED

BROWN
GRAY

ALLOY STEEL FILLER METAL

AWS FILLER METAL SPECIFICATIONS
SUFFIX LETTER DESIGNATE THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE DEPOSITED WELD METAL

SUFFIX LETTER
A B C or Ni D NM G,K,M and W

CHEMISTRY
C Mo STEEL Cr Mo STEEL Ni STEEL Mn Mo STEEL NI Mo STEEL OTHER LOW ALLOY STEEL

ALLOY STEEL WELDING

FOUR FACTORS FOR SUCCESSFUL ALLOY STEEL WELDING
1. ALWAYS USE A LOW - HYDROGEN WELDING PROCEDURE, PROCESS & FILLER METAL

2.

SELECT A FILLER METAL THAT MATCHES THE STRENGTH LEVEL OF THE ALLOY STEEL

3.

SELECT A FILLER METAL THAT COMES CLOSE TO MATCHING THE COMPOSITION OF ALLOY STEEL

4.

USE PROPER WELDING PROCEDURE

LOW CARBON STEEL WELDING

LOW CARBON STEEL
AISI GRADE CARBON WELDING SPECIAL ELECTRODE EQUIVALENT PROCESS PRECAUTION (IF ANY) (% CE)

C-1008 C - 1025

< 0.40%

SMAW

NIL

E 60XX E 70XX

MEDIUM CARBON STEEL WELDING

MEDIUM CARBON STEEL
AISI GRADE CARBON WELDING SPECIAL ELECTRODE EQUIVALENT PROCESS PRECAUTION (IF ANY) (% CE)

C-1030 C - 1050

< 0.40%

SMAW

NIL

E 70XX

HIGH CARBON STEEL WELDING

HIGH CARBON STEEL
AISI GRADE CARBON WELDING SPECIAL ELECTRODE EQUIVALENT PROCESS PRECAUTION (IF ANY) (% CE)

C-1055 C - 1095

> 0.40%

SMAW

PRE HEATING
(200 310OC)

E 70XX

PWHT

LOW ALLOY STEEL WELDING

LOW NICKEL STEEL
MAJOR ALLOYING ELEMENT
CARBON (C) MANGANESE (Mn) SILICON (Si) NICKEL (Ni) WELDING PROCESS ELECTRODE

AISI 2315, 2515, 2517

% COMPOSITION
0.12 0.30% 0.40 - 0.60% 0.20 - 0.45% 3.25 5.25%

SPECIAL PRECAUTION (IF ANY) C < 0.15% NO PREHEAT

(EXCEPT FOR HEAVY SECTION)

SMAW

E 80XX, E 90XX
WITH C1, C2 SUFFIX

C > 0.15% PREHEAT UP TO 260OC STRESS RELIEVING ADVISABLE

LOW ALLOY STEEL WELDING

LOW Ni - Cr STEEL
CARBON (C) MANGANESE (Mn) SILICON (Si) NICKEL (Ni) CHROMIUM (Cr) WELDING PROCESS ELECTRODE

AISI 3130, 3135, 3140, 3310, 3316

% COMPOSITION
0.14 0.34% 0.40 0.90% 0.20 0.35% 1.10 3.75% 0.55 0.75% SPECIAL PRECAUTION (IF ANY) C < 0.15% NO PREHEAT
(EXCEPT FOR HEAVY SECTION)

MAJOR ALLOYING ELEMENT

SMAW

E 80XX, E 90XX

C > 0.15% PREHEAT UP TO 316OC STRESS RELIEVING ADVISABLE

LOW ALLOY STEEL WELDING

LOW Mn STEEL
CARBON (C) MANGANESE (Mn) SILICON (Si) WELDING PROCESS ELECTRODE

AISI 1320, 1330, 1335, 1340, 1345

% COMPOSITION
0.18 0.48% 1.60 1.90% 0.20 0.30% SPECIAL PRECAUTION (IF ANY)
LOW RANGE OF C & Mn C >= 0.25%
HIGH RANGE Mn
THICKER SECTION

MAJOR ALLOYING ELEMENT

SMAW

E 80XX, E 90XX
WITH A-1,D1,D-2 SUFFIX

NO PREHEAT PREHEAT DESIRABLE (121OC TO 149OC)

PREHEAT MANDATORY
- DO- (240OC TO 290OC)

STRESS RELIEVING ADVISABLE

LOW ALLOY STEEL WELDING

LOW ALLOY Cr STEEL
MAJOR ALLOYING ELEMENT
CARBON (C)

AISI 5015 to 5160

% COMPOSITION
0.12 1.10%

MANGANESE (Mn)
SILICON (Si) CHROMIUM (Cr) WELDING PROCESS ELECTRODE

0.30 1.00%
0.20 0.35% 0.20 1.60% SPECIAL PRECAUTION (IF ANY)
LOW RANGE OF C & Cr HIGH RANGE OF B C & Cr
THICKER SECTION

SMAW

E 80XX, E 90XX
WITH SUFFIX

NO PREHEAT PREHEAT MANDATORY (399OC ) - DO- (240OC TO 290OC)

STRESS RELIEVING ADVISABLE

STAINLESS STEEL

ALSO CALLED CORROSION - RESISTANT STEELS

THEY DO NOT RUST

STRONGLY RESIST ATTACK BY GREAT MANY LIQUIDS, GASES & CHEMICALS

GOOD LOW - TEMPERATURE TOUGHNESS & DUCTILITY

GOOD STRENGTH & RESISTANCE TO HIGH TEMP.

IRON AS MAIN ELEMENT, CHROMIUM - 11 TO 30 %

STAINLESS STEEL IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM

AISI IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM

IDENTIFICATION BY 3 DIGIT NUMBERS

EXAMPLE -

AISI 304

FIRST DIGIT INDICATES GROUP

LAST TWO INDICATES SPECIFIC ALLOY

STAINLESS STEEL IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM

AISI IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
SERIES DESIGNATION METALLURGICAL GROUP PRINCIPLE ELEMENTS MAGNETIC PROPERTY

2XX
3XX 4XX 4XX 5XX

AUSTENITIC
AUSTENITIC MARTENSITIC FERRITIC MARTENSITIC

Cr Ni Mn NON MAGNETIC
Cr Ni Cr Cr Cr Mo -DOMAGNETIC -DO-DO-

STAINLESS STEEL WELDING

STAINLESS STEEL IS DIFFICULT TO WELD COMPARE TO CARBON - STEELS

THIS IS BECAUSE OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES.

DIFFERENCE

IN

THESE DIFFERENCES ARE LOWER MELTING TEMPERATURE

LOWER THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

HIGHER COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION HIGHER ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE

STAINLESS STEEL WELDING

MOST POPULAR PROCESSES FOR WELDING STAINLESS STEEL ARE

SMAW GTAW GMAW

STAINLESS STEEL WELDING

AUSTENITIC TYPE STAINLESS STEEL 2XX, 3XX
PROPERTIES

45% HIGHER MANGANESE

NOT HARDENABLE BY HEAT TREATMENT

NON MAGNETIC MAY BECOME MAGNETIC WHEN COLD WORKED

OR WELDED
ALL AUSTENITIC SS ARE WELDABLE EXCEPTION TYPE 303 (CONTAINS HIGH SULPHUR)

TYPE 303Se (CONTAINS SELIUM)

STAINLESS STEEL WELDING

AUSTENITIC TYPE STAINLESS STEEL 2XX, 3XX
WELDING IS DIFFICULT COMPARING TO CARBON STEEL REASONS

45% HIGHER THERMAL COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION TO CS HIGHER ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE TO CS LOWER THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY TO CS

LOWER MELTING POINT THAN CS

STAINLESS STEEL WELDING

AUSTENITIC TYPE STAINLESS STEEL 2XX, 3XX
RECOMMENDATIONS: USE HIGH TRAVEL SPEED

IT REDUCES HEAT INPUT

IT REDUCES CARBIDE PRECIPITATION IT MINIMIZES DISTORTION

SPECIAL PRECAUTION AGAINST WRAPAGE & DISTORTION

(TACK WELDS SHALL BE TWICE AS NORMAL)

THIN MATERIAL - DIFFICULT TO COMPLETELY AVOID BUCKLING

STAINLESS STEEL WELDING

FERRITIC TYPE STAINLESS STEEL 4XX

WELDABLE EXCEPT 430F (CONTAINS HIGH SULFUR) COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION SAME AS CS TENDENCY OF GRAIN GROWTH AT T >= 871O C

WELDING PROCESSES THAT TEND TO INCREASE

CARBON PICK UP ARE NOT RECOMMENDED e.g. GMAW WITH CO2 SHIELDING

OXYFUEL PROCESS

STAINLESS STEEL WELDING

FERRITIC TYPE STAINLESS STEEL 4XX

RECOMMENDATIONS HEAVIER SECTION - PREHEAT 205O C TO 210O C ANNEALING - 760O C TO 816O C FOLLOWED BY

WATER OR AIR QUENCH

PEENING THE WELD (TO IMPROVE TOUGHNESS) USE AUSTENITIC SS FILLER METAL (IF HT IS NOT POSSIBLE)

STAINLESS STEEL WELDING

MARTENSITIC TYPE STAINLESS STEEL 4XX, 5XX
HARDENABLE BY HEAT TREATMENT MAGNETIC LOW CARBON TYPE CAN BE WELDED WITHOUT ANY

PRECAUTION
WELDING PROCESSES THAT TEND TO INCREASE CARBON PICK UP ARE NOT RECOMMENDED INCREASED CARBON CONTENT INCREASES CRACK SENSITIVITY IN WELD AREA

STAINLESS STEEL WELDING

MARTENSITIC TYPE STAINLESS STEEL 4XX, 5XX
LOW - CARBON TYPE WELDABLE (WITHOUT PRECAUTIONS) PREHEAT, POST-HEAT REQD.

%C > 0.15

PREHEAT TEMP.

230O C - 290O C

POSTHEAT TEMP.

650O C - 760O C

(FOLLOWED BY SLOW COOLING)

STAINLESS STEEL WELDING

RECOMMENDED FILLER METAL
SERIES DESIGNATION
Cr Ni Mn Austenitic Cr Ni Austenitic

AISI NO.
201 202 301 302 302B

POPULAR NAME

RECOMMENDED FILLER METAL

FIRST CHOICE
308 308 308 308 308

SECOND CHOICE
308L 308L 308L 308L 309

303 303Se 304 304L

305 309 25/12

18/8 18/8 ELC 308 308L

308 309

308L 347

STAINLESS STEEL WELDING

RECOMMENDED FILLER METAL
SERIES AISI DESIGNATION NO.
Cr Ni Austenitic 309S 310 310S 314 316 316L 317 321 347 19/9 Cb 18/12 Mo 18/12 ELC 19/14 Mo 25/20

POPULAR NAME

RECOMMENDED FILLER METAL

FIRST CHOICE 309 310 310 310 316 316L 317 347 347 SECOND CHOICE 309Cb 309Cb 309Cb 308L 308L

348

19/9CbLTa

347

STAINLESS STEEL WELDING

RECOMMENDED FILLER METAL
SERIES AISI DESIGNATION NO.
Cr Martensitic 403 410 414 416 416 Se 420 431 440A 440B 440C 12 Cr HC 12 Cr

POPULAR NAME

RECOMMENDED FILLER METAL

FIRST CHOICE 410 410 410 410 410 430 SECOND CHOICE 430 -

High carbon welding not recommended High carbon welding not recommended High carbon welding not recommended

STAINLESS STEEL WELDING

RECOMMENDED FILLER METAL
SERIES AISI DESIGNATION NO.
Cr Ferritic 405 430 430F 430FSe 446 501 502 5 Cr - Mo 5 Cr - Mo 16 Cr

POPULAR NAME

RECOMMENDED FILLER METAL

FIRST CHOICE 410 430 309 502 502 SECOND CHOICE 405Cb 309 310 -

ALUMINIUM & ALUMINIUM ALLOY

PROPERTIES
LIGHT WEIGHT RELATIVELY HIGH STRENGTH Al WELDING IS DIFFERENT FROM STEEL WELDING

ALUMINIUM & ALUMINIUM ALLOY

DESIGNATION OF ALUMINIUM ALLOY GROUPS MAJOR ALLOYING ELEMENT
99% MINIMUM Al AND OVER COPPER

DESIGNATION
1XXX 2XXX

MANGANESE
SILICON MAGNESIUM

3XXX
4XXX 5XXX

MAGNESIUM AND SILICON

ZINC OTHER ELEMENT

6XXX
7XXX 8XXX

ALUMINIUM & ALUMINIUM ALLOY

SERIES
1XXX

PROPERTIES
Al 99% OR HIGHER PURITY

USE
PRIMARY USED IN ELECTRICAL & CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

2XXX

PRINCIPAL ALLOYING ELEMENT Cu HIGH STRENGTH (WHEN PROPERLY HEAT TREATED) LESS CORROSION RESISTANCE OFTEN CLAD WITH Al OR SPECIAL Al ALLOY

ALUMINIUM & ALUMINIUM ALLOY

SERIES
3XXX

PROPERTIES

USE

4XXX
5XXX 6XXX 7XXX 8XXX

ALUMINIUM & ALUMINIUM ALLOY WELDING

Al welding is different from steel welding because of following properties of steel

Al Oxide Surface Coating Al reacts with O2 in air to produce thin hard film of Al - oxide on the surface Melting point of oxide film 1926o C (3 times melting of Al) Oxide film absorb moisture from air Moisture - source of H2 causing porosity Al - Oxide film must be removed prior to welding Small particles of un-melted Al - Oxide will cause lack of fusion, weld crack

ALUMINIUM & ALUMINIUM ALLOY WELDING

Al Oxide Surface Coating Can be removed by Mechanical Method - Grinding etc Chemical - Cleaning Solution Welding Fluxes Electrical - Cathodic Bombardment half cycle of AC GTAW Oxide film immediately start to form (Weld with 8 hr. of cleaning) High Thermal Conductivity High Thermal Expansion Coefficient Low Melting Temperature The absence of color change as temperature approaches the melting point

ALUMINIUM & ALUMINIUM ALLOY WELDING

GTAW GMAW SMAW OxyAcetylene Resistance Welding Solid State

Used for welding thinner section (Use AC) Thicker Section Not Popular Not Popular Used Used

DISSIMILAR METAL WELDING

SHOULD BE AS STRONG AS WEAKER OF TWO METALS JOINED IMPORTANT TO INVESTIGATE PHASE DIAGRAM

IF MUTUALLY SOLUBLE - JT. CAN BE MADE SUCCESSFULLY

IF MUTUALLY NOT SOLUBLE - USE THIRD METAL WHICH IS SOLUBLE TO BOTH

DISSIMILAR METAL WELDING

IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS

COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION OF BOTH MATERIALS

DIFFERENCE IN MELTING TEMPERATURE

INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS FORMED BETWEEN THE DISSIMILAR METALS CRACK SENSITIVITY DUCTILITY SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CORROSION

DISSIMILAR METAL WELDING

EFFECTIVE WELDING PROCESSES

ARC WELDING ULTRASONIC WELDING COLD WELDING EXPLOSION WELDING ELECTRON BEAM WELDING LASER BEAM WELDING

DISSIMILAR METAL WELDING

POPULAR DISSIMILAR METAL COMBINATIONS
BASE METALS Al to Mild Steel Al to Low - Alloy Steel Al to S.S. SS(Ferritic) to Low-Alloy Steel SS(Aus.) to Low-Alloy Steel Mild Steel to Low Alloy Steel SMAW GTAW GMAW

Use a transition insert of these metals - do - do ENiCrFe-3 ENiCrFe-3 RNiCrFe-3 RNiCrFe-3 ENiCrFe-3 ENiCrFe-3

E7018

E70S-X

E70S-X

HEAT AND WELDING

Heat is employed in most Welding Processes
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Electric Arc Resistance Heating High Temperature Flame Mechanical Sources - Friction, Ultrasonic Exothermic Chemical Reaction

Most Common is Electric Arc

Temperature 5000oC - 20,000oC

EFFECTS OF WELDING HEAT

1. 2. 3. 4.

High Residual Stresses Distortion Reduction in ductility & Cracking change in hardness in HAZ Deterioration in toughness in HAZ Loss of Strength in HAZ in certain work - hardened, quenched & tempered steel.

WELDING METALLURGY
Science of Welding closely relates to metallurgy
Metallurgy involves Producing metals from ore Making & Compounding Alloys Reaction of metals to many different activities & situations Heat-treatment Steel Making & Processing Forging Foundry

Extensive Use of Metallurgy in

WELDING METALLURGY

Welding Metallurgy

Special branch of metallurgy Reaction time - minute/second Changes of physical properties in short period

It deals with

Interaction of different metals Interaction of metals with gases

WELDING METALLURGY
Metal in Liquid State No Distinct Structure

Atoms move freely among themselves

As Molten Metal cools Heat Energy decreases Less mobility of atoms Atoms attracted together in a definite patterns Three Dimensional lattice Also called Space Lattices Crystal

Near to Solidification

WELDING METALLURGY
Most Metals in Common Use are in the form of Alloy

PHASE

Substitutional Solid Solution

Interstitial Solid Solution Inter-metallic Compound Each grouping with its own crystalline structure Overall arrangement of grains, grain boundaries & phases present in alloy

Microstructure

ALLOTROPES
Allotropic change

PHASE

Substitutional Solid Solution

Interstitial Solid Solution Inter-metallic Compound Each grouping with its own crystalline structure Overall arrangement of grains, grain boundaries & phases present in alloy

Microstructure

WELDING METALLURGY

TEMERATURE DISTRIBUTION AROUND A WELD

WELDING METALLURGY

STEPS IN THE SOLIDIFICATION OF MOLTEN METAL

WELDING METALLURGY

SOLIDIFICATION PATTERN OF GROOVE WELD

WELDING METALLURGY

CHARACTERISTICS OF WELDED JOINT IN PURE METAL

CHARACTERISTICS OF WELDED JOINT IN PRECIPITATION HARDENED ALLOY

WELDING METALLURGY

MICROSTRUCTURE OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF WELD

WELDING METALLURGY

WELD SHOWING WELD METAL, HEAT AFFECTED ZONE & BASE METAL