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    English Word Structure: Lexeme Formation

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    Shaiy Aras
    The document discusses English word structure and lexeme formation. It explains that words can be broken down into smaller meaningful units called morphemes, which can be free morphemes that can stand alone as words or bound morphemes that cannot. Bound morphemes include prefixes and suffixes. New words are often formed through a process called derivation by adding affixes like prefixes and suffixes to word bases or stems. The document outlines different types of morphemes and discusses rules for how affixes can be attached to bases based on parts of speech.

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    English Word Structure: Lexeme Formation

    Uploaded by

    Shaiy Aras
    91 views7 pages
    The document discusses English word structure and lexeme formation. It explains that words can be broken down into smaller meaningful units called morphemes, which can be free morphemes that can stand alone as words or bound morphemes that cannot. Bound morphemes include prefixes and suffixes. New words are often formed through a process called derivation by adding affixes like prefixes and suffixes to word bases or stems. The document outlines different types of morphemes and discusses rules for how affixes can be attached to bases based on parts of speech.

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    Lexeme Formation

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    The document discusses English word structure and lexeme formation. It explains that words can be broken down into smaller meaningful units called morphemes, which can be free morphemes that can stand alone as words or bound morphemes that cannot. Bound morphemes include prefixes and suffixes. New words are often formed through a process called derivation by adding affixes like prefixes and suffixes to word bases or stems. The document outlines different types of morphemes and discusses rules for how affixes can be attached to bases based on parts of speech.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    91 views7 pages

    English Word Structure: Lexeme Formation

    Uploaded by

    Shaiy Aras
    The document discusses English word structure and lexeme formation. It explains that words can be broken down into smaller meaningful units called morphemes, which can be free morphemes that can stand alone as words or bound morphemes that cannot. Bound morphemes include prefixes and suffixes. New words are often formed through a process called derivation by adding affixes like prefixes and suffixes to word bases or stems. The document outlines different types of morphemes and discusses rules for how affixes can be attached to bases based on parts of speech.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 7

    1/5/2021

    English Word Structure

    Lexeme Formation

    (Chapter 3 from the textbook)

    Introduction

    1
    1/5/2021

    ◼ You might not know exactly what they mean, but you
    can make a good guess.
    ◼ The reason is that that they follow the rules of word
    formation in English.
    ◼ Once you know what the base – the central bit of the
    word – means, you can often figure out everything
    else.
    ◼ We’re going to look at the most common ways of
    forming new lexemes in English.
    ◼ You’ll learn how to analyze words into their
    component parts, see how those parts are organized,
    and how the various parts contribute to their
    meanings.

    Kinds of morphemes
    unwipe = un / wipe
    Head bracelet = head / bracelet
    MacDonladization = McDonald / ize / ation

    ◼ These pieces are called morphemes, the minimal


    meaningful units that are used to form words.

    ◼ Some of the morphemes in the above examples


    can stand alone as words: wipe, head, bracelet,
    McDonald. These are called free morphemes.

    2
    1/5/2021

    ◼ The morphemes that cannot stand alone are


    called bound morphemes. In the examples
    above, the bound morphemes are un-, -ize, and
    -ation.
    ◼ Bound morphemes come in different varieties.
    ◼ They can be prefixes or suffixes, like those in
    the above examples.
    ◼ Prefixes are bound morphemes that come before
    the base of the word,
    ◼ Suffixes are bound morphemes that come after
    the base.
    ◼ Together, prefixes and suffixes can be grouped
    together as affixes

    ◼ New lexemes that are formed with prefixes and


    suffixes on a base are often referred to as
    derived words, and the process by which they
    are formed as derivation.

    ◼ For example, wipe is the base of unwipe, and


    McDonald is the base of McDonaldization.

    ◼ Frequently, the base is a free morpheme, as it is


    in these two cases.

    3
    1/5/2021

    ◼ Morphologists make a distinction between


    affixes and bound bases.

    ◼ Bound bases are morphemes that cannot stand


    alone as words, but are not prefixes or suffixes.

    ◼ Bound bases, such as path or derm, can occur


    either before or after another bound base: path
    precedes the base ology, but follows the base
    psych(o); derm precedes another base in
    dermatitis but follows one in endoderm.

    4
    1/5/2021

    Why not call bound bases respectively


    a prefix and a suffix?
    ◼ These morphemes seem to have far more
    substantial meanings than the average affix
    does.
    ◼ (unhappy, unwise) un- simply means ‘not’
    (reddish, warmish) –ish means ‘sort of’

    ◼ psych(o) means ‘having to do with the mind’


    -ology means ‘the study of ’
    path means ‘sickness’
    derm means ‘skin’
    -itis means ‘disease’

    ◼ Semantically, bound bases can form the core of


    a word, just as free morphemes can.

    5
    1/5/2021

    Affixation:
    Word formation rules
    ◼ Prefixes and suffixes usually have special
    requirements for the sorts of bases they can
    attach to.

    ◼ Some of these requirements concern the


    phonology (sounds) of their bases, and others
    concern the semantics (meaning) of their bases,
    but the most basic requirements are often the
    syntactic part of speech or category of their
    bases.

    ◼ the suffix -ness attaches to adjectives, as


    the examples in (a) show, but not to verbs
    or nouns, as in (b) and (c) examples.

    6
    1/5/2021

    ◼ The prefix un- attaches to adjectives


    (where it means ‘not’) and to verbs
    (where it means ‘reverse action’), but not
    to nouns:

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