Journal of Agriculture and Social Research (JASR) VOL. 10, No.

2, 2010

ANIMAL RIGHTS AND WELFARE ADVOCACY FOR ENHANCED FOOD

SECURITY IN NIGERIA

IFENKWE, G. E
Department of Rural Sociology and Extension.
Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike.
E-mail: godwinifenkwe@yahoo.com.

ABSTRACT
The tropical conditions of the Nigerian environment favours domestic and wild animal
production. It, therefore, not only offers ample investment opportunities in the livestock sub-
sector of the economy, but also guarantees food security for the nation. This study examined
basic animal welfare rights, and ascertained selected stakeholders advocacy and welfare
promotion efforts in Nigeria. It entailed extensive review of ADP reports and selected
national newspapers for a period of six months. Findings indicate a low level of animal
welfare/rights consciousness in Nigeria. The efforts of the ADPs in promoting animal welfare
technologies, is commendable. The print media (newspapers) have not abdicated their
advocacy roles regarding animal welfare/rights promotion. The paper reminds stakeholders
of their onerous task of educating the populace on animal welfare rights that would enhance
food security and subsequently promote human welfare.

Key words: Animal welfarism, Advocacy Journalism, Food Security.

INTRODUCTION
Let the earth produce all kinds of animal life: domestic and wild, large and small. This
was God‘s command in the story of the creation of the universe (Gen. 124) many years ago.
Ferae naturae, animals that are wild by nature (lion, elephant, monkey etc.) exhibit vicious
propensities, and any person who keeps them does so at his/her own risk (Ndukwe, 1999).
The tamed or domesticated ones (sheep, goat, cow, etc.) are docile and are not dangerous, but
may be forced by circumstances to exhibit dangerous character.
Animals have since creation been of immense benefit to mankind, the most prominent
being their contributing to the basics of man‘s food (Table 1). Whereas animals eat plants and
convert the amino acids derived therefrom to proteins, according to their needs, human
beings eat animals and plants, and again rearrange the nitrogen contained to make the pattern
of amino acids required (Ettinger, 2004).
Table 1: Utility Value of Animals
S/N Function Specific value
1. Output function Keeping animals for direct consumption of food and non-
food products such as wool, hair, manure, and urine.
2. Input function Animal products provide input for other activities: manure,
urine and grazing; fallow land are beneficial for crop
production; stubble fields help pastoralists to feed their
animals; animals give draught power for transport and their
hair, hoofs and manure help to disperse seeds and improve
seed germination; animal grazing prevents bush fire and
controls shrub growth, stimulates grass tillering and breaks
up hard soil crusts.
3. Asset function Animals permit farmers to raise money in times of need;
valuable for medical and veterinary research.

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4. Socio-cultural function Livestock as pets are part of the household, and are
indicators of social status; festivals and fairs are based on
livestock (bullock cart racing, cock fighting, cow beauty
contests); many songs have been written about livestock.
5. Security Police dogs and other specialized animals used in search
and rescue operations; dogs serve as guides for the blind.
Source: Maarse, 2010.

The tropical conditions of the Nigerian environment favours domestic and wild
animal production. The Federal Government of Nigeria, in 1992, commissioned Resource
Inventory and Management (RIM) Limited to undertake a comprehensive assessment of
Nigeria‘s livestock resources. The survey estimated Nigeria‘s total livestock population at
201,350,000, comprising poultry (14,300,000), goat (34,500,000), sheep (22,100,000) and
cattle (13,900,000). Others are donkey (900,000), horse (200,000) camel (90,000), pig
(3,500,000) and dog (4,500,000). The rest are rabbits (1,700,000), guinea pigs (500,000) and
giant rats (60,000). The livestock sub-sector, therefore, offers investment opportunities in
beef, dairy, poultry, sheep, goat, rabbit and swine production, as well as in feed production,
abattoir/slaughter house development and livestock-based industries (FMAWARD, 1986).
In recognition of this, and the ecological zoning of the country: Sahel (arid), Sudan
(semi-arid), Guinea (sub-humid), Forest (humid), Plateau and montane; the Federal
Government of Nigeria has encouraged the production of different classes of livestock in
zones with comparative geographical and production advantage. Domestic animal food
supply in Nigeria is supplemented with hunting and trapping of wild animal species
(Nzegbule and Meregini, 1999). Common among them are the Antelope (Tradelapheus
euryceros), Tortise (Kinixyx belliana), Cane rats (Thryonomys swinderianus) and Bush fowl
(Francolinus lathiani). Others are Leopard (Pantheraleo), Porcupine (Hysteris spp) and Giant
snail (Archachatina marginata).
The agricultural policy plan of Nigeria, not only provides for domestic animal
production, but also protection of all wild life especially the endangered species. It also
provides for the establishment of parks, game reserves and recreational facilities in line with
the ecological diversity of the country (FMAWRRD,1987). There is, therefore, no gainsaying
the fact that judicious management of the livestock and wild life species of the country would
address the food security challenges of the country (Abubakar, 1999).

The Problem
Alongside the authority or power given to man to control fish, birds and animals on
earth (Gen. 126) is the obligation and commitment of cater for these animals. The obligations,
according to the American Veterinary Medical Association, include showing concern for all
aspects of animal well-being: proper housing, management, nutrition, disease prevention and
treatment, responsible care, humane handling and, when necessary, humane euthanasia. The
level of understanding and implementation of this obligation in Nigeria, and other parts of
Africa, seems quite low and unsatisfactory, considering the overt and covert actions of animal
producers and handlers in the country. Dynamic agricultural practices, routine animal
husbandry practices and animal research activities have tended to cause injury to animals and,
in extreme cases, have affected the survival of endangered species. A few examples would
suffice.
First, the shrinking of available grazing land in some parts of the country is an
agricultural liability that has impacted negatively on availability of animal protein, and on
food security. The reason is that the common property regime which allows pastoralists to

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sustainably manage vast areas of land is now seriously undermined by laws and policies that
promote individualization of land tenure, leading to loss of dry season grazing reserves and
restriction of livestock mobility (Davis and Roba, 2010).
Second, housing imperatives for farm animals have been seriously compromised in
Nigeria and other parts of Africa. Geerlings (2010) reported the situation in Fayoum
governorate, one of the most densely populated areas in Egypt where poultry is put on the
roof of houses. Any housing arrangement or shelter for living organisms that fails to fulfill
physiological needs (proper temperature, pure air, adequate space, etc.); psychological needs
(adequacy, privacy, cleanliness, opportunity for community life etc.); protection (against
contagion, inferior sanitation or vermin, accidents) is grossly deficient (Onibokun, 1985). The
battery cage system for rearing birds is one of the practices that limit the natural behaviour of
birds. While this has been banned in Germany, Switzerland, Sweden and Austria, the entire
European Union is phasing it out by 2010 (BBC News, 1999).
Third, animals have remained major objects of experimentation. Udedibie et al.
(2008) in one experiment, slaughtered eight birds to determine haematological indices and
internal organ weights. These birds were defeathered, eviscerated, dressed; and their internal
organs (liver, gizzard and heart), as well as abdominal fats weighed. Laseinde (1996) in a
similar research deprived 240 day-old broilers, cockerel and pullet chicks of feed, water,
brooder heat or a combination of these to simulate similar careless or accidental farm
situations so as to find their effects on chick‘s survival.
When an organism is deprived of food, alternative adaptive mechanisms parcel
micronutrients to maintain body integrity, and when adaptation mechanisms are
compromised, serious disease and death result (Ettinger, 2004). Jewish teachings allow
animal experimentation. Although Buddhism also acknowledges the value of animal research
for human health, it is believed that bad karmic consequences await an experimenter who
fails to exhibit a high level of altruistic behaviour in research laboratories.
Finally, animals subjected to common livestock management practices (tattooing,
castration and dehorning), unarguably suffer extreme discomfort, and their health is
endangered. In this, and all other cases highlighted, the animals, were helpless. Being
naturally bereft of speech, they lacked the power of self advocacy and collective bargaining
against the ill treatment they suffered. Unlike the situation in most parts of Africa, animal
welfare matters are recognized, respected, defended and promoted in developed countries.
There is, therefore, need for a change because animals are crucial for enhanced food security
in Nigeria. Concern for animal value, welfare and rights, and the need to stem the losses
arising from ignorance or carelessness on the part of livestock producers and handlers
prompted this study. This study highlighted basic animal welfare rights, and assessed
extension agencies‘ and newspapers‘ efforts in educating and promoting animal welfare
issues in Nigeria.

METHODOLOGY
Extensive literature search yielded information on animal welfare/rights. In Abia
State, the contents of technical messages disseminated by Agricultural Development
Programmes (ADP) were also verified. Finally, six (6) national newspapers were randomly
selected and analyzed for a period of six months (Jan-June, 2010) to ascertain their advocacy
efforts regarding the welfare of livestock and wild animal species in Nigeria.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Concept of Animal Welfarism
Animal welfare philosophy is the position that it is morally acceptable for humans to
use non-human animals, provided that adverse effects on animal welfare are minimized as

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much as possible. (Garner, 2005). Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary defined

animal welfare as the avoidance of abuse and exploitation of animals by humans by
maintaining appropriate standards of accommodation, feeding and general care; the
prevention and treatment of disease; and the assurance of freedom from harassment and
unnecessary discomfort and pain. (http://medicaldictionary).
Animal welfare focuses on practical or organized care for the health, safety and
comfort of animals. This means ensuring the physical and psychological well- being of
farmers through fulfilling the basic needs of non-human animals such as food, shelter and
health (Hewson, 2003). Biblical injunctions on animal welfare are found in Deut. 1115, Exod.
2010, Deut 514, Deut. 1214, Gen. 94, Lev. 2228, Deut. 254 and Deut. 2210
Human and animal welfare/rights philosophies are interrelated. Human rights
philosophy is derived from the pre-eminence given to man as a unique creature of God, made
in the image of God and after His likeness; given dominion over all other creatures and
endowed with supernatural dignity and with inviolable rights. (Genesis 126-36). The universal
declaration of Human rights, in 1948, has further strengthened human rights consciousness
globally. Ordinary animals possess a high level of sentience just as human animals (man),
and various religious groups of the world recognize animal welfare philosophy. They accept
that it is man‘s responsibility to cater for the welfare of all classes of animals (Table 2).

Table 2: Animal – Friendly Religious Thoughts/Belief

Christianity Buddhism Islam Judaism Hinduism
 Any mistreatment Buddhism,  All living Animals have Sacred cows are
of animals is both requires us to creatures feelings and allowed to wander
sinful and morally treat animals were made by relationships. wherever they like,
wrong. kindly. Allah  The righteous and even through
 God made his Buddhists see Allah loves person regards traffic.
covenant with human and all animals the life of his Most Hindus are
animals as well as non-human  Animals exist beast. vegetarians
human beings. lives as closely for the benefit Human beings Butchery and
 Human and non- related of human must avoid tzar related jobs are
human animals  Buddhists treat beings baalei chayim restricted to people
have the same the lives of Animals must causing pain to of low caste.
origin in God. human and be treated any living Cows are sacred to
 In the Garden of non-human with kindness creature. Hindus
Eden, human animals with and  Some Hindu gods
beings lived in equal respect. compassion. keep sacred animals
harmony with  Laws on  Some Hindu gods
animals . killing have animals
 God wants animals are characteristics.
everything he designed to
created treated reduce the
respectfully. pain and
distress that
the animals
suffer.

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Animals Rights
Concern for animal welfare is a crucial factor that drives the urge to fight for animal
rights. Whereas animal welfare position emphasizes the responsible management of animals
to satisfy man‘s welfare needs, animal rights proponents fight against any deliberate form of
exploitation or condition that cause extreme discomfort, or endanger health or life of animals,
and which may in the long run lead to species extinction or low productivity (Regan, 1983;
Garner, 2005; Francione, 2007). People acquire animals on a temporary or permanent basis,
and either through inheritance, purchase or gift. Subsequently, they become responsible for
the welfare of such domesticated animals; caring for, controlling and protecting them from
harm.
Animal rights consciousness has a long history, and has been embraced in Europe,
America and other developed countries. Under the animal rights law, a person commits an
offence if he/she causes an animal unnecessary suffering. Section 4, 3a-e of the British animal
welfare act holds that suffering is considered necessary if it could reasonably not be avoided
or reduced; if the conduct which caused the suffering was in compliance with a relevant
enactment or provisions of a license or code of practice under an enactment; if the conduct
which caused the suffering was for a legitimate purpose such as benefitting the animals,
protecting a person, property or another animal; if the suffering was proportionate to the
purpose of the conduct concerned; and if the conduct concerned was, in all the circumstances,
that of a reasonably competent and humane person.
In practice, a person commits an offence if he/she covertly or overtly adopts any
management practice which limits the natural behavior of animals. These, according to
Philips (2009), include: failure to meet welfare needs (food, shelter and health); factory
farming, where farm animals are raised in confinement at high stocking density; carrying out
prohibited procedures on the animal for research and other purposes; carrying out invasive
procedures such as debeaking, mulesing, tattooing, dehorning or castration; premature
slaughtering or chick culling of food animals; adopting cruel methods of animal slaughter,
especially ritual slaughter; staging or recording animal fights as a sporting or recreational
event; administering poison to animals and severally hitting an animal to be slaughtered with
iron rod to enhance meat quantity.
Unlike man whose clamor for improved welfare is facilitated by his speech
endowment, lack of this enablement is a serious setback for animals aptly described as ―the
silent majority‖. Animals are incapacitated to fight for their welfare or rights or to respond to
the contingencies of life and so need to be assisted.
The western world are by far ahead in animal welfare campaign. The activities of
animal welfarists like Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall, Robert Nozick, Andrew Linzey and
Richard Martin in this regard are noteworthy. It is also difficult to forget the achievements of
such animals welfare advocate groups as the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
(PeTA), the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS), the American Veterinary Medical
Association (AVMA) and the Humane Society International (HSI). These individuals and
organizations have been vociferous against different forms of animal exploitation and abuse.
Recently, the trade policy for the Humane Society International urged the World
Trade Organization to include animal welfare provisions in international trade policy and
agreements, arguing that better animals welfare standards and practices not only would
catalyze reform of the farm production, but will result in a number of significant benefits
including expansion of domestic and international opportunities, enhanced food safety and
quality, premium pricing and mitigation of the spread of infectious diseases.

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Animal Welfare: Role of Extension Agency

The Agricultural Development Programmes (ADPs) were created in the 1970s as the
human agency with the statutory roles of encouraging widespread dissemination and
assimilation of agricultural research findings. To facilitate this, the priority areas in
agricultural research in Nigeria were restructured to include increasing production and
productivity of livestock through the development of (i) improved and adapted breeds for
increased meat, milk and carcass quality (ii) vaccines for controlling animal diseases and (iii)
Livestock feeds from local raw materials (MAMSER, 1986).
Investigations revealed that the ADPs in the nine states, constituting the South-East
agro-ecological zone of Nigeria, transferred extension messages and technologies on major
livestock species, namely, goat, sheep, poultry, cane rats and rabbits. The key livestock
technologies transferred by Abia ADP in 2008 are shown in Table 3. It can, therefore, be
concluded that the extension agency in south –eastern agro-ecological zone of Nigeria has
shown appreciable interest in promoting animal welfare.
Although the documents reviewed (NRCRI, 2006) did not give details of depth of
coverage, the topics covered are those that enhance the well-being of the animals. They
include general management principles, housing, feeds and feeding, health care, record
keeping, stocking, breeding, pest and diseases. The only aspect of animal welfare that was not
highlighted in the reports reviewed is the practice of euthanasia. Active euthanasia or mercy
killing is the deliberate taking of life of an organism suffering from an incurable disease or
condition, whether by administering a lethal drug or by withholding ordinary medical care,
while passive euthanasia is the discontinuation of an extra ordinary life-preserving means
(Odell and Odell, 1983).

Table 3: Livestock Technologies Disseminated in Abia State

S/N Technology Objective Extended Technical Messages
1. Sheep and Goat To increase protein intake
- Housing
of farmers - Feeds and feeding
- Health management
- Record keeping
2. Rabbit keeping To increase, at -a Use of hutches
minimum cost the protein - Feeds and feeding
intake of farmers - Handling of kittens
- Health management
- Record keeping
3. Poultry To increase protein intake
- Housing
of farmers and to reduce - Feeds and feeding
death rate due to poor - Health management
sanitation - Record keeping
- Artificial brooding
4. Cane rat To increase protein intake
- Housing
domestication at a minimum cost - Stocking
- Feeds and feeding.
Source: Abia State ADP Report, 2009.

Mass Media Advocacy for Animal Welfare/Rights

Data on Table 4 show that the print media (Newspapers) in Nigeria have not totally
abdicated their advocacy responsibilities with regard to animal welfare issues. There is
evidence of animal rights consciousness or campaign aimed at, among other things, achieving

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changes in animal rearing and handling behavior. The study identified a total of twenty (20)
articles considered relevant because, as news items, feature articles or adverts, they were
either designed to promote animal welfare or to highlight obnoxious livestock/wildlife
management practices.
The mass media is globally recognized as credible promoters of issues of public
interest, and Philips (2009) had observed a growing interest in animal welfare globally with
increasing attention being paid to it by the media, government and non-governmental
organizations. It is in our best interest for stakeholders, including the mass media to
recognized that animal welfare translates to enhanced food security, and by implication,
improved human welfare.

Table 4: Newspapers’ Animal Rights/Welfare Advocacy (Jan-June, 2010)

Title or Topic Month Newspaper Focus
Vegetable-based feed Jan. 1 The Sun Advocacy for veganism and good
formulation nutrition.
Bulls charge, killing Jan 4 Guardian Advocacy against animal sports.
spectators
Australian man caught with Jan.5 Guardian Advocacy against abuse and
pigeons stuffed in trousers. exploitation of animals.
Healing animals and getting Jan 7. The Sun Wild life conservation
them back to bush
Healthy pet lifestyle Jan 8. The Sun Animal welfare provision
Newly imported poultry Jan. 14 Guardian Enhanced physiological and
cages psychological wellbeing
Animal improvement tips Jan. 24 Daily Animal welfare provision
Independent
The new vaccination and March Guardian Animal welfare provision
autism scare 5.
Tips on farm disease March Guardian Animal welfare provision
prevention 15
African freshwater species March Guardian Preserving endangered species
face extinction 22.
FCT adopts new policy for March Guardian Advocacy against abuse and
animals haulage and handling 26. exploitation of animals.
Group advocates on livestock April 7 Punch Advocacy against animal abuse and
reform exploitation
Animal surveillance and April 3 This Day Animal welfare provision
disease control
Fadama disburses 61M for April Daily Animal welfare Provision
livestock development 20 Independent
FG votes 244 billion for April Daily Animal welfare provision
agriculture development 30 Independent
including livestock.
UNs FAO boosts livestock in April Punch Animal Welfare Provision
Niger, Chad 29 Newspaper
Noise pollution threatens fish May 3 Guardian Advocacy for wholesome
and wildlife environment
Endangered tiger found in a May Guardian Advocacy for wild life conservation
man‘s freezer 19

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Red apes are slipping into June 6 Guardian Advocacy for wildlife conservation
extinction
Whale hunt talks in Morocco June Guardian Advocacy for wildlife conservation.
ends in stalemate 15

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Concern for animal welfare is usually driven by man‘s recognition of utility of
animals, feeling for their sentience nature, respect for biblical injunctions and the desire to
preserve endangered species. The low level of consciousness of the need for animal
welfare/rights in Nigeria is as worrisome as it is challenging to stakeholders in livestock and
related areas: extension agents, veterinarians, religious organizations, human nutritionists,
judicial and legislative practitioners, as well as mass media operatives etc. The solution to
this problem lies in proper education and increased advocacy motivated by sympathy,
empathy, aesthetics and/or self interest.
Although the ADPs have championed the cause of animal welfare in their regular
programmes, they should embark on a systematic campaign to further sensitize the general
public on what constitutes animal abuse. This campaign should be extended to all levels of
educational institutions and should culminate in formation of animal-friendly clubs and
associations to further propagate the message in the communities. Livestock management
systems which preclude animals from exhibiting their natural behavior (mating, sufficient
space, company of animals own kind) and which negatively affect the psychological well-
being of animals and reduce productivity, should be discouraged.
Human nutritionists should, on their part, intensify the campaign to extol the virtues
of vegetarianism. There is need for more people to embrace veganism that is, relying on
plant-based food and synthetic clothing. Besides furthering animals welfare interests, it is a
socially –acceptable way of reducing dietary fat and achieving overall healthier lifestyle.
Although the benefits of bio-medical research for animals and human beings are well
documented, there is a compelling need for scientists to adopt a utilitarian, humane and
compassionate approach in animal experimentation, as well as in the slaughter house/abattoir
activities by limiting the stress, pain and fear experienced by the animals.
Animal welfare reforms, activism and advocacy have indeed become very necessary
for a country like Nigeria and the three tiers of legislative governance in Nigeria should
contribute to the development and enforcement of animal welfare/rights laws. Finally, the
mass media in Nigeria needs to continue play its traditional advocacy roles in matters of
public interest such as animal welfare.

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