Vector space

—————————————–

Phan Thi Khanh Van

E-mail: khanhvanphan@hcmut.edu.vn

October 9, 2018

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Table of contents

1 Vector space
2 Linear combination, linear independence, linear
dependence
3 Rank of a set of vectors
4 Spanning set, basis, dimension, coordinates
5 Coordinates of a vector with respect to a basis,
Change of Coordinates Matrix
6 Subspace, the sum and the intersection of two
subspaces

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 Vector space

Vector space
A vector space over a field K is a set V together with
two operations: vector addition +: x + y , x, y ∈ V and
scalar multiplication × : αx, x ∈ V , α ∈ K (R, C) and
that satisfy the eight axioms listed below:
1 x +y =y +x 5 (α + β)x = αx + βx
2 x + y + z = x + (y + z) 6 α(x + y ) = αx + αy
3 ∃0 ∈ V : 0 + x = x
4 ∀x ∈ V , ∃(−x) ∈ V :
7 α(βx) = (αβ)x
(−x) + x = 0 8 1.x = x.

An element x ∈ V is called a vector.

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 Vector space

Examples
1 The space Rn = {(x1 , x2 , ...xn ) : xi ∈ R} with ordinary
+, × .
2 The space Mm×n (R) with matrix addition + and
scalar multiplication ×.
3 The space Pn (x) of all polynomials with degree less
than or equal to n with ordinary addition + and scalar
multiplication × 1.

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 Linear combination, linear independence, linear dependence

Linear combination, linear independence, linear

dependence
In a vector space V given a set of m vectors:
M = {x1 , x2 , ...xm }
1 x is called a linear combination of M if
∃α1 , α2 ..., αm ∈ K : x = α1 x1 + α2 x2 + ... + αm xm
2 The set M is called linearly independent if
α1 x1 + α2 x2 + ... + αm xm = 0 ⇒ αi = 0∀i
3 M is called linearly dependent if it is not linearly
independent (∃α1 , α2 ..., αm ) 6= (0, 0...0) satisfying
α1 x1 + α2 x2 + ... + αm xm = 0

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 Linear combination, linear independence, linear dependence

Example
In R 2 : M = {(1, 1), (2, 3), (1, −2)}. Is the vector
x = (3, 4) a linear combination of M?

We have (3, 4) = (1, 1) + (2, 3) + 0.(1, −2) ⇒ (3, 4) is a

linear combination of M
Example
In a vector space V given x, y . M = {x − 2y , 2x + 3y }.
Is the vector u = 4x − y a linear combination of M?
We have that u = 4x − y = 2.(x − 2y ) + 1.(2x + 3y )
⇒ u is a linear combination of M

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 Linear combination, linear independence, linear dependence

Example
In R 3 : M = {(−1, 2, −3), (2, −2, 1)}. Is u = (5, −2, −6)
a linear combination of M?
Consider the equation
 2, −3) + β(2, −2, 1) 
α(−1, = (5, −2, −6)
−α + 2β = 5
 α = 3

⇔ 2α − 2β = −2 ⇔ β=4 ⇒ @α, β
 
−3α + β = −6 −3α + β = −6
 
Then, u is not a linear combination of M.

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 Linear combination, linear independence, linear dependence

Example
In R 3 : M = {(1, 1, 1), (2, 3, 1), (1, 2, 0)}. Is M linearly
independent or dependent?
Consider
 α(1, 1, 1) + β(2, 3, 1) + γ(1, 2, 0) = 0 ,(*)
α + 2β + γ = 0

⇔ α + 3β + 2γ = 0

α+β =0

|A| = 0 ⇒ This system has infinitely many solutions
⇒ ∃(α, β, γ) 6= (0, 0, 0) satisfying (*)
Then, M is linear dependent.

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 Linear combination, linear independence, linear dependence

Example
In V : M = {x, y , z, 3x + 4y }. Is M linearly dependent or
independent?
We have that 3x + 4y is a linear combination of {x, y , z}.
We choose a combination:
(−3).x + (−4)y + 0.z + 1.(3x + 4y ) = 0 Then, M is
linearly dependent.
Remark 1: A set containing a vector that is a linear
combination of the others is linearly dependent.

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Linear combination, linear independence, linear dependence

Example
In V given a linearly independent set M = {x, y , z}. Is
N = {x, 2x − y + 3z, 0, x + 4y − z} linearly dependent or
independent?
Choose a combination
0.x + 0.(2x − y + 3z) + 1.0 + 0.(x + 4y − z) = 0. Then,
N is linearly dependent. Remark 2: A set containing 0
is linearly dependent.

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Linear combination, linear independence, linear dependence

Example
In V given a linearly independent set M = {x, y , z}. Is
N = {2x, 3y , 4z} linearly dependent or independent?
Consider α(2x) + β(3y ) + γ(4z) = 0
⇔ (2α)x + (3β)y + (4γ)z = 0 Because M is linearly
independent, then 2α = 3β = 4γ = 0 ⇔ α = β = γ = 0.
Then, N is linearly independent.

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 Linear combination, linear independence, linear dependence

Example
In V given a linearly independent set M = {x, y }. z is
not a linear combination of M. Is N = {x, y , z} linearly
dependent or independent?
Consider αx + βy + γz = 0. If γ 6= 0. ⇒ z = αx+βy −γ is a
linear combination of M (is contrary to the hypothesis).
Then, γ = 0. ⇒ αx + βy = 0. Because M is linearly
independent α = β = 0.
Then N is linearly independent. Remark 3: Adding to a
linearly independent set a vector which is not its linear
combination, we obtain a new linearly independent set.

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 Linear combination, linear independence, linear dependence

Theorem
Adding vectors to a linearly dependent set, we obtain
a dependent set.
Taking vectors from a linearly independent set, we
obtain an independent set.
Fundamental theorem on Vector spaces
In a vector space V given M = {x1 , x2 ...xm }. If each of
the n vectors N = {y1 , y2 ...yn } can be expressed as a
linear combination of M, and n > m, then, N is linearly
dependent.
Corollary: If M and N consist of n vectors. M is linearly
dependent, N is generated from M, then, N is linearly
dependent.
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 Linear combination, linear independence, linear dependence

Example
1 In V : the set
N = {x + y + z, 2x − y + 3z, x + 4y − z, 3x} is
linearly independent or dependent?
Linearly dependent, because N consists of 4 vectors
generated from 3 vectors {x, y , z}
2 In V , M = {2x + y , 3y + z, 2x + 4y + z} is linearly
independent or dependent? Linearly dependent,
because 2x + 4y + z = (2x + y ) + (3y + z)

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 Rank of a set of vectors

Rank of a set of vectors

The rank of a set of vectors S in the space V is the
maximum number of linearly independent vectors which
can be chosen from S.

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 Rank of a set of vectors

Properties
A ∈ Mm×n (K ). rank(A) = rank(row vectors of A) =
rank(col. vectors of A)
r (M) = m (the number of vectors of a set) iff M is
linearly independent.
r (M) < m then M is linearly dependent
r (M ∪ N) ≥ r (M), r (N)

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 Rank of a set of vectors

Properties
Rank of the set doesn’t change if we multiply a vector
by a nonzero number
r (x1 , x2 ...xm ) = r (αx1 , x2 ...xm ), α 6= 0
Rank of a set doesn’t change if we add a scalar
product of a vector to another one
r (x1 , x2 , ...xm ) = r (x1 + αx2 , x2 ...xm )
Rank of a set doesn’t change if we add a linear
combination of a set to itself r (M) = r (M, x), x - a
linear combination of M.

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 Rank of a set of vectors

Example
In R3 , given
M = {(1, 2, −3), (4, 0, 2), (−2, −4, 6), (−2, 4, −8)}. Find
the rank of M.
   
1 2 −3 1 2 −3
 → 0 −8 14 
4 0 2  
A= −2 −4 6  0 0 0 
−2 4 −8 0 8 −14
 
1 2 −3
0 −8 14 
→ 0 0 0  r (A) = 2 ⇒ r (M) = 2.


0 0 0
Maximal independent subset: {(1, 2, −3), (4, 0, 2)}
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 Rank of a set of vectors

Example
In V given a linearly independent set M = {x, y , z}. Find
the rank of N = {2x − y , x + y + z, −2z}.

We have r {2x − y , x + y + z, −2z}

v 2→v 2+ v23
= r {2x − y , x + y , −2z}
v 1→v 1+v 2
= r {3x, x + y , −2z}
v 2→v 2− v31
= r {3x, y , −2z} = r {x, y , z} = 3

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 Rank of a set of vectors

Example
In V given a linearly independent set M = {x, y , z}. Find
rank of
N = {2x − y + z, x + y + 3z, x − 2y − 2z, 4x + 4y + 12z}.
     
2 −1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3
 → 0 −3 −5 → 0 −3 −5
1 1 3     
A= 1 −2 −2 0 −3 −5 0 0 0 
4 4 12 0 0 0 0 0 0
r (A) = 2 ⇒ r (N) = 2.
The maximal independent set {x + y + 3z, 2x − y − z}

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 Rank of a set of vectors

Example
In R4 given M = {(1, 2, −3, 1), (2, 1, 4, 0), (4, 5, −2, 2)}.
Is (4, −1, 18, −2) a linear combination of M?
   
1 2 −3 1 1 2 −3 1
 → 0 −3 10 −2
2 1 4 0   
A= 4 5 −2 2  0 −3 10 −2
4 −1 18 −2 0 −9 30 −6
 
1 2 −3 1
0 −3 10 −2
→ 0 0 0 0 


0 0 0 0
Then r (M) = r (M, x) = 2 x is a linear combination of M
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 Spanning set, basis, dimension, coordinates

Spanning set
In V , M is called a spanning set of V if for any x ∈ V ,
x is a linear combination of M (x is generated from M).
Denote: V =< M >
Example
Prove that M = {(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0), (1, 2, 3)} is a
spanning set of R 3 .
∀x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R 3 , consider:
(x1 , x2 , x3 ) = α(1, 1, 1) + β(1, 1, 0) + γ(1, 0, 0) + δ(1, 2, 3)

α + β + γ + δ = x1
 
 1 1 1 1 x1
α + β + 2δ = x2 →  1 1 0 2 x2 
1 0 0 3 x3

α + 3δ = x3

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 Spanning set, basis, dimension, coordinates

 
1 1 1 1 x1
→  0 0 −1 1 x2 − x1 
0 −1 −1 2 x3 − x2
 
1 1 1 1 x1
→  0 −1 −1 2 x3 − x2 
0 0 −1 1 x2 − x1
r (A) = r (A|b) then the system is compatible (has
solution).
Then, any x can be generated by M.
⇒ M is a spanning set of R 3 .

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 Spanning set, basis, dimension, coordinates

Example
Is M = {2x 2 + x + 1, 3x 2 + x, 5x 2 + x − 2} a spanning set
of P2 (x)?
∀u = ax 2 + bx + c ∈ P2 (x), consider:
ax 2+bx +c = α(2x 2
 +x  +1)+β(3x 2 +x)+γ(5x 2
 +x −2)
2 3 5 a 1 0 −2 c
→ 1 1 1 b  → 0 1 3 b−c 
1 0 −2 c 0 3 9 a − 2c
 
1 0 −2 c
→0 1 3 b−c 
0 0 0 a − 3b + c
With u : a − 3b + c 6= 0 the system has no solution, then
M is not a spanning set of P2 (x)
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 Spanning set, basis, dimension, coordinates

Example
In V , given a spanning set M = {x, y , z}.
1 Is N1 = {2x, 3y , 4z} a spanning set?
2 Is N2 = {x − y , x + y , 3x − 4y } a spanning set?
1 For any u ∈ V : u = ax + by + cz.
u = 2a .(2x) + b3 .(3y ) + c4 .(4z) ⇒ N1 is a spanning set.
2 - If z is a linear combination of x, y : ∀u ∈ V :
u = ax + by + cz = a1 x + b1 y
a1 −b1
= a1 +b 2 (x + y ) + 2 (x − y ). Then N2 is a
1

spanning set.
- If z is not a linear combination of x, y then z is not
a linear combination of N2 . Then N2 is not a
spanning set.
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 Spanning set, basis, dimension, coordinates

Example
In V given a spanning set M = {x, y , z}.
1 Is N3 = {x, y , z, t} a spanning set?
2 Is N4 = {x − y , x + y , 2x − z} a spanning set?
1 For any u ∈ V : u = ax + by + cz.
u = ax + by + cz + 0.t Then N3 is a spanning set.
2 We have: x = 21 [(x − y ) + (x + y )],
y = 12 [(x + y ) − (x − y )], z = 2x − (2x − z)
= (x − y ) + (x + y ) − (2x − z)
Then M is generated from N4 .
Because M is a spanning set, ∀u ∈ V , u is generated
from M. u is generated from N4 , then N4 is a
spanning set.
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 Spanning set, basis, dimension, coordinates

Properties of spanning sets

If we add to a spanning set of V some vectors in V ,
we obtain a new linearly dependent spanning set.
If we remove from a spanning set of V some vectors
which are linear combinations of the other ones, we
obtain a new spanning set of V .
Question: From a spanning set, what is the maximal
number of vectors we can remove to obtain a new
spanning set???

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 Spanning set, basis, dimension, coordinates

Basis
A linearly independent spanning set M ⊂ V of V is
called a basis of V . (A basis is a maximal linearly
independent subset of a spanning set.)

Dimension
The number of vectors in a basis of V is called the
dimension of V . Denote: n = dim(V ) (= rank of a
spanning set)

Properties
In an n dimensional space V :
1 Any set whose rank is n is a spanning set.
2 Any linearly independent set of n vectors is a basis.
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 Spanning set, basis, dimension, coordinates

Example
M = {(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0), (1, 2, 3)} is a spanning
set of R 3 . Find a basis and the dimension of R3 .
     
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 → 0 0 1  → 0 −1 −1
1 1 0    

1 0 0 0 −1 −1 0 0 1 
1 2 3 0 1 2 0 0 1
Then the maximal linearly independent subset
{(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0)} is a basis of R 3 , dim(R 3 ) = 3.

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 Spanning set, basis, dimension, coordinates

Example
In V given a basis M = {x, y , z}.
1 Is N1 = {2x − y , x − 4y , x + y } a basis of V ?
2 Is N2 = {2x − y , x − 4y , x + y + z, 2x − y − z} a
basis of V ?

1 r (N1 ) ≤ 2 = 3. Then N1 is dependent, is not a basis

2 N2 has 4 vectors generated from 3 vectors ⇒ N2 is
dependent, ⇒ is not a basis of V .

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 Spanning set, basis, dimension, coordinates

Example
In V given a basis M = {x, y , z}
1 Is N3 = {2x − y − z, x − 4y + z, x + y , x − y } a
spanning set of V ?
2 Is N4 = {2x − y , x − 4y − 2z, x + y + z} a basis of V ?

1 N3 is a subset of 3 dimensional space V .

r (N3 ) = 3 = dim(V ) Then N3 is a spanning set.
2 r (N4 ) = 3 then N4 is linearly independent.
r (N4 ) = 3 = dim(V ) Then N4 is a basis.

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 Spanning set, basis, dimension, coordinates

Normal basis
1 In R3 : E = {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)}
2 In P2 (x): E = {1, x, x 2 }
       
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
3 In M2×2 (R): E = { , , , }
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

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 Coordinates of a vector with respect to a basis, Change of
Coordinates Matrix

Coordinates of a vector with respect to a basis

E = {e1 , e2 , ...en } ⊂ V is a basis of V . Any x ∈ V can
be represented uniquely as: x = α1 e1 + α2 e2 + .. + αn en .
(α1 , α2 , ...αn )T are called coordinates of x with respect
to the basis E . Denote: [x]E

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 Coordinates of a vector with respect to a basis, Change of
Coordinates Matrix

Example
Find the coordinates of x = (1, 2, 4) with respect to
E = {(1, 1, 2), (1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0)}

x =(1, 2, 4) = α(1, 1, 2) + 
β(1, 1, 0) + γ(1, 0, 0)
α + β + γ = 1
 α = 2

⇔ α+β =2 ⇔ β=0
 
2α = 4 γ = −1
 
T
Then [x]E = (2, 0, −1)
    
1 1 1 1 α
2 − nd way: [x] = 2 = 1 1 0 β  = E .[x]E
4 1 0 0 γ
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 Coordinates of a vector with respect to a basis, Change of
Coordinates Matrix

 −1    
1 1 1 1 2
[x]E = E −1 [x] = 1 1 0 . 2 = 0 
1 0 0 4 −1

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 Coordinates of a vector with respect to a basis, Change of
Coordinates Matrix

Properties of coordinates
In V given a basis E
x = y ⇔ [x]E = [y ]E
[x + y ]E = [x]E + [y ]E
[αx]E = α[x]E

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 Coordinates of a vector with respect to a basis, Change of
Coordinates Matrix

Example
Given a basis E = {(1, 1, 2), (1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0)},
[x]E = (2, −2, 3)T . Given another basis
F = {(1, 2, 3), (2, −4, 1), (−1, 1, 1)}. Find [x]F

[x]E = (2, −2, 3)T ⇒ x = 2.e1 − 2e2 + 3e3

= 2(1, 1, 2) − 2(1, 1, 0) + 3(1, 0, 0) = (3, 0, 4)
Denote [x]F = (α, β, γ)T :,
x = (3, 0, 4) β(2, −4, 1) + γ(−1, 1, 1)
 = α(1, 2, 3) + 
1 2 −1 3
We have: 2 −4 1 0 

3 1 1 4
23 9 −10 T
[x]F = ( 17 , 17 , 17 )
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 Coordinates of a vector with respect to a basis, Change of
Coordinates Matrix

    
1 1 1 2 3
2 − nd way: [x] = E .[x]E = 1 1 0 −2 = 0
2 0 0 3 4
 −1    23 
1 2 −1 3 17
−1 9 
[x]F = F [x] = 2 −4 1
  . 0 =  17

10
3 1 1 4 − 17
Remark: [x] = E .[x]E = F [x]F
⇒ [x]F = F −1 .[x] = F −1 .E .[x]E
TFE = F −1 .E - change of coordinates matrix from F to E .

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 Coordinates of a vector with respect to a basis, Change of
Coordinates Matrix

Change of coordinates matrix (transition matrix)

E = {e1 , e2 , ...en } ⊂ V and F = {f1 , f2 , ...fn } ⊂ V are 2


 f1 = a11 e1 + a12 e2 + ... + a1n en

f = a e + a e + ... + a e
2 21 1 22 2 2n n
bases of V


 ...

f = a e + a e + ... + a e
n
 n1 1 n2 2 nn n
F = f1 f2 . . . fn =
 
a11 a21 ... an1
   a11 a22 ... an2 
e1 e2 . . . en  . . . . . . . . . . . .  = E .TEF


a1n a2n ... ann

−1
TEF = E F is the change of coordinates matrix
from E to F
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 Coordinates of a vector with respect to a basis, Change of
Coordinates Matrix

Properties
In V given 2 basis E , F
TEF is the change of coordinates matrix from E to F
−1
then TEF is the change of coordinates matrix from F
to E
TEF is the change of coordinates matrix from E to F ,
TFG is the change of coordinates matrix from F to G
then TEF .TFG is the change of coordinates matrix
from E to G
Relation between coordinates of x in different bases
[x] = E .[x]E = F [x]F
⇒ [x]F = F −1 .[x] = F −1 .E .[x]E = TFE .[x]E
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 Coordinates of a vector with respect to a basis, Change of
Coordinates Matrix

Example
In V . E = {x, y , z} is a basis of V . Prove that
F = {x − y , y − z, z − 2x} is also a basis of V . Given
[u]E = (1, −2, 3)T . Find [u]F
 
1 0 −2
TEF = −1 1 0 
0 −1 1
−1
[u]F = TFE .[u]E = TEF .[u]E
 −1    
1 0 −2 1 −3
= −1 1 0  −2 = −5
0 −1 1 3 −2

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 Subspace, the sum and the intersection of two subspaces

Subspace
In a vector space V , a subset F with two operations in V
which is also vector space F is a subspace of V .
F ⊂ V ⇒ dim(F ) ≤ dim(V ), ”=” occurs iff F = V

Theorem
A nonempty subset F of a vector space V is a subspace of
V iff
∀x, y ∈ F : x + y ∈ F
∀x ∈ F , α ∈ K : αx ∈ F

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 Subspace, the sum and the intersection of two subspaces

Example
 
1 3 1
Prove that F = {A ∈ M2 [R] : A. = 0} is a
−1 2 −3
subspace of M2 [R].
 
1 3 1
∀A, B ∈ F , we have A. = 0,
−1 2 −3
 
1 3 1
B. = 0, therefore,
−1 2 −3
 
1 3 1
(A + B). = 0, or A + B ∈ F
−1 2 −3
 
1 3 1
∀A ∈ F , α ∈ R : αA ∈ F , α.A. = 0, or
−1 2 −3
αA ∈ F
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 Subspace, the sum and the intersection of two subspaces

Span of a set of vectors

In a vector space V , given M = {v1 , v2 , ..., vp } ⊂ V . The
set
U =< M >:= {x = α1 v1 + α2 v2 + ... + αp vp , ∀αi ∈ K } of
all linear combinations of M is a subspace of V , and is
called the span of M.
dim(U) = r (M)
x ∈ U ⇔ x is a linear combination of
M ⇔ r (M, x) = r (M)

Example
In R4 given a set
M = {(1, 2, −1, 3), (−2, 3, 1, 2), (0, 7, −1, 8)}. Prove
that(Phanthe span of M is a subspace
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 Subspace, the sum and the intersection of two subspaces

Finding a basis of a subspace of R n

Given a span of a set M in R n :
U =< M >= {v1 , v2 , ..., vp }. M is a spanning set of U.
A basis of U is a maximal independent subset of M:
 
v1
v 
 2
Write the vectors of M in rows of A =  .. 
.
vp
Using the elementary row operations to transform A
into the echelon form.
The nonzero rows of the echelon form form a basis of
U. The number of nonzero rows: r (M) = dim(U)
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 Subspace, the sum and the intersection of two subspaces

Example 1
M = {(1, 2, −1, 3), (−2, 3, 1, 2), (0, 7, −1, 8), (1, 1, 1, 1)}.
Find a basis of the span F of M.
     
v1 1 2 −1 3 1 2 −1 3
v2  −2 3 1 2
 → 0 7 −1 8 
 
A= =
v3   0 7 −1 8 0 7 −1 8 
v 1 1 1 1 0 −1 2 −2
 4 
1 2 −1 3
0 −1 2 −2
→ 0 0 13 −6


0 0 0 0
A basis of F : {(1, 2, −1, 3), (0, −1, 2, −2), (0, 0, 13, −6)},
dim(F ) = 3
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 Subspace, the sum and the intersection of two subspaces

Example 2
In P2 (x) given a span of a set M:
F =< M >=< x 2 + x + 1, 2x 2 − x + 2, x 2 − 2x + 1 >.
Find the dimension, a basis of F .
A basis
 of F is the maximal
 independent
 subset of M.
v1 1 1 1 1 1 1
A = v2  = 2 −1 2 → 0 −3 0
v 1 −2 1 0 −3 0
 3 
1 1 1
→ 0 −3 0

0 0 0
Then a basis of F : {x 2 + x + 1, −3x}, dim(F ) = 2
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 Subspace, the sum and the intersection of two subspaces

Example 3
In a vector space V given a basis M = {x, y , z}. Find the
dimension, a basis of
F =< N >=< 2x − y , x + 3y − z, x − 4y + z >.
A basis
 of  F is a linearly independent
  subsetof N.
v1 2 −1 0 0 −7 2
A = v2  = 1 3 −1 → 1 3 −1
v 1 −4 1 0 −7 2
 3 
1 3 −1
→ 0 −7 2 
0 0 0
Then a basis of F : {x + 3y − z, −7y + 2z}, dim(F ) = 2
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 Subspace, the sum and the intersection of two subspaces

The subspace of all solutions to a linear

homogeneous system
In R n given a linear homogeneous system Amxn .X = 0.
The set of all solutions to the system is a subspace of R n .

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 Subspace, the sum and the intersection of two subspaces

Example 1
Given
F = {(x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R 3 |x1 − 2x2 + x3 = 0 ∧ x1 − x3 = 0}.
1 Prove that F is a subspace R 3 .
2 Find the dimension, a basis of F .
Suppose that x(x1 , x2 , x3 ), y (y1 , y2 , y3 ) are 2 solutions of
the system.
( (
x1 − 2x2 + x3 = 0 y1 − 2y2 + y3 = 0
We have v
x − x3 = 0 y1 − y3 = 0
(1
(x1 + y1 ) − 2(x2 + y2 ) + (x3 + y3 ) = 0
Therefore, , or
(x1 + y1 ) − (x3 + y3 ) = 0
x + y is also a solution.
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 Subspace, the sum and the intersection of two subspaces

Similarly, we have αx = (αx1 , αx2 , αx3 ), ∀α ∈ R is also a

solution of the system. Then F is a subspace of R 3 .
To find
 a basis of F , we
 first solve the following
 system
1 −2 1 0 1 −2 1 0
A= →
1 0 −1 0 0 2 −2 0

x1 = m

Then, the system has infinitely many solution x2 = m

x3 = m

Consequently, ∀x ∈ F : x = (m, m, m) = m(1, 1, 1)T .
T

Then {(1, 1, 1)T } is a basis of F , dimF = 1

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 Subspace, the sum and the intersection of two subspaces

Example 2
In R4 given F = {(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) ∈ R 4 |2x1 − x2 + 3x3 + x4 =
0; x1 − 2x2 + x3 = 0; 4x1 − 5x2 + 5x3 + x4 = 0}. Find the
dimension, a basis of F .
   
2 −1 3 1 0 0 3 1 1 0
A =  1 −2 1 0 0  →  1 −2 1 0 0 
4 −5 5 1 0 0 3 1 1 0
 
1 −2 1 0 0
→
0 3 1 1 0
The general solution of the system
x3 = 3m, x4 = 3n, x2 = − x3 +x 3
4
= −m − n,
x1 = 2x2 − x3 = −5m − 2n
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 Subspace, the sum and the intersection of two subspaces

Therefore, ∀x ∈ F : x = (−5m − 2n, −m − n, m, n)

= m(−5, −1, 1, 0) +n(−2, −1, 0, 1).
Then {(−5, −1, 1, 0), (−2, −1, 0, 1)} is a basis of F ,
dimF = 2.
Remark: dimF = n − rank(A)

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 Subspace, the sum and the intersection of two subspaces

Exercises
1 In R 4 given F =<
(1, 1, −1, 1), (2, 0, 3, 1), (0, −2, 5, −1), (3, 1, 2, 2) >
Find a basis and the dimension of F
2 In R 3 , given
 a subspace V - the set of solutions to the
3x1 + x2 + x3 = 0

system 2x1 + 2x2 − x3 = 0 . Find a basis and the

x1 + 3x2 − 3x3 = 0

dimension of V

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 Subspace, the sum and the intersection of two subspaces

Exercises
1 In R 3 given M = {(1, 1, 1), (2, 3, 1), (0, 1, 2)}
a) Is x = (1, −2, 3) in < M > ?
b) Find m such that (1, 0, m) ∈< M >
2 In R 4 given F =< (1, 1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 3, 4), (3, 1, 2, 1) >,
G =< (−1, 2, 2, 4), (−1, 1, m, 0) > Find m such that
G ⊂F
3 In R 4 , givena subspace V - the set of all solutions to
x1 + x2 − 2x3 = 0

the system 2x1 + 3x2 − x3 − x4 = 0 . Find m such

x1 + x2 − mx4 = 0

that dim(V ) is max. With m found, find a basis of V
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 Subspace, the sum and the intersection of two subspaces

The sum, the intersection of two subspaces

In a vector space V given 2 subspaces E , F .
The sum of E and F is defined as
E + F := {z ∈ V |z = x + y , x ∈ E , y ∈ F }
The intersection of E and
V F is defined as
E ∩ F := {z ∈ V |z ∈ E z ∈ F }

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 Subspace, the sum and the intersection of two subspaces

Properties
1 (E ∩ F ) ⊂ E , F ⊂ E + F ⊂ V
2 dim(E ∩ F ) ≤ dimE , dimF ≤ dim(E + F ) ≤
dimE + dimF
3 dim(E + F ) = dimE + dimF − dim(E ∩ F )
4 E =< e1 , e2 , ...em >, F =< f1 , f2 , ...fp >
⇒ E + F =< e1 , e2 ...em , f1 , f2 ...fp >

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 Subspace, the sum and the intersection of two subspaces

Example 1
In R4 , given V =< (1, 1, −1, 3), (2, 3, −2, 1) >, U =<
(2, 1, 0, 3), (3, 3, −1, 1) >. Find the dimension, a basis of
U + V,U ∩ V
Finding a basis of U + V
A spanning set of U + V : {(1, 1, −1, 3), (2, 3, −2, 1),
 1, 0, 3), (3,3, −1,1)}
(2, 
1 1 −1 3 1 1 −1 3
2 3 −2 1
 → 0 1 0 −5
 

2 1 0 3 0 −1 2 −3
3 3 −1 1 0 0 2 −8

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 Subspace, the sum and the intersection of two subspaces
 
1 1 −1 3
0 1 0 −5
→ 0 0 2 −8 Then dim(U + V ) = 3


0 0 2 −8
A basis of U + V {(1, 1, −1, 3), (0, 1, 0, −5), (0, 0, 2, −8)}
Find a basis of U ∩ V
A basis of U:{e1 = (1, 1, −1, 3), e2 = (2, 3, −2, 1)}.
A basis of V : {f1 = (2, 1, 0, 3), f2 = (3, 3, −1, 1)}.
Then: dim(U ∩ V ) = dimU + dimV − dim(U + V ) = 1
U ∩ V = {x ∈ R 4 |x ∈ U, x ∈ V }
= {x ∈ R 4 |x = α1 e1 + α2 e2 = β1 f1 + β2 f2 }
⇒ α1 e1 + α2 e2 − β1 f1 − β2 f2 = 0
or α1 (1, 1, −1, 3) + α2 (2, 3, −2, 1) − β1 (2, 1, 0, 3) −
β2 (3, 3, −1, 1) = 0
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 Subspace, the sum and the intersection of two subspaces



 α1 + 2α2 − 2β1 − 3β2 = 0

α + 3α − β − 3β = 0
1 2 1 2
⇒


 −α1 − 2α2 + β2 = 0

3α + α − 3β − β = 0
1 2 1 2
   
1 2 −2 −3 0 1 2 −2 −3 0
 1 3 −1 −3 0   0 1 1 0 0
  → 
 −1 −2 0 1 0   0 0 −2 −2 0 
3 1 −3 −1 0 0 −5 3 8 0
 
1 2 −2 −3 0
0 1 1 0 0
→ 0 0 −2 −2 0 


0 0 8 8 0
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 Subspace, the sum and the intersection of two subspaces

Then β2 = m, β1 = −m
⇒ x = m(2, 1, 0, 3) − m(3, 3, −1, 1) = m(−1, −2, 1, 2)
Then dim(U ∩ V ) = 1, a basis: {(−1, −2, 1, 2)}

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 Subspace, the sum and the intersection of two subspaces

Example 2
In R4 , cho
V = {x ∈ R4 |x1 + x2 − 2x3 = 0, 2x1 + 3x2 − x4 = 0},
U = {x ∈ R4 |x1 + 2x2 − 3x3 = 0, x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 − x4 = 0}.
Find the dimension, a basis of U + V , U ∩ V
Find a basis of U ∩ V U ∩ V = {x|x ∈ U, x ∈ V }
= {x|x1 + x2 − 2x3 = 0, 2x1 + 3x2 − x4 = 0,
 2x2 − 3x3 = 0, x1 +
x1 +  2x2 +2x3 − x4 = 0} 
1 1 −2 0 0 1 1 −2 0 0
 2 3 0 −1 0 
 →  0 1 4 −1 0 
 
⇒  1 2 −3 0 0   0 1 −1 0 0 
1 2 2 −1 0 0 1 4 −1 0
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 Subspace, the sum and the intersection of two subspaces

  
x1 = m
1 1 −2 0 0 

x = m
2
→ 0 1 4 −1 0 General solution:
 
0 0 −5 1 0


x3 = m

x = 5m
4
Then dim(U ∩ V ) = 1, a basis: {(1, 1, 1, 5)}
Find a basis of U + V 
1 1 −2 0 0
Finding a basis of U:
2 3 0 −1 0
 
1 1 −2 0 0
→
0 1 4 −1 0
General solution:
x1 = 6m − n, x2 = −4m + n, x3 = m, x4 = n
A basis of U: {(6, −4,1, 0), (−1, 1, 0, 1)}.
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2 space October 9, 2018 63 / 66
 Subspace, the sum and the intersection of two subspaces

A basis of V : {(−2, 1, 0, 0), (3, 0, 1, 5)}.

A spanning set of U + V :
{(6,
 −4, 1, 0), (−1, 1, 0, 1), (−2, 1, 0, 0),(3, 0, 1, 5)}
−1 1 0 1 −1 1 0 1
−2 1 0 0
 ⇒  0 −1 0 −2
 

 3 0 1 5 0 3 1 8
6 −4 1 0 0 2 1 6
   
−1 1 0 1 −1 1 0 1
 0 −1 0 −2
 ⇒  0 −1 0 −2
 
⇒ 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0
Then dim(U + V ) = 3, a basis
{(−1, 1, 0, 1), (0, −1, 0, −2), (0, 0, 1, 2)}
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 Subspace, the sum and the intersection of two subspaces

Exercises
4
1 In
( R , given the set V of all solutions to the system
x1 + x2 − 2x3 = 0
, U is the set of all
2x1 + 3x2 − x3 − x4 = 0
n
solutions to the system x1 + x2 − mx4 = 0 . Find
the dimension, a basis of U + V , U ∩ V
2 In R3 , given U =< (1, 2, 1), (2, 1, 3), (−1, −5, 0) >,
V =< (1, −1, 2), (0, 1, 2). Find the dimension, a basis
of U + V , U ∩ V
3 In R 3 , given U =< (1, 2, 1), (2, 1, 3) >,
V = {x ∈ R 3 |x1 + x2 − 3x3 = 0, 2x1 − x2 = 0}. Find
the dimension, a basis of U + V , U ∩ V
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Subspace, the sum and the intersection of two subspaces

Thank you for you attention!

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